 The term American Indian English refers to a number of varieties of English that are spoken by indigenous communities all throughout North America. These examples demonstrate the diversity of English in American Indian speech communities, each with its unique phonology, syntax and discourse features. It has been proposed that the features of American Indian English either originate from the same sources as other non-standard varieties of English, such as Southern States English, or that features of American Indian English are the result of influence from the native language. Indian English has rules of grammar and discourse that can closely be associated with ancestral language tradition, which provides the basis for grammar and discourse in American Indian English. The plural morpheme is often deleted or replaced, and mass nouns can be pluralized. American Indian English may drop articles. The subject pronoun can often be deleted. Among the distinctive sound patterns, we find the central diphthong I, whose onset is raised through more central position, the final devoicing of consonants, the deletion of final voice stops, and consonant cluster reduction.