 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, SS Khanna Girls to be College, University of Allahabad. We are nowadays discussing topics under the theme of qualitative research methodology in which I have already covered grounded theory, qualitative research, difference between qualitative and quantitative research and naturalistic inquiry and few more. Now, today, this time I will discuss ethnography in Rivan Shwigyan and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and subscribe my channel to get my future videos too and the lecture will be very useful for various purposes for your subjective examination, for your objective papers, for your competitive examinations and for your research expertise as well. Okay, so let's start, ethnography, where did ethnography come from, what does it mean? So, when we talked about naturalistic inquiry, I told you that naturalistic inquiry is an umbrella term. You can believe it, it is covering all qualitative research methodologies. Ethnography is a particular method in that. So, what is ethnography? Ethnographic research takes a cultural lens to the study of people's lives within their communities. That is, whenever there is a talk of ethnography or ethnography, it will be when the main role of culture will be. We have to see from a cultural lens the life of people, how they live in a particular community. So, we have to see from a cultural lens. The roots of ethnography lie in anthropological studies. Naturalistic inquiry, qualitative research methodologies are mostly based on their origin in anthropology. So, ethnography is also an anthropological origin. They are focused on studying the social and cultural aspects of small communities in foreign countries. How do we start? For example, you live in an urban area. And you have to study in a community that lives in a remote area. There are some Adivasis, there is a particular culture, a different society. You have to study them. So, you can't sit here. What do we have to do? We have to go to them and take care of them. So, we have to go to them and take care of them. The researchers lived among the inhabitants. The particular inhabitants of the area have to stay with the researcher. With the purpose of understanding the culture. With what purpose can we understand? Who can understand? Researchers can understand that what is the culture and culture that people share. Why do they behave in a particular way? Maybe from a distance we feel that it is wrong. But when you understand their culture, when you live with them, when you see things from their lens, you will not understand them. The main aim of the ethnographers, however, remains about the same. What is their main purpose? To observe and analyze. We have to practice, we have to visualize how people interact with each other. And with their environment in order to understand their culture. We have to understand their culture from their perspective. The study that will be done then is called ethnography. The study of the culture and social organization of a particular group or community. If we want to write it down, what is ethnography? So, the focus of the culture, the focus of a particular social organization, which is shared by a group or a group of people. Ethnography refers to both the data gathering of anthropology and the development of analysis of specific people, settings or ways of life. This is taken from the dictionary of the social sciences. It says that ethnography is also data gathering and development of analysis. It refers to the specific people who live in a specific way. Okay. Then the emic and itic perspective. You will see this again and again when you talk about qualitative research. What is emic and what is itic perspective? So, you can ask a lot of questions about it. We will be able to answer the question of the objective itself. So, the emic perspective is the perspective of the native. That is, the perspective on which we are going to behave. And the itic perspective is a theoretical perspective. So, look at it in detail. Ethnographers seek to gain an emic perspective of the native's point of view. If we look at the native, the native country, if we look at the perspective of the native, then we will call the perspective of the emic. And for a specific culture, this means that they try to look at the culture and the study from the inside. That is, we have to look at the culture from the angle of the native. Through the meaning and the members of that culture live with the culture that they live with, we have to look at the earth. Therefore, ethnographers avoid imposing conceptual and theoretical frameworks. On empirical data, it is the beginning of the research process. That is why the ethnographic researcher, does not impose anything, whether it is theoretical or conceptual framework. Because if he imposes something, then he will lose it. We have to find out what that culture is, what it means, what understanding it is, what particular way of life it is. Why is it like that? And the etic perspective is, the etic perspective means that the researcher looks at the culture mostly with theoretical conception, which we know about it. According to that, it is the etic. According to the native, it is the emic. Although researchers tend to combine them in different ways throughout your study. And our purpose is that we have to make the balance between the etic and the emic. It is the ethnographer's work. Then, while ethnographers are interested in the emic perspective, that is how members of the culture give meaning to the world. They are also interested in language practices. In ethnographic research, language is conceptualized as social practice. When it comes to ethnographic research, what language is considered? Language is considered as a social practice. What people say and what they keep silent about gives meaning and value in social life. Look, what we say and what we do not say is the meaning of both of them. There is some logic behind them. There are some values behind them in social life. Not everything is said and not everything is kept silent. So, language plays a very important role in qualitative research, especially ethnographic. Language practices are socially constituted because they are shaped by social and historical forces. The language practices are in the society. Because the social and historical power they have given to them which are beyond the control of individuals. Sir, it is our individual control that is beyond. At the same time, however, language practices constitute people's lives together by specifying, creating, maintaining and changing the frames of their actions. All the language practices are the same as our work. Sometimes, we say that that was not what we said. That means that language did not properly play its role there. Language has a very important role in all qualitative researches. Okay. Then, what are the methodological principles of ethnography? So, the three methodological principles are naturalism, understanding and induction. What is naturalism? According to naturalism, the aim of the research is to capture the objective nature of naturally occurring human action. Objective description requires you to minimize your influence on the activities of the people that are studied. See, this is again and again in the qualitative research of objectivity and subjectivity. So, we have to be objective in order to keep our eyes on the data that we seek from. Whether we are able to capture or analyze the data that we are looking for, we are so detached that our self-image is not there. Objectivity and subjectivity are the naturalistic inquiries that are being discussed in the video. So, this is a very minute meaning that if we balance the data, things will get messed up. So, naturalism is the principle that we have to naturally study the occurring human action and understanding. A counter-argument to naturalism entails that you can explain human action only if you have an understanding of the culture in which action takes place. Meaning that we should have some understanding of the culture that we have to study out of the world a new culture and immediately we have to stay with it. We have to go there and study so that we can understand what is going on. You should not assume that you already know other people's perspectives because specific groups and individuals develop distinctive worldviews. We have to properly understand that we do not know the perspective of another person. If we have to change the perspective, then we have to have a natural understanding and then we have to know what their perspective is. So, this research is very typical and it takes a lot of time and is very skilled. Every ethnography, every naturalistic inquiry, every qualitative research cannot be done. Then, induction. Ethnographers argue in favour of inductive and discovery-based research processes because of focusing on local interpretation. We are inductive, meaning that we have to go from specific to general. So, we do not have any pre-planned things, we do not have any pre-planned things. So, we will do discovery-based research so that as the research progresses, we can see what direction we have to go ahead. Why? Because we are focusing on local interpretation. It is argued that if the researcher approaches a community with a set of pre-defined theoretical models, concepts and propositions, they may fail to discover its distinctive and contextual nature of it. That is how it is. Because if we go like this, then we have to do everything at the same angle. We do not have to do anything wrong. We do not have to tell whether you are doing right or wrong. We have to tell what happened to you and how you feel about it. What is your understanding of that particular experience? Okay. How to conduct? What is the most difficult to do in qualitative research? If we do not have any framework that is not already available in the tailor-made, then what should we do? First of all, we should choose the field site. Where should we focus? What should we focus on? First of all, we should focus on field site. Then, doing field work includes all activities that you need to carry out in order to collect your data. That is, we have to do all the triangulation in terms of qualitative research. In general, a lot of data is collected so that the validity can be ensured. Then, how will you observe participant observation? Participant observation is a central data collection method in ethnographic research. The challenge is to combine participation and observation in a way that enables understanding of the site as an insider while describing it to outsiders. We have to participate, we have to observe, and we have to take the information so that we can bring that study out to the world, to outsiders. Okay, then what are the ethnographic interviews? Besides observation, an ethnographic study can be centrally based on open-ended narrative or live-stream interviews, which can also be called ethnographic interviews. Generally, if we go somewhere and study with them, then we will find some vocal lobe from which we will feel that if we take their interview, then we will be able to take the interview. Then there can be a lot of documents on the site, their study, making field notes is the most difficult. The general advice is that the field note should be written either during the stay in the field or as soon as possible after leaving the field site. That is to say, what should we do? Either we make it there, where we are studying. Or as soon as we make it, otherwise many things will be missing and there will be a lot of data missing from there. No problem. Four field means how to jot down, how to do its analysis, how to do its reflection, how to do its briefing. All these points come in field notes. Then what are the key points of ethnographic? First of all, usually focus on very few cases, maybe just one, but in detail. We talked about it again and again that in the quality research, our sample will be very small. There can be just one case. Then often involved is obviously unstudied phenomena. The phenomena which is not studied, which is unexplored, about which few people know, it is often researched. Emphasize exploring social phenomena rather than testing preset hypothesis. First of all, any hypothesis, any imagination has been given to us and we just have to check that this is not wrong in ethnography. In fact, we explore any social phenomena. Focus on describing the culture of a group in a very detailed and complex manner. We are trying to study ethnographic research. Ethnographic research has an interest in cultural and cultural meanings with an emphasis on the imic audience side of view. We have said that the imic is the perspective of the native. So, the culture that we are going to study, we have to take out the imic perspective. Then, involve engaging in extensive field work where data collection is mainly by interviews, symbols, artifacts, observations and many other sources of data. Field-based, open-ended, interpretive and we have to collect the data from different perspectives and sources so that we get rich data. And represent participants in their own terms by using quotations and short stories. If someone tells you a quotation or a short story, you are discussing it. That is all part of your data. Okay, advantages and disadvantages. There are many advantages and disadvantages. There are many advantages and disadvantages. There are many advantages and disadvantages. There are many advantages and disadvantages. So, the complexity of group behaviors can reveal qualities of group experience can help determine future questions and types of follow-up research. There are many advantages and disadvantages. But what is the problem? Time consuming and required a well-trained researcher. There will be a lot of time and you will have to be well-trained. Otherwise, it will become so haphazard that you will not be able to understand what is happening. It takes time to build trust with informants in order to facilitate full and honest discourse. There are short-term studies and there are particular disadvantages in this record. So, if we have done a very small study, we will not be able to find any data until we build up the data. So, the bias on the part of the researcher can affect both the design of the study and the collection and interpretation of data. That is, if there is bias on the part of the researcher, then it will affect our design as well. So, there are many disadvantages of bias. So, it will affect our design as well as our collection and interpretation. That is, it will be unbiased. Detach when to be involved, when we have to show objectivity, when we have to show subjectivity. It will have to be skilled. Two little data may lead to false assumption. If we have very little data, why? Because if we do not understand what is the next question then we will have very little data. So, what will be our assumptions? False. And if large quantities of data may not be processed effectively. Actually, we get a lot of data in qualitative research. So, if its processing is not correct, then we will not get any result. So, there are two things that have to be difficult. And don'ts. We do not have to do it. There is a lot to do. We do not have to keep preconceived notions. We do not have to do it. There are a lot of things. But what we do not have to do? Do not interrupt and simply observe. If we are studying some culture and we are wrong with our logic, then if we interrupt it, then it will not make us a part of our society. We will not let it delay. We will not tell the right thing. So, we do not have to do this. We just have to observe. Never put pressure on the study subject. We do not have to put pressure on it. Do not put pressure on the research subject. We have to do the wrong things. You are wrong. The same mind, its valuable. Never distort the fact to meet the research. You do not have to distort the fact. Never go unprepared and without prior understanding of the group. If we remain unprepared, then we will not be able to questions. We should have a question list of what questions we need to ask them. If they will stick to it, then what probing that their answer may be our question, but we don't have to go blank. Never cross the ethical boundaries to conduct research. I have already told you that the issue of ethics is very much in qualitative research. So we have to never cross the ethical boundaries. Okay, so we are discussing qualitative research. You can understand that this is all together different from quantitative research. Its aim is different, purpose is different. That's why it's all about qualitative research. Generally, those who don't do qualitative research think that it is not their research at all. There is nothing wrong with it. There is no generalization. There is no set pattern. There is nothing wrong with it. There is nothing wrong with it. There is no representation in it. So there is no research. But now you can understand that if you study naturalistic inquiry, ethnography and qualitative research in the region, this is also a way of studying. That's it. Why should we prepare it? Because our purpose is different. So thank you and don't forget to like and subscribe my channel and join my Telegrand group too. Done from my side.