 The study investigates the presence of novel proteins in powdery mildew and rust fungi that are involved in developing haustoria in living plant cells. These proteins, which are secreted by the fungi into the plant cell, suppress defense mechanisms. The study found that two-thirds of the sequenced dists were fungal and represented 3000 genes. Many of these genes encoded small proteins with n-terminal signal peptides, which share a three-amino acid motif called YFWXC. The first amino acid of this motif is aromatic and the last is always cysteine. The study identified 107 such proteins which represent 19% of the fungal clones in the library, suggesting fundamental roles in haustoria function. The study also found that rust fungi also encode large numbers of novel, short proteins with signal peptides and the YFWXC motif. No significant numbers of such proteins were identified from genome and EST sequences from either fungi which do not produce haustoria or from haustoria producing OMI seeds. The study suggests that these proteins form a new class of effectors from haustoria producing pathogenic fungi. This article was offered by Emerson Yeppie, Jongsegwa, Pedersen Karsten, and others. We are article.tv, links in the description below.