 Hi everyone, this is Dr. Ruscio, and let's discuss the heart disease gut connection. I want to share with you a study, and I'll put the abstract of the study up here on the screen, entitled, Association Between Small Intestinal Bacterial Overgrowth by Glucose Brath Test and Coronary Artery Disease. So small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, also known as SIBO, can be one cause of the symptoms of IBS, gas, bloating, abdominal pain, constipation, and diarrhea being the most notable. And there may be, as this study is suggesting, a connection between SIBO, or small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, your gut, and heart disease. So let's go through some of the details. A total of 1,059 patients were tested for SIBO and via coronary artery angiography, so essentially getting an assessment of the health of the coronary arteries. And their results were quite striking. Coronary artery disease was detected in, essentially, 80% of those with SIBO compared to 40%, essentially 40% of those without SIBO. So that's a very significant jump. It's essentially a doubling of risk. And there was also an increased prevalence of diabetes, chronic kidney disease, blood pressure lowering agents, and cholesterol lowering agents in the patients with SIBO compared to the patients without SIBO. And to quote here, again, patients with SIBO had an increased number of coronary arteries affected compared to SIBO negative patients. So those with SIBO had more damage and blockage of their coronary arteries than those without SIBO. Now, there's another thing here that I'll put up on the screen. And this may sound a little bit complicated, but I'll quote again, in the stepwise multivariant logistic regression analysis, SIBO remained an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease. Essentially, what that means is the researchers were trying to separate out for if the diabetes or the kidney disease or the use of high blood pressure lowering agents because one had high blood pressure or cholesterol lowering agents because one had high cholesterol were the reasons that the people with SIBO had the decreased health of their coronary arteries. And what they found was even after isolating all those variables out and controlling for just the association between SIBO and coronary artery disease, SIBO was still a significant contributing factor to the decreased health of coronary arteries. And so their conclusion, SIBO was found to be associated with coronary artery disease and with a number of coronary arteries involved in this study. Further studies are necessary to confirm the association of SIBO with coronary artery disease. In the presence of risk factors, patients with SIBO may benefit from an assessment for coronary artery disease. So that's I think another area where we are seeing the gut have such a far reaching effect to many systems of the body. In this case, your cardiovascular system. Now, I want to tie this in with probiotics. We've covered and I'll put a few links in here and we know that a few high level scientific analyses have been done showing that probiotics have the ability to lower cholesterol. And I'll put some of these abstracts up here on the screen so you can see that, yes, there have been a number of trials showing that probiotics and namely lactobacillus acidophilus, maybe one of the more important ones, can lower cholesterol levels. But there's more to heart disease than cholesterol. And I want to make an important tie in for how probiotics may, and this is speculative, may help with heart disease. And quite simply, probiotics have been shown to be able to come back and decontaminate or clean out of the small intestines, small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. So if you take a probiotic, that is one way of addressing and correcting small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. So there may be more than just the ability of probiotics to lower cholesterol. It may be because probiotics can clean out SIBO that they may have a potential benefit for heart disease. And I also wanted to draw a connection between your heart, your coronary arteries, and your gut. We know that an independent risk factor for heart disease is inflammation. And we know one of the main instruments used by your immune system is inflammation or the immune system is one of the predominant reasons for having inflammation released in the body. And we know that the largest density of immune cells in your entire body resides in your small intestines. So small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. This is where the bacterial overgrowth will be essentially interfacing with the immune system in the small intestine. And that's not a happy, harmonious relationship. And that high density of immune cells will be likely reacting, causing inflammation. And inflammation is an independent risk factor for heart disease. So some of these connections here, some of these inferences have yet to fully be proven, but that certainly is a mechanism that I think is plausible. So we've talked about the association, at least according to this one study, between coronary artery disease and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. We've discussed how probiotics can lower cholesterol and how probiotics can be a treatment for small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. And we've talked about the connection between your heart and your gut, or said more definitively, more specifically, coronary artery disease. And your gut via the immune system and inflammation as the connecting piece. Now there's a couple of counterpoints here I should point out before we get too carried away with the potential utility of the gut-heart connection. And that is we don't really have good outcome data showing that interventions that improve one's gut health will decrease the incidence of coronary artery disease. So there's more here to be documented. Would improving your gut health in any way harm your heart? I very much so doubt it. I would only be inclined to think as long as the intervention for the gut was reasonable and low risk, something like probiotics, a low FODNAP diet, what have you, that you would only stand to gain from that. Also, IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, abdominal pain, altered bowel function, constipation, diarrhea, bloating, has not been shown to increase, at least to the best of my knowledge, the incidence of heart disease, heart attack, stroke, coronary artery disease, cardiovascular episodes. So that's a good thing, but it also may be a bad thing. It may also indicate that even if one improves our IBS, there may not be any spillover benefit to one's heart health. However, I think it's prudent to say that improving the health of your gut may give you a benefit for your heart and certainly has no downside as long as you're using non-invasive therapeutics to that endpoint. So this is very interesting. We're seeing a connection between the coronary artery health, obviously very important, and small intestinal bacteria overgrowth the gut. And hopefully this information will motivate you to take your gut more seriously and this information will also help you get healthier and get back to your life.