 Friends, welcome to yet another video in the paper one series for UGC net examination. Now last year, NTA took up the charge of conducting UGC net exam and they also made certain changes in the syllabus. The most important and the most frequently asked change that was made in the paper one syllabus was the inclusion of a new topic that was Indian logic. When this topic was added into the syllabus there was a lot of hustle bustle people had no idea absolutely no idea about what Indian logic is and they were so eager to know about how to tackle this topic. I was answering these queries one by one over phone over WhatsApp but then I realized that why not make a video on the same so that I can address this query of a lot of people all together. So in this video I am going to look at Indian logic and I am going to take you through the different types of pramanas which is the major topic of Indian logic. But before we get into it I have a small request in front of you if you want any further videos on paper one if you are struggling with any particular topic of paper one please put that in the comment section below so that I get to understand what kind of videos you people are looking forward to what you are liking in my videos where you want me to change my approach also if you have not yet clicked on the subscribe button I think you better do it also click on the bell icon just right next to the subscribe button so that you get notified every time I post a new video. So now without any further delay let's jump right into the topic and let us see what is pramanas. Indian logic is basically a topic which was added in the logical reasoning portion because they wanted Indian students like us to also know how we and our sages are Rishi Muni they all looked at logic and how according to them we understand world we try to gain knowledge. So this concept is known as pramanas pramanas is basically ways to acquire knowledge. You might be confused about this topic I'm pretty sure so what I'll do is I'll give you a small example of very real life examples so that you can connect exactly to what I'm talking about. If you have ever observed a newborn baby you must see that he is tabula rasa tabula rasa was a term coined by western philosopher who according to whom when a person is born on this earth his mind is like a blank slate he doesn't know anything about this world about the activities about the concepts about how to speak how to communicate but then gradually he starts learning now how do he learn there are so many ways in which a child learns if you have observed a small kid you must have seen that he keeps on looking at people he keeps on staring at a table fan maybe at a pen and we don't know this is how he's trying to understand and grasp so many things about the world. So according to the Advetia philosophy pramanas are of six types and these six types are six different ways how we acquire knowledge how we learn so many things about our world so now we are going to look at all the six types of pramanas and we are going to see how each of them are different as well as a bit similar to the others. The first kind of Praman is Pratyaksh now Pratyaksh is a term a Hindi term that almost all of us know Pratyaksh means if I say Pratyaksh stands in front of you that means this person is right in front of your eyes so Pratyaksh means gain knowledge by direct contact with the knowledge that means you have five sense organs when these sense organs interact with the world and directly you gain certain knowledge that is Pratyaksh a very simple example about Pratyaksh a child who absolutely has no idea about the worldly things he for the first time sees a dog eating now when he see a dog eating from his eyes itself he can understand that dogs don't eat like humans how do dogs eat dogs directly eat from their mouth they don't have hands now this knowledge about dogs that dogs move with four legs they don't have hands they eat directly from the mouth this is Pratyaksh knowledge for a child he directly understood something by looking it from his own eyes so Pratyaksh means knowledge gained by coming into direct contact with the five sense organs that we are blessed with the next kind of Pramanas is Anuman now Anuman again is a Hindi term that we commonly use now what is Anuman when we say ki tumhara kya Anuman hai ki swati ke kitte marks aayenge that means what do you assume how much marks is swati going to get what is your assumption about swati's marks in the particular subject so Anuman means guessing educated guess now what is educated guess we come across situations every day and on the basis of recurring situations we form analysis agar koi insaan hamesha late aata hai to ye hum Anuman laga lete hai ki wo next time bhi late aayega now what is that on the basis of that recurring data past data we try to give our own analysis we try to give an educated guess for example hum ne hamesha ye dekhah hai apni life me ki jab bhi koi insaan rota hai that means he either suffering from physical or any emotional pain now if I see a person crying in front of me what will be my Anuman what will be my educated guess that he must be facing any issue in his life he must be sad he must be in pain now this is Anuman jab hum koi knowledge gain karte hai basis of the past knowledge that we have this is called Anuman hum ne hamesha dekhah hai ki jaha fire hoti hai vahasa dhua nikal tha hai so if we find that there is smoke coming out of a room that means we can assume that there must be a fire so you can see how we are trying to gather knowledge one was pratyaksh when we see something directly in front of us the other one is when we are trying to understand a phenomena by looking at the past data that we have for sin phenomena like those so what is upma upma is the third kind of pramanas which basically means learning by observing similarities so upma dete hain what is upma generally that is comparison or analogy now there's this beautiful Bollywood song which is one of my favorite and the lyrics are ye chansa roshan chhehra zulfo ka rang sunhehra ye jeel se neeli aake koi raz hai ind me ghehra if you look at this beautiful song you will find that there are countless analogies given in this song chansa roshan chhehra that means in order to describe the face of the beloved what we are saying iska chhehra ekdam chand ke jaisa hai she is so beautiful that she looks like moon ye jeel se neeli aake iske aake kaisi hai how do you define your beloved's eyes jeel se neeli aake matlab jeel jo hoti hai that is nadi nadi ki tare ghehri aur neeli inki aake hai so how are you describing one thing by comparing it to the other I want to know what kind of eyes your beloved has so you must have noticed a jeel as river so just like a river my beloved eyes are like so you can see how beautifully through analogy through comparison we can learn so much about other things so this is the beauty of upma when you try to understand the world by comparing it to some other things which you have already understood agar meh samson ke phones use kar rahe ho and if I want somebody to know what samson phones look like I might compare it to apple phone okay so what I do is a person is having apple phone he might say ki aar ye kaisi chalta hai so I might you have your samson right so just like samson it has this app so when you click on this app just like in samson you go to this app in apple you go to this app so you can see how by explaining by a comparison I can give knowledge to somebody I can understand knowledge I know what does apple look like now when I compare the functionality of an apple phone with samson I can exactly know how samson works so this is how by analogy by upma you can gain so much more about this world the next kind of pramana is going to be a bit difficult for you to digest but I'm trying my level best to simplify it as much as I can so the next kind of pramana is earth pati now what is earth pati let's break the word and try to understand it earth pati kisi bhi cheese ka earth nikal na is earth pati now what you mean by that kisi bhi cheese ka earth nikal na simply assuming what is unseen and unknown now earth pati in very simple terms means that suppose you cannot find anything any evidence about something you cannot understand you're trying to understand a phenomena and you cannot understand a phenomena by looking at what is present now you assume something so that this at least seeps inside you for example you according to your knowledge know that a person who eats too much is fat okay now you look at a person and you find out that the person doesn't eat at all in a day and still is very fat now it becomes very difficult for you to understand this phenomena but what is pramanas pramanas are how you try to understand the world how you try to gain knowledge now you have something in front of you according to you a fat person must be eating all day long but here you have a fat person who doesn't eat at all in a day so what you do is that you use earth pati you simply assume that this fat person must be eating at night because eating and becoming fat has a very correlation now if I find out that the person is not eating in the day that means I in order to understand this fact I have to assume that the person must be eating at night so if you can relate it to the mathematical formulas that we used to work with during our graduation or during our secondary education we used to assume let this person be ex because without assumption you cannot draw a valid conclusion so when you cannot understand something which is unknown or unseen you simply assume this is earth pati now we come on to the fifth kind of pramanas now this table of pramanas the list of pramanas gets even more complicated when we try to understand what is anuplabdhi which is the fifth kind of pramanas now anuplabdhi basically means anything which is absent so aplabdhi means you have achieved something anuplabdhi means you haven't achieved anything so anuplabdhi basically is the negative of aplabdhi so let's understand the concept according to the Indian logic things exist either in positive or negative relation to the environment that means positive relation means something you can see you can perceive through your senses negative relation something you cannot perceive through your senses for example if i have a friend of mine in front of me that means the person exist if suppose there's another person who doesn't doesn't come in front of me that means that person doesn't exist right now in my room so anything can either be having a positive or a negative relation to the surrounding according to anuplabdhi something which you cannot see must be phased or looked as absent for example my brother is doing clad preparation so he has to give a lot of arguments in order to become a good lawyer so what happens is that he gets a case in front of him where there are five suspects five people who might have murdered a person so out of these five anyone is the murderer now how do you get to the murderer now if i get to know that there is this person a who was not in the town in which the murder was committed on that particular day we assume that this person must not have committed the murder since he was absent from the town so the absence is a proof in itself so you can see anuplabdhi means that if a person is absent that means we can gain a lot of knowledge from his absence as well suppose there are a lot of rats running in my room that means the cat is absent because if the cat would have been there the rats would not have been there so the absence of cat shows there is something which we need to understand so you can see how anuplabdhi can also contribute in the system of knowledge by explaining us a lot of things a person who is absent from that town who is not there in that town that night will be considered to be guilt-free to not be the charge of the murderer because he was absent his absence is a proof in itself there are a lot of rats so this shows that there is no cat the absence of the cat tells us that there can be a lot of rats in the house the final kind of pramanas is shabd now we have looked at five kinds of pramanas and there are still a lot of things which we know today and the things that we know today are not taken from any of the five above mentioned pramana so how did we gain knowledge about those things for example how does aluminium work or how does earth rotates around the sun we don't know we have not perceived that knowledge it's not pratyaksh we have not given any analogy about it but still we know so many things about earth its rotation and solar system we have not seen solar system from our naked eyes yet we know so much about it how did we gather so much knowledge about these kinds of stuff that is through books through newspaper through written material so shabd is verbal testimony that means if you have taken some knowledge from an authentic source then that knowledge is said to be authentic and that cannot be challenged for example if you look at the Indian education system it gives a lot of importance on guru and what the guru says that cannot be challenged because he is said to be a person whose words have weightage whose words we can rely on so if you look at Ved, Puranas, Bhagavad Gita the knowledge that we have in all these great scriptures we find out that we can directly follow the teachings directly rely on the facts written there we don't need to authenticate these facts because they are coming from a very reliable source we are assuming the fact that all these people who have written these great great books they have stood the test of the time and they know a lot of things which we can accept as it is so that is shabd that means when you try to learn from the books and when you try to understand a lot of things that is happening around us by the way of reading about it so that's it for this video lecture I would like to take your leave and I hope that the six types of pramanas that I have explained in this video 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