 Good evening everyone and happy Makar Sikranti and all the festivals which are there in pan-India. And being the festivity on that particular day we can understand legal nuances and otherwise different aspects from a person like Mr. Subramanya who is not only the dean of CMR and this is the part two of the continuum in the series which we have started the elements of research methods in scholarly writing. Being a Sunday or being a Saturday we will not take much time and we request Mr. Subramanya to share his knowledge over to you sir. Yeah thank you Mr. Vikas in your team today we will be just discussing something relating to the relevant series of research methods in scholarly writing. The fundamental thing that comes to the mind is whether methods are required in scholarly writing. If you examine the great scholars of the time most of them most of them write from the 16th century until the present without a systematic scientific approach have followed certain methods. Now when I speak of this I shall just give you a few instances and illustrations and these instances and illustrations come in from the 16th century itself. Now this naturally helps us to know what we call as the comparative method of legal research in socioeconomic society. Now what is this comparative legal research and this comparative legal research made the scholars of the time to go into the societal problems and to know the societal problems very clearly and very systematically and having understood these societal problems they were in a position to give a remedy by way of a conclusion or by way of a solution or by way of a resolution. Now you take one or two important writers who came during the who appeared during the time of the French Revolution. Now one such writer happened to be the great Rousseau. Now the Rousseau social contract happened to be the Magna Carta of that time and most of the scholars especially Professor H. L. Fisher who in a study on history of Europe points out that man is born free but everywhere he is in chains actually lit the fire of French Revolution. So it actually lit the fire of French Revolution and this one slogan that is man is born free but everywhere is in chains. Remember remember was a challenge to human civilization. Now the point it issues here is a man who had developed as currently a temperament who observes the society of the time. There were lots of problems in the French society at that time. When I speak of the problems in the French society being a weakness of the rulers who succeeded after Louis XIV to the state of France. They were very weak Louis XV mounted the throne of the state of France at the age of five and when he mounted he just said we are so young and he did not do anything but then when he was on his deathbed he said it will last as long as I my successor will have to take care of himself or herself. Now these are the remember the predictions which they were saying soliloquies which they have said my successor will have to take care of himself or herself. Now you just examine the French society of the time. The French society of the time happened to be split into three divisions. One is the ruling class. They enjoyed they had control and supremacy of the wealth of everyone. Now those second one is the nobility and the nobility class remember they did not bother when the crop especially was about to be harvested in kilometers all the the paddy the wheat grounds and other areas. These people will take their horses and just destroy the crops and it became a hunting ground for these what we call as their animals to be taken there and we parade it. Now there was another class which is known as the clergy. Now the clergy class as you know you might be knowing right from the day of the Crusades just taken place soon after the 11th century they have been managing and trying to control the emperors and there were another that is called the peasants. Now the peasants who had to pay the tax and their condition was palpable, miserable and there was nobody to take care of their position and there was nobody to protect them and slowly and steadily the what we call as the resurgence or the anti-government movement was taking place within and at this juncture there came who so he was observing he was analyzing he was trying to understand it and they said people need their basic rights and these basic rights are being violated and it is the duty of the concerned state to protect these rights and if they do not or if they fail to protect this right they should be overthrown. See many of them today when they read Russo's writing they say no they did not follow any methodology but then this scientific temperament that was taking place in the society and a comparative methodology that was taking place between the state of France and the state of England and in England the society was peaceful but still it was flourishing and there was no sunset as the writer used to say but then here is a case wherein the because of the exploitation that was continuously perpetrated the society was suffering and that came through their pen and that made the revolution real. Now similarly there was another important writer who is known as Montesquieu. Montesquieu is the person who wrote the spirit of loss and the spirit of loss remember it ran into 21 editions in just 18 months and that is where remember the people read they reread they bought the book again and they read and ultimately there was a rose in the world and the revolution have taken place. The very purpose of bringing out these things is just to tell you that what we call as the the sociological method of research or the the application of the principle of societal attitude and the societal behavior to the legislations was there then in the 17th and 18th and the 19th century itself. Now that is where when we come to the 19th and 20th century there appeared great scholars Max Weber and Levelyn and these are the two scholars who go to the extent of pointing out that Rousseau, Montesquieu and many others had remember cultivated the type of what we call as the sociological attitude and the trends in the society and the changing attitude of society were taken care of by them. Now one important aspect that I just intend to bring home here now if you take up comparative legal research now you make a study of your own country or your own problem maybe in the federal structure or within a state. Now when you take up this problem and are afterwards you compare with the federal structure or within the federation of a single state you get to know the plus points as well as the minus points. Suppose for example in India a particular person is doing a research on a topic and when he does this job topic a research on this topic he naturally intends to study something in the state of Great Britain. There afterwards he makes a comparison when he makes a comparison he will find out what we call as the missed opportunities the loopholes the stumbling blocks the drawbacks all of them he will come to know and then by taking into consideration the other society he can give a kind of solution which are implementable that is the advantage of comparative legal research. When we go further there are other types of researchers as well when I speak about other types of researchers I just intend to speak to you today concentrate mainly go on one important type of research which is gaining momentum which is called as action research. Now what exactly you mean by action research and how and why this action research is being pampered or facilitated or given patronage by the research scholars of the time and it is being applied even by the universities. Now for example I will give you instances and displaying through illustrations and these illustrations which I am going to give are practical ones so that everyone understands the point better. Now one instance happened to be an instance just apply your mind go back to 2013 it was in the year 2013 the criminal law amendment act was passed by the government of India after the Nilbaya case another 2013 amendment came in and this amendment introduced section 454 or 354 or ABCD. Now when they introduced these sections they said these are certain sections which are very much essential to regulate and to control the behavior and the behavior pattern for the people and it should be seriously taken and if they are found guilty with the convincing evidence they are to be punished. Now the 354 A happened to be a case related to what we call as sexual harassment. B happened to be related to sexual assault. Now the three happened to be voyeurism and D happened to be one more which is called a stoking and most of the students of law and those listeners who are here will be in a position to appreciate the point better. Now the point at issue is in these cases they went to the extent of pointing out that in the event of finding evidence by the court of law and in the event of finding convincing evidence the concerned person who is responsible in committing this offense may be sexual harassment or may be sexual harassment and cruelty that is being shown or voyeurism or that is voyeurism is just trying to chase the girl either through various modes taking her photograph and other things and the stoking is following the girl through internet, through WhatsApp, through Twitter all are punishable up to a period of a minimum period of three years. Not only it is punishable up to a period of minimum three years and the punishment can be extended up to a period of five years. Now what has happened was the government of India immediately later created a criminal compensation fund and especially for example we take the instance relating to 326A. Now this is a section which is added for purpose of preventing acid attacks that are taking place in the university campuses and other places. In the event of a particular person who becomes a victim of an acid attack the punishment that is being given is a minimum of five years and it can be extended up to a period of seven years. Now you may be interested to know what is this research I am speaking about action research. Now since 2013 the legislation is enforced. When the legislation is enforced as a student of law as a with a research fund you should try to find out how many cases after the enactment of the legislation have come up before the court of law and how many of them are booked for these cases and how many of them are tried and how many of them are convicted and then afterwards you take the statistics of a state and from each state remember how many of them are convicted whether it is enforced or at all if at all and if it is enforced how many of them are booked how many of them are tried the trial has completed and how many of them are convicted you just to bring out a put a graph or a pie chart which state is leading for this type of research for example when we speak of acid attack now just find out the same way how many of them are booked under an acid attack how many of the states have become parties to this amendment and how many of them have applied for criminal injuries compensation through the fund that is being allocated by the government of India and which is dispersed by what we call as the legal service authority now legal service authority how much fund has been given each year how many of them are being dispersed how many applications are pending with the state legal service authority now this is what we call as the action research on a particular point now for example the legislation has come how do you find out that the legislation to a certain extent to be and in which areas are which areas you find the weakness of legislation which is apparent on the faces that are called and this would actually help the administration in overcoming the problem and these instances of these types of research are to be given importance today so you take another instance another instance happened to be for example the right to information act has come into force since 2005 and it is almost remember it is 22 years since the passing of the legislation having the legislation which has come into force now you just to take a topic of research relating to how many of the in how many of the panchayas in rural areas this legislation is being followed now how many of the panchayas members in the rural areas are aware of a legislation which is known as the right to information act now for example take it this way you have narega under narega there are several schemes which are being given and you might be knowing during the time of corona the government of india announced that for 100 days they will give a job to anybody go to the panchayat office and within the locality the panchayat office just find out how many of the people situated or living within the vicinity of the panchayat attached to the panchayat office have been given a job 100 days job and how much money has been dispersed and how much money they have received from the central government as well as from the state government take a statistics of this and compare it with other villages now if you find certain basic apparent what we call as loop holes you suggest it so that the government will be in a position to plug these loop holes and later the government of india made initiate action in improving the legislation and make it more effective this is very much essential for a developing society like india that is why action research is given and considered as an important type of research today now take another area for example now how many people in a remote society maybe in west bingor or maybe in karnataka are aware of the presence of legislation known as the right to information act and in the panchayat itself some of the members may not be knowing it is a fact and in such situation how we can bring them a bring the knowledge of these acts to these people and whether the canvassing mode done by the panchayat is upright or not for example when i speak about the canvass first they put it in the billboards then they may place street place or then they may be advertisement and whether these modes are good enough or some other modes are to be followed or observed and these are to be done by the researchers themselves that is where the thought process is incessant and continuous and when this is done instantly and continuously remember you can expect certain progress in the society because you get to know the weakness of the legislation now you take another important legislation like what are we guarantee of services act now what is this guarantee of services act now the state of karnataka in the year 2011 brought a legislation known as the karnataka guarantee of services act suppose for example a particular person has applied for the clearance of his file with a purpose to the with an soul now when he does this job at times what happens is application remember will not be known where it has gone and what is its fate now that is where guarantee of services act provides guarantee of the service which you are asking from the concerned state karnataka passed this legislation in the year 2011 and west Bengal government passed it in the year 2013 and thereafter the other state is Maharashtra which passed the legislation in the year 2015 so certain services are given to the subject wherein these services are protected suppose for example for take it this way today if you apply before the office of the or before the office of deputy commissioner you get to know where the application is from where it goes from the if it's suppose for example if you submit it to the office of the office it will go to the office of the assistant commissioner from the office of the assistant commissioner will go to the deputy commissioner from the deputy commissioner to the division commissioner from there to the chief secretary and the services are to be given within the period of fixed sort of time they cannot just sleep over the file now this has to be done this is done with a purpose to see that the administration that is being done should be smooth and it should be in a position to render justice to society now these states are the premier states which immediately passed the legislation of this type now try to make an analysis of this and afterwards try to find a comparison a comparative study of this and which of the laws which are functioning more effectively and in the states which is not more effective what exactly are the weaknesses and the loopholes and how this could be plugged as a researcher especially in law remember you have to take from societal problems and it is not doctrinal research if you take up doctrinal research or analytical research remember you will not be discussing issues relating to what ought to be you know only what is unless you get to know what ought to be you cannot think of becoming a good research scholar and your writing can never be considered as scholarly that is the very purpose of telling these important things one important developmental installation which came in the year 2017 this 17 happened to be the period that was given for purpose of maternity was increased from 12 weeks to 26 weeks so earlier it was 12 weeks so maternity benefit if a person working in a government office or anywhere is entitled to get the benefit up to 12 weeks six weeks before the delivery and six weeks after the delivery so the legislation which was brought in the year 2017 has gone that far and he said remember six months you can avail it and eight weeks that is two months before the delivery and remaining four months after the delivery and this benefit is even given to a mother who adopts a child who is below three months so a mother who adopts a child and the age of the child is just below three months is also entitled to remember get the benefit at least up to 12 weeks now in situations of this type make an analysis whether any of the states have become parties to this legislation within the federal structure how many of them are not adopted to this legislation and those states wherein the legislation is adopted and implemented how many cases have come before the court of law how much money and salary is dispersed under this count and what exactly are the reasons for not encouraging a legislation of this type so in order to know this remember you should make a study this is action research you get to know you come to know you actually know the real weaknesses of legislation through action now that afterwards I just intend to give you two three other illustrations as well now these illustrations are very natural illustrations which are being given by the great learners scholars of this country under action research now one such instance happened to me for example take this week in the state of West Bengal you have a place known as Jalapai Gudi Jalapai Gudi remember known for witchcraft and witch hunting and in the name of witch hunting and witchcraft human sacrifices are made and how do you prevent this I was working in NEJS Kolkata as the head of the center director of the center on public policy so first is we wanted to know the problem and when we wanted to know the problem we we just try to invert the best of resource resource persons from India there were several resource persons the rest of them came from the different places two of them came from Maharashtra two of them from Delhi and two three of them Kolkata and we had a discussion and we came to know the realities of the problem having come to know the realities of the problem remember we wanted to research on this problem and remember in order to research in this area you have to go to Jalapai Gudi and having gone to Jalapai Gudi you have to earn the goodwill of the people but if you don't earn the goodwill of the people and if you don't become one with them and if you don't get their confidence you will not be getting any information or your life will be in danger so in order to avoid that remember we have to be very friendly with them we should become part of their system and that of course slowly get into know why this is happening and once you come to know the reasons then remember the education is the best mode try to put these children into schools those who have the age they can be put to schools and they can be made to study there and as and when they come as and when they go being friends remember we live in a position to eradicate what is the preconceived notion which is overworking in their minds and afterwards remember you just try to observe certain things they have several festivals and in these festivals you have remember empty sacrifices are made and you should have a very good relationship with them and afterwards you should convince them how to avoid these things so that you become good citizens of tomorrow and you are wasting your precious money hard earned money and so that you become good citizens for a period of time and this was also done now another instance happened to me again I am giving you the instance of the state of East Bengal in the state of East Bengal what was happening is maybe happening even now also now there were several Bangladesh refugees who cross into the border state of India having crossed into the border state of India these women and children are used for purpose of smuggling or racking or under article 23 of the constitution of India but in such a situation how do you how do you prevent them if you go there you will not get the information you have to collect the information and then afterwards study the situation and then you can go in order to prevent these incidents and instances there are certainly NGOs who are working and they approve the NGOs and having approved the NGOs you try to know why this is happening and when you get to know through what we call as the reserve to police force which are being put there you will get more information and there of course you go to the spot know you will be one with the NGOs as well as the reserve police force CRPF then you try to give a solution to them so that the smuggling of these women and the children could be prevented to a certain extent you might be knowing last year many of them were found in Tamil Nadu in Chennai and most of them were happened to be Bangladesh in Iceland and they had other card everything all of them and they were about to be packed off to some countries who are nearby maybe to the Gulf or some other place now if this has to be prevented and human rights are to be restored come what may and this is the only method which is by through by action because they see you become first and foremost you observe what is happening there you will not get the information immediately how they seek in and sneak into the territory of the state of India and when one day sneak in who are going to give protection to them and there are several parties to this and you have to take everyone into consideration and confidence and afterwards remember eliminate the bad elements and try to give good education to them and try to overcome this is the effect of the implementation of a legislation which is being done and enacted by state government now you take another instance another instance happened to be it is related to the problem of poverty there was a professor of economics and this professor of economics Muhammad Yunus got the Nobel Prize and he's a Bangladeshi now he was working in the as a professor of economics in the new state of Chitra now he wanted to conduct a study a study relating to the improvement of poverty see all people in the villages are poverty stricken their earnings were very low and in a few cases there was no earning and if they go there and work still the barter system prevailing there in such a situation Muhammad Yunus it goes to a few villages having gone to a particular village he tried to study the problem having tried to study the problem but he found out that these women had no access to finance and if they go and seek finance from the money lenders they would exploit them oh money lenders is flawed to such an extent wherein they will give more in the morning they will give 10 rupees and in the evening they will ask for 20 rupees so it is 100 interest this was a situation that was prevailing now having studied their problem didn't bear in these villages along with the students and research scholars he tried to find out a few people there and most of them were women and for those women he just gives some money and tells them that the only minimal interest is going to be charged and using this money you prepare the local what we call as bamboo chairs so in that area you find a lot of bamboos and of these bamboos they would prepare stools and take it to the market and sell make money so when some finance is being given to them and these people brought the required material and started doing it and they sold it and they flourished and without any difficulty without any hiccup they were able to give the money which was advanced to them by this professor so the professor understood the problem having understood the problem then he did it in a larger scale and when he did it in a larger scale remember lots of people got the benefit and the society and the villages started improving their economic conditions and when the very activity spread far and wide into a few villages he approaches the government first he took money from the Grameen bank first on the in the first instance he spent the money from his pocket then he approaches the Grameen bank where any a few more got the benefit anyway he realized that this is not enough he should go in a bigger scale he approaches the government and the government bank gave the money and established a few Grameen banks for this purpose only to improve the economic conditions of the people this is how remember action research in every sphere you know comes to the rescue of everyone now that afterwards I just you can just do something relating to what we call as a prognostic type of research now what is this prognostic type of research why it is relevant today now based on the certain set of facts based on the certain set of circumstances to forecast the shape of things to come for example now the economics of India as well as the state of United States today go to the extent of pointing out just news which I read by 2033 you have few economies in the world and even of our neighbors are going to come down and they will have a very difficult time and remember if they prepare or take steps to overcome this they will be in a position to improve otherwise it will be climax and peril so in order to overcome the peril they have to adopt methods now itself and if they fail to adopt methods now itself in the next 10 years there will be problems which cannot be visualized and which cannot be thought of which cannot be given a solution that is what what is indicated by that so this is where what we call as based on the present set of facts you try to remember find out the shape of things to come in the nearest future now there was a great scholar a great historian he's known as H.G. Wells H.G. Wells is the man who wrote the world history you might be knowing many of you have heard him about also must have heard him also H.G. Wells in the year 1937-38 wrote a book and the name of the book is the shape of things to come in the future now when I speak about the shape of things to come in the future now he was the one who said the present iron age is going to be replaced by the plastic age what do you mean by this in 1938 remember it that time all the buckets were made of iron tumblers were made of iron glasses were made of iron and even the eating plates were made of iron you know and the present day generation may find difficult to lift even and here is the man he said the present iron age is going to be replaced by the plastic age the world war came to an end and afterwards introduction of plastic started and today you find all materials which are made plastic even the computer chips are attached to plastic material see he was the one who was shaping telling the the shape of things to come in the future there was another person by name Arnold J. Toynbee Arnold J. Toynbee may happen to be a man remember who wrote the study of history in 24 volumes and in one in the concluding part he says the present society is going to be a society at the end wherein the microscopic minority will be the dominant majority which is called as the nemesis the microscopic minority is going to be the dominant majority now if you look to the economics and the development developing pattern and the population and the demography you will admit of what Arnold J. Toynbee has said remember about 60 years ago or 70 years ago in the study of history and this is proving beyond doubt now my point is remember the analysis of the mind the analysis which was made by them were in a position to say if this is the statistics today this is going to be the future tomorrow maybe after 50 years and for a developing country like India we need prognostic research scholars in plenty because we have plenty of problems water scarcity ravaging the country during summer and we need solution to that and we have several other problems in almost all areas and we need remember researchers in this area and if you take doctrinal researchers it is nothing but studying the studied repeating the repeated and telling the told already and we don't want such type of researchers but we need solution to the existing problem in the country and that has to be done and you take another scholar another scholar happened to be the man who wrote dust capital now dust capital remember was written by the great Karl Marx and he wrote one in 1846 another one 1847 and other one in 1848 poverty of philosophy came in and then came the dust capital now remember he was a German and he was remember he was a cute observer of things this cute observer of things was just looking to the state of Soviet Russia he was just looking to what was happening in the society of the state of Soviet Russia now remember there was there were two classes one is the what we call as the ruling class they are called the bourgeois and the second one is the nobility supported by the ruling class and other one is the proletariat the poor working class and a poor working class remember he is being abused misused and overused at every level and he was made to work and in return he did not get anything this man sitting in a house just watching whether it will continue he said it is not going to continue but there will be resistance and resistance will be remember will be ruthlessly snubbed and stopped because power is in the hands of what we call as the nobility and the ruling class and when they have the the ruling class when they have the power the lawmaking power they know how to curb it through the machinery which is being employed by them but then the fight is not going to stop it will continue it will continue and continue for a period of time and till the dictatorship of the proletariat remember this man pointed out about the fight between the rich and the poor or between the bourgeois and the proletariat and this fight will continue but one day the proletariat the people the what we call as the workers of the state of Soviet Russia will become supreme and they will start running the administration now 68 years afterwards 1848 add 68 69 years in the year 1917 the Bolshevik revolution took place and the Bolshevik revolution that has taken place the entire what we call as the edifice was removed and just eliminated and the dictatorship of the proletariat led by Lalind came to be established in the state of Soviet Russia now we are not interested in the story of it we are just wanted to end the solution which was given by this man or a shape of the things which is likely to come a forecast that was made and a forecast which was made by him ultimately remember respected by everyone I will go back a little before during the course of French revolution there was a British statesman and the British and the French remember always at loggerheads and this statesman was named by Edmund Burke and was the greatest parliamentarian of the time and this greatest parliamentarian of the time remember the well-read person and his knowledge in comparative constitutional law at that time was respected in high esteem and remember he has been receiving letters from the state of France and certain people who have visited the state of France to the course of the French revolution were writing to him I just intend to tell you a letter which was written by Lord North Lord North remember was in the state of Normandy in the state of France Lord North writes a letter to Lord Temple who was in England and the content of the letter is very simple the greatest thing to admit today is to say that this country is on the verge of a great revolution the people of Normandy are surviving on the route as well as the grass or the concerned place where they live so it was revolution is inevitable and it came and it revived the state of France see this is where this thinker Edmund Burke was able to see the developments and ultimately he was in a position to give a solution he wrote a book in 1790 in 1789 the revolution broke out just within one year within 365 days this person writes a book and in the book he simply states this will not lead to an order to progress ultimately the state of France will be taken over by a dictator Napoleon Bonaparte of the state of France became a dictator and crowned himself as the dictator of the state of France in 1894 and he became an emperor 10 years afterwards so this is the story what we call as remember the sociological thinkers comparative studies which are made by them and the other development which are created by them now you take an instance an instance happened to be creative research what is this creative research now when you take up creative research creative research remember is the imagination of the mind how beautiful it should be now you have at least a few of you know FM Hussain a great artist at least a few of you if you are from the south or from the goba you know a person known as a mario mirand so they are artists of high caliber if you invite a function and just request them and give a piece of chalk or a pencil please draw something and they will immediately go there and finish it within just to remember three to four minutes and afterwards they will give a lecture on those art for about two hours what is this and it depicts it represents what each each line will represent something and one which he'll be able to speak ours today now this is what we call as creative research as and when you work you will be in a position to say that this should be depicted and it should be told to the people and if it is told they will understand it better when you take take the best of what we call as the creative of singers for example take bibshon jyoshi oh then you take many of them are they're subalashmi and basuraj raju guru all the the best of the hindustani singers and the best of the vocalists in south or the best of the what we call as drum beaters now taken this ways a particular lady for instance a bharatanatyam dancer like titra vishu ashram is performing a bharatanatyam when she is performing before the public a bharatanatyam there will be a plus and people clap and keep clapping the lady is not interested but she's interested and she's immersed in dancing because she is worried only to see the how the next step has to be given and if the next step is given in a particular way it will be appreciated it will be admired no that is what always she thinks of it she thinks of it how best i can move my legs how it should be depicted and it should be flawless now you think of the singers for example in this way bandit bibshon jyoshi and he gives a raga vairavi when he sings remember the when it is presented he is not worried about you he is immersed in the music and he knows it comes in a particular alaapana then only that raga will be appreciated otherwise people will not having gone home when people send a cassette or the dvd whatever it is he will listen and say there are still scope for improvement that is the imagination of the creative research that is why for example take it this way as in when you start your research writing and when you start your research writing you know what materials you have collected and how best it can be made you so that also you know and you have made the tentative chapterization as well first remember at that time you just suddenly just like ureka in the famous ureka ureka he said the same person argument is so you develop certain things this principle can be brought in and if it can be brought in it can be justified also this is creative mind as and when you listen remember you should know how this should be developed and what should not be developed and how we go about it now you take one more research method which is called the historical method of research when i speak about the historical method of research remember history is a science no less no more this is not said by me it is said by jb more a great historian history is a science no less no more now the art of writing history is totally different from collecting materials now take it this way when i speak of collecting the sources for purpose of writing history it depends on remember three or four important sources first is what we call as the inscriptional evidences then come the literal evidences the third one is the numismatic evidences and fourth one is the archaeological evidences now you may ask me what is this inscriptional evidences when i speak about the inscriptional evidences suppose for example you were doing the time of ashok or the during the time of mauryas or guptas or any dynasty cholas now they have left hundreds of inscriptions and these inscriptions which is left behind to possibility indicate the economic development of the country that has taken place it virtually speaks about what work they have done whom they worshipped how they lived all these things are being shown through the inscriptions and to know the inscriptions and read you should know a person who knows the language in what is written suppose for example you are working somewhere in the north and you know only hindi and the inscriptions are left in prakrit or it is written in Sanskrit or it is written in tamil naturally you should go and find out a man who is well versed in these languages to get the true meaning of it that is what what we call as inscriptional evidences which is very much essential for a scholar in history and it is useful even for other writings as well then what we call as the numismatic evidences now several several dynasties have issued coins gold coins except murmur bintolak who issued only the coins which are made of leather now these coins virtually speak about the economic conditions of the state how the people flourish there and remember in these coins remember there are certain symbols these symbols in the glass in actually represent the strength of the economy of the people or the rulers and studying these coins taking up the coins studying these coins oh you know it's not a small job you have lots of people require and you have to take the suggestions because it is in different languages so this is study of numismatics now studying of archaeology again this way you go to temples and remember the richest temples like the raja raja temple in tangio or madurai minakshi temple or many of them or the lake temple in mahalipuram all that remember world sites today protected by the what we call as the inesco and remember you have a history of its own you get to know and literally writings another oh each dynasty will have scholars and have left behind for example when you go to the muggle history or the history of the thuglaks or the kaljis and bhamanis you come to know a name of a great writer ziaul varani and ziaul varani remember he has left a lot of writings which speaks about the culture of the people and the administration how it is being done and for which you should know the language otherwise you cannot and more or it is written in a political language explanation is very difficult to know and again you will relay exclusively on the person this is something we need to do historical method now when we speak about historical methods remember there is there are four types of points which are being harpooned from in historical research one is heuristics that is the art of collecting the documents other than they have spoken to you how difficult it is to collect a document then that afterwards the other one is criticism then comes what we call as the synth exposition and afterwards synthesis exposition remember you should be in a position to put it in such a way wherein continuity of thought in your presentation is maintained so that there is no problem or no criticism which can be made by anybody now when we take up the historical method there are two or three important developments which are being spoken now the first thing that is being said to happen to me now individuals history collective history and typical history now I will start with the last one which I said what is this typical history which is peculiar to society now when you speak about peculiar that is the typical history of a society now you take the prudha system in this country or you take the other one that is the in the event of the death of the husband the wife is jumping into the funeral fire sati system now that is remember a typical thing which is being followed and today the laws are being enacted and this put to an end or these are put to an end today so these are difficult facts typical facts in the history of a particular country now what are the collective facts when I speak about the collective facts remember it may be wars it may be revolutions or it may be relating to some other developments that has taken place sociological development or the religious moments you take the history of the state of India these days speak about the Kalinga war and Kalinga war is important because after the Kalinga war the man who fought the war and won the war remember relinquished and accepted his religion and accepted Buddhism and afterwards he became a propagator sent his brother and sister all of them to different countries in south east asia to spread the message of buddha buddhism now you take another another instance happened to me this is religious moments life and times of buddha or life life and times of adi shankara they're all religious moments that is why we convey movements that have taken place in the society now the other one is after this individual facts when I speak about the individual facts individual facts collective facts typical facts in individual facts remember the the activities which are being done by an important individual for example the Kalinga war or the other war the the war that was fought during the time of third war battle of panipat's 17th century life now like that we have several instances the historians will speak much about it and that actually helps in the development of history so the very purpose of telling this is very simple now there are as many as eight to nine methods all methods are important no experimental method remember is very much essential because only through experiments will be the position to find out the truth not truth but the truth because experiments will have to be done a period over a period of time and when it is done over a period of time you come to know this exactly is the truth that is why it is experimental method now in administration also you find and when there is some loss to the country they will try to bring in a registration by way of an experiment if this experiment succeeds this will remain or else some other experiment which will given by someone else or invented by someone or propagated by one someone will replace the older one and in always an experimental method remember you should have wonderful peace peace of mind is very much required for a research scholar and if you don't get don't have peace of mind you can never think of becoming a good scholar especially in experimental research sociological research I just find it out and give you umpteen illustrations I spoke to you about action research I spoke one more research which is being being have to be discussed happened to be a research which is being departmental research for example you take the instance in the instance of metiaioc now metiaioc will bring in certain policies and having brought certain policies these departmental research will try to examine the effectiveness of those policies the success of those policies the failures if any of those policies and once this is being done they try to give a solution to it as well there are several programs which are being introduced a few of them are being withdrawn because they went to the extent of pointing out it is just not possible to carry with this because no purpose will be served by retaining this and descriptive research I have spoken to you yesterday the other day and then the doctoral research I have spoken to you and today the methods of research which I have spoken to you will help you in a long way and give solutions to in becoming a good scholar especially in research writing thank you very much the way you speak fluently that too with large perspectives of aspects to be taken that I always feel fascinated about and I always feel that one has to learn how to remember things that we are doing sessions on that aspect how to remember things how to read fast but on such a large variety we have taken on environment law we have done on international law and how to do research and then this research topic also we have seen that you have connected the dots into so much in different lines it becomes so impressive that I will feel that one should also have a session that how you should remember things and how to collate the facts and thereafter dissipate to the people at large so thank you sir and thank you to all those who have been connected with us everyone stay safe, stay blessed and stay connected with us tomorrow at 6 p.m. we will be having a session on the jurisprudence regarding the GST etc