 Dwi'n ei ddweud i'r ddylch chi'n gwybod. Mae'r ddweud i'r 5th ysgolwyr ar gyfer cyfnodd. Mae'n gweithio i chi'n gweithio ar y dyfodol. Pwysig ar gyfer Tylus a'i llyfr ymlaen yma, ond y dyfodol i'r byddiol yn y cyfnodd cymryd. Mae'n arfer o'ch gweithio i'r Uneddyn ni, ac yn ystod y gallach. sy'n mynd yn mynd i'r gweithio. Llyr Gruffydd, gyda'n gilydd yr adnod o'r peryfledig yn ddigonol, a'r adnod y gallwn gynnwys ar gyfer gynnwys o ddweud cyfnod o'r gwirioneddau uchydig yn y sphysig ymlaen o'r Uneddednys. Dyna'r gweithio'r unrhyw ymlaen o'r organizio. Rwy'n meddwl am yr ystafell yma yn 1945, y Unedau certyn nhw wedi'u hyd i'r parlwn i'r ystyried dynod a'r gei'r cyhoeddfaeth ac yn ni'n meddwl, y Cropwys, y Comitio Felly Ysbydd Pwyllgrifedd Ym Mhwyaf, wedi'u ddylai i'r hanffreddau aeth yng Nghymru. A o'r sefydliadau ym Mhwyaf ym Gwyrdd ym Gwyrdd ym Mhwyaf, ym Mhwyaf ym Mhwyaf a'r Gwyrdd ym Gwyrdd yn y system Unedau. ac rwyf ddweud i'r ysgolwyr i'r ysgolwyr sydd wedi'u gweld i'r gwahanol yma, a yn ymgyrch yn ei wneud yma'r ysgolwyr i'r ysgolwyr ymgyrch. A ddweud o'r ffordd o'r cyflawn i'r ddweud a'i gwybod i'r ysgolwyr yma, rwyf i'r ffordd o'r ddweud, Peter, sy'n ymgyrch yn ysgolwyr, ysgolwyr ymgyrch yn ysgolwyr yn ysgolwyr yn ysgolwyr, o'r unig i gael y dyflwmhysgwyr, i'n ffordd i gael ar hollwch, i'n meddwl ffordd yn y cyfnodau cyngor. Ac mae'n gwybod yma, sy'n mynd y Pethau yn ymlaen. Y ddwyfau eisiau ei ffynolol yn y Cymru, yn y cyfnodau gyntaf yma, yn y gweithio'i gwirioneddau ac mae'r gweithio'r gweithio'r gweithio, sy'n gweithio yma, yn y mynd yn y cyfnoddau. Rydym ni'n ddechrau gorau llwylo gyfo'r awsrlygiadau ac yn rhai bod yn bod yn魚i'n ei gwirio. Rydym ni'n dathgaf o gweithlo yn gweithio yn ei ddechrau, rydym ni'n mynd i'n ddadgaf. Mae ymddangos y gallai gwaith ar osaidd i gafoddiadau, dyma syrdd cy掓, dyma, gyllidebeth digwydd, a gweithio gweithio. A the most obvious and perhaps the most extraordinary change in recent years has been the sheer number of objects being launched into space. The fact that more objects have been launched in the last 10 years, than in the previious 50 years combined, offers I think boundless development opportunities and governance needs. There has been some slow and steady progress in governing this changing environment. ac mae'n ddweud o'r rysg y ddam i gael o'r coordinatiad ar gyfer yna. Ac mae'n ddweud o'r ddweud o'r union o'r entodau i gael o'r ddweud o'r ddweud o'r cyfrannu'n gwybrae, o'r hynod o'r gweithio, o'r definicio, o'r llangwyr ac o'r mhodlau ymgolodau o'r cyfrannu o'r cyfrannu ac o'r holl ddweud o'r coordinatiad o'r ddweud o'r hynod o'r ddweud o'r cyfrannu o'r gweithio o'r llangwyr ..ddiolch i gwirioneddol gwirioneddol sydd yn fanfyrdd cyfnodol... ..ynghylch i ddechrau gerondol. Yn y dechrau'n agorod o'r cyhoedd.. ..y cyfanolerau â'r cyflwyddl ac yn ddechrau'n cyfnodol.. ..o dod y gweithio yn ddechrau... ..y fod yn ddod o'r cydweith deadlockol.. ..a gweithio cyalnız i gweithiol a cyfrifidiol.. ..gyntaf ar gael. Ond, mae'r gwaith i'r cyd-gwcio'r ysgol. Mae'r gwaith ymlaen i'ch gŷntau a'r gwaith i'ch gŷnol i'ch gŷnol oherwydd. Ac mae'r gwaith i'ch gŷnol yma, os ydych chi'n ddigon ni'n ddweud. Mae'r ddweud yn mynd i wildwch o'r ffrigmlandsau sy'n dweud i'ch gweithio'r aethon, ac mae'n cael ei ddweud o'ch cyd-gwcio'r cerddo iawn i'ch cael eu cyfnodol roedd y rhwng i'r cyfnod ar weflawniol ac y rheswerdion yn lunol o'u'i etyml o'r cyfan o'r tystafol o'r cyfoedd Kryddraeth masks i'r sytym. Rwy'n gwneud cyfle syndromau yr hyn arall. Rwy'n cymhredu gan y moed y dyma, rydym i'n meddwl i'r gwaith. Mae'r gweithio cymaint i'r ysgolwyr yw ydy'r gweithio'r meccanysmalol o'r bodd i'r bwysigol yn wneud hynny, oedd i'r gweithio'r blaen. Mae'r ddechrau a'r ddechrau sydd wedi'u dod o'r bwysigol yn gweithio a'r ddechrau'n ddod o'r llwydau, mae hyn yn ddod o'r problemau. .. Ralph but for smaller countries and the burgeoning group of space startups many of whom I believe are here today, it stands as a major challenge. We are of course inspired by technology that is emerging on satellite recovery, refuelling and de-orbiting but those same hopes come equally with risks. screenshot of appropriate norms and principles. The use of these technologies can be a source both of tension and of conflict. That separation me to the two other issues for consideration deep space missions of the management of space resources. Let me start by saying how it's inspired I am, and I am not a-loan, when reading about the planned return to deep space. I'm looking around the room and I have to confess that I was 13 years old when Neil Armstrong set foot on the moon and it captivated me in a generation. Quite literally I can remember flickering images on a black and white television as if it were yesterday. The bravery, the audacity, the talent of those astronauts and engineers is remarkable by the standards of any era. And I think that it is thrilling that we are on the cusp of returning to deep space as a civilisation. And here I have to say that this is beyond political calculation. This is a matter of humanity. This type of endeavour, these types of achievements, I think standards things which can unite a world where very few issues I fear unite us easily today. And that makes our work all the more urgent, all the more necessary. Long term human presence in deep space and on celestial bodies is going to require the use of in situ resources for survival and for return. And whilst there is ongoing review of these issues within the UN committee on the peaceful uses of outer space in Vienna, there is not yet an agreed international framework on space resources, space resource exploration, exploitation and utilisation, nor a mechanism to support its future implementation. So we need to come to agreement on how space resources will be used and how we can protect landing sites like those from the Apollo and Venus missions and how we will ensure that industry can fairly access resources and bring benefits to all of humanity. We've been inspired in recent times by breakthroughs in the governance on the high seas. Think back to the UN law of the sea adopted back in the 1980s and what has followed from it, guided by the principle of the common heritage of humankind. And this clearly shares characteristics to outer space where countries and industry came together to solve a governance challenge. Governance of the seas was necessary, became evident in the 1980s. Governance of outer space in new ways is clearly needed today. So there's more work to be done, but all of this provides us with the confidence that the kinds of agreements concluded in the past are possible in the future, even in today's admittedly challenging geopolitical climate. So what do the solutions look like as we see them? We have a window of opportunity over the next 15 months, which is a period leading up to the United Nations Summit of the Future, where we can accelerate space diplomacy and advance the governance issue that I've outlined with you this morning. There will be meetings of copious, the World Space Forum in Austria, at a conference on management and sustainability of outer space activities hosted by Portugal next spring. Working groups and expert groups in the field of outer space disarmament are also meeting to develop new measures. And the pact for the future will be negotiated at the summit of the future next September. At each of these points, ladies and gentlemen, we can bring together governments, industry, civil society, academia to advance a shared set of goals. We need to advance on agreement for frameworks to govern space traffic, space debris and resource management. At these frameworks, we believe would be best managed within one single unified regime to facilitate data sharing, co-operation and continuity. But an alternative is that they be agreed separately if that path looks likelier to achieve results. We also need agreements on norms, rules and principles to prevent an extension of armed conflict into outer space and to prevent its weaponisation. Copious itself would also need to establish an international mechanism or to appoint to adapt an existing office to implementation these new sets of governance frameworks. The institutional needs for administering the governance of 21st century space within all likelihood be very different from those required in the past. And I think we should act on that realisation. Lastly, critically, we need to ensure that there is the greatest possible involvement and collaboration amongst all concerned actors. By that, I mean a more inclusive set of voices on outer space governance, so we must ensure that these new frameworks provide a platform for both private sector and civil society input alongside, of course, the decision making prerogatives of our member states. We need to encourage and to facilitate greater participation from women in a sector which has remained stubbornly gender imbalanced. We need voices from countries that are new actors in outer space and those that still aspire to be that. Ultimately, Governments are the ones who will set the rules and agree on the frameworks that govern outer space, but they would benefit from, I would say they need, your voices, your inputs. So I want to thank you for bringing this conversation to New York, Peter, and for engaging with the United Nations this morning. This has to continue. For decades, the United Nations has served as a platform to bring people together to solve problems and to unleash human potential. We are all living in an extraordinary era of outer space activity, innovation, discovery and opportunity. And if we actively work together, capitalising on these opportunities that we have in the coming months, I believe that we can build up a space governance architecture that will benefit outer space activity today and the spacefarers of far future generations. Thanks for your attention. Thank you very much, Guy, for those very inspiring remarks in your keynote. We have time for a few questions. I'd just like to sort of pull on some of the threads that you mentioned. You spoke in your keynote about the vision that the Secretary General has laid out for the future of international governance in our common agenda document. And he calls for more agile, inclusive and innovative diplomacy. What does this look like in practical terms? I mean, I'm expecting, you know, not in the space sector, but other domains as well that are facing similar global challenges. Sure. Well, look, I think if you take the broadest possible look at the Secretary General's intentions and it's all captured in this report, which I would refer you to our common agenda. The notion is that we live in a rapidly changing world, opportunities, risks arising with sometimes bewildering speed on an extraordinary scale. His ambition is to win support for a reworking of multilateral cooperation, basically to render all the different areas which the United Nations has responsibilities to render its governance capacities fit for purpose in rapidly changing circumstances. Now, let's be honest, what worked yesterday will not necessarily work tomorrow. That is not a recipe or a reason to jettison everything that's existed up until this point. But it can be a very strong, I think, reason to adapt, modify, improve what we have. So in the field of outer space, Peter, you know, we have, I think, and let's not ignore it, a very solid record of achievement. Everything that has taken place in Vienna, the work of copiers, you've been involved in it, you know it much better than I do, there is a record of achievement. And it's a very solid platform from which to start, but we need to build upon it. So I think that is the mood and the challenges that will face our Member States when they come to consider these issues next September at the Summit of the Future. Thank you. As many people here in the audience know, the UN has a dedicated office for outer space affairs in Vienna that, among other things, maintains the international register for space objects and provides the secretariat function for the UN Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space. We can imagine that as the volume and tempo of space activities increases that this will, this office will come under a greater pressure to meet its mandate and achieve the goals of enhancing space governance. What does this mean for UN USA and the UN system in terms of how this office can be adequately resourced and capacitated to deal with the greater tempo of space activities? Peter, as I was saying, we do have, I think, this remarkable asset in Vienna, the office and the committee on outer space activities and their achievements are considerable, not least when you consider the very limited resources that they have at their disposal to bring to the job. I think the precise answer to your question is going to have to wait for the determinations that are made by our Member States next September at the Summit of the Future. But it seems to me the mood, so far as I can judge it up until this point at least, is that we need to reinforce what exists in Vienna. This is not a matter of replacing or shifting our capacities from one location to another, but it is rather, I think, to reinforce what we have. And, yeah, as from very many things, and we feel this constantly, resources are a key. We believe that governance, particularly in the outer space area, is one which is going to require significant investment both by our Member States and by the partners that we hope to involve in those activities. But let's not think there's going to be a complete break with what we've had in the past. It is very much an accretional but accelerating process of construction of new governance mechanisms. Thank you. And continuing then on this theme of the Summit of the Future that was sort of a golden thread running through your keynote, you referenced a number of events coming up before the summit. And just for the people here in the audience and those online who would like to engage in this issue, what are the possibilities? What's next? Yeah, if you could predict the future we'd be probably in other businesses, but it's a great question. New York is a city of summits. You've got your own summit today. We have a summit this September to try to advance progress on the Sustainable Development Goals, the so-called 2030 agenda, which is a blueprint for global sustainable development. Regrettably, we're well off track. Let's just take a hard look at where we've come. Halfway along the road of delivering on our Sustainable Development Goals, they were adopted in 2015. They're supposed to be delivered by 2030. We're halfway along the road. Only 12% of our targets are on track. So we're falling short. So we need a summit to push forward the whole development agenda. That's the link to the Summit of the Future next year. This summit is not a competing agenda with the 2030 agenda. It is a way of turbocharging, is the word our Secretary General uses, progress towards the SDGs. And if you get a chance to look at our policy brief on how to space, we make the link of how good governance in outer space can rebound to advance all areas of sustainable development in the here and the now. This is not an esoteric distance futuristic agenda. It is for the here and now and it rebounds very, very strongly into the policy areas of today. We'll see if our Member States are capable of coming up with a strong pact of the future at the level of the Secretary General's ambitions. The Secretary General is avowedly ambitious in what he's putting on the table. He's encouraging all of us to present to our Member States what we believe needs to be done in our current circumstances. Not what we believe our Member States are in a position to come to a consensus upon. So we'll have to see how that ambition and that capacity for consensus building converge or fail to converge. But one thing is undeniable. In outer space and in many other issues and we'll be taking up issues of peace and security, digital transformation, international financial architecture. Our circumstances are such that we need to take bold, innovative action. It's unrealistic to be less ambitious. Thank you. Yes, and for those of you who haven't yet had a chance to read our common agenda or the recently released space policy brief or policy brief number seven, I encourage you to look those up. They're very easy to find online and it shares the insights, the thinking of the UN Secretary General. And I think it's very exciting to see that space governance really is receiving attention at those highest levels in the UN. Mr Rider, thank you so much for sharing your time with us today. I know you have other pressing engagements to return to back at the UN. So really appreciate you taking the time this morning to come and give us your keynote and share a little bit of the insights of the thinking in the UN system around space governance issues. So thank you very much. Thank you Peter.