 I am starting the next one, who knows what that is? What is that? Where is it? Yes sir, please say it loudly, it is aroville, it is the solar kitchen, it is on the roof of the solar kitchen of aroville. It is a fixed dome, it is a fixed reflector, it is a spherical reflector unlike the more common parabolic ones. This is on the roof of the solar kitchen, they make delicious food cooked with solar steam cooking, very nice place, how many have been to aroville, so it is an awesome place. If you ever get the chance, if you are coming down south to Tamil Nadu, Pondicherry is right there, it is a wonderful place, you will never regret it, because this is going to be shared by many teachers and they all come from different branches. I have put up a section on units and terms because in the topic on energy, the terms and the units and the unit conversions will confuse even the best of us. So, we have simple energy units, power units, heating value of a fuel, the carbon content of every fuel, some of the common fossil fuels and what else, yeah the carbon content. One interesting thing that you observe is that coal for the same amount of energy delivered, coal emits more CO2 compared to oil and natural gas in that order, obvious right. Natural gas CH4 has how many hydrogens, how many carbon? Four hydrogens, one carbon, so when you oxidize it, you get some carbon dioxide but some water vapor, so it emits less CO2 compared to coal, coal if you assume that it is mostly carbon. Okay, so I am skipping that section altogether. Now again, this section I am mostly going to skip, we know that there are perpetual or continuous forms of energy which are solar and wind and then there are renewable resources, renewable are the ones which get depleted but get replenished, solar energy does not get depleted and then get replenished, it is continuously, it is perpetually available although it is intermittently available. How many understand the term intermittent? Right, not continuous, we all understand the related word intermission, okay. So and then we have the non-renewable, presently the world depends on fossil based energy almost entirely, I mean 87% dependence on fossil based energy. India also it is the same case, major dependence on fossil fuel. In India we have electricity shortages and electricity has not penetrated our rural regions. This is just some general information of where the electricity is used in which sectors and stuff like that. I am going to, I talked about the electricity deficit. There is a peaking shortage and a base load shortage, how many understand base load and peak power, okay how many do not understand that, okay I will explain a little later, okay. We have rising energy demand, this is India but the world also I think Professor Narayanan showed a better graph which showed the demand and supply. All these sources which we are depending on, on which are major dependences, all those sources are depleting, okay that includes even nuclear, nuclear also we have limited reserves, okay. But due to some excellent technology by the department of atomic energy, they have developed a technology in which you can actually create, the waste can be converted into future fuel, okay. But those reactors it is still a new kind of a budding technology but it is definitely a very innovative technology. It will that way the fission based technology can at least last for longer in terms of the fuel supplies. Anyway so we have depleting sources hydro power, many rivers have been dammed and whatever more rivers may exist, there are considerable public opposition to that. So again we are in trouble. The problem is that we cannot wait for it to even get depleted. So let us say that coal will get depleted after so maybe a few decades. So we cannot sit complacently for those many decades because if we actually use all the coal, firstly in particularly in India you would not have any forests left because the coal has to be mined from under the forest and secondly the global warming you know you would have emitted so much of carbon that the consequences of global warming will become wholly unacceptable to us. So that is clearly not the path ahead. I am not saying that you overnight just simply stop fossil fuels, I know I think all of us know it is not practical but we have to understand we cannot rely on it but if something is depleting it is a clear signal that that is not the future, the future does not lie there. So I have what I have given here is an overview of fossil fuels which I am simply going to skip but I will just flash the slides before you. There are the ways in which we use you know we burn the fuel and then we use in engines or to generate electricity or simply as heat and petroleum and natural gas how do we extract it we have petroleum we have these rigs they may be on land or they may be offshore and this is the Hubbard curve please note this down peak oil your students might ask you what is peak oil and when has the oil when will the oil production peak you may you may see that in reports you may see it on television or your students may actually ask you what this is. So this is the Hubbard curve bell shaped curve which is the cumulative production of multiple wells or multiple regions so this is the production of each well it starts producing it produces for some time and then it gradually reduces its output. So if you take the cumulative of that cumulative production of that it becomes a bell shaped curve the why is the peak so significant it means that you have assuming it is a symmetrical curve you have used half of the oil so it means that in future the production is going to decline if production is going to decline then obviously prices are going to go higher and we have to it is time to start looking for new sources this is the Hubbard curve for the world actually and the use of burning of oil or burning of coal emits CO2 which we know this kind of describes which countries there are countries oil producers there are countries that produce some oil and countries that consume oil. So this kind of tabulates all of them this table shows you which are the countries which historically have been emitting all the CO2 so we have these various countries over there once upon a time United States was number one now China is exceeding that again we are still in the overview of fossil fuels and if we are running out of oil why not use coal but this is an open pit mine in Bihar it completely destroys the land the forests above it the regions around it contaminating the ground water displacing people and things like that and not to mention the emission of gases the the fly and bottom ash which has so many toxic substances. So there are so many problems and people have calculated their costs in terms of lives as well as monetary terms the health impacts and things like that they are pretty high there are clean cleaner coal burning technologies I know I know it should be done but when you know that something is not the future then I think we should also or rather our main focus should be on developing the other technologies rather than something which has a very limited use. Then why not natural gas yes natural gas is good in many respects in fact for peaking peaking plants are commonly made out of natural gas to supply electricity during the peak demand which I will explain. So there are some advantages but you cannot wish away the fact that it still emits CO2 although a little less then there is a problem then one of the obvious solutions is forget about all carbon based fossil fuels you know why not go nuclear. Yeah good idea but in terms of carbon but then it has its own set of problems firstly I said that the fissile material is non-renewable and there is a limited stock with the fast breeder technology maybe we can increase that stock with a different technology but presently the technology of most reactors is not the fast breeder technology but I am sure the BARC people the BARC and IGCAR in South India they are doing excellent work and scientists are brilliant but there are major problems the although the waste produced is very less that waste is hazardous in a very different way and we understand radioactivity and its contamination also the vulnerability of any plant be it a chemical plant or be it any other factory or a thermal power plant or a nuclear power plant they are vulnerable to attacks by terrorists in or in the event of a war or due to natural calamities also they are vulnerable so vulnerabilities can never be avoided so either due to terrorist attack or somebody puts a bomb on it or let us say there is tsunami or an earthquake or whatever it is these vulnerabilities can never be avoided so when they cannot be avoided we should have technologies where if the plant goes down it should not cause irrecoverable damage unfortunately nuclear spread of radioactivity and a disaster happening at a nuclear facility leads to largely irrecoverable damage Chernobyl even today nobody can go and for the next hundreds of thousands of years I do not think people can imagine living in that region so I think all of us have a good understanding so I was just giving an example you know that I mean people contradict by saying that no no no the safety and all that we have taken care of it I know people have taken care of it the safety methods and all that may be great and they are actually truly great but the problem is the if things go wrong and things do go wrong okay please let us not delude ourselves let us not live in some imaginary paradise that things will never go wrong okay things do go wrong they have gone wrong and they will continue to go wrong because humans are humans the one thing that we cannot avoid is human error so when that is the case and the consequences are not acceptable for example will you give a loaded gun to your 5 year old son no because you know no matter how much you tell him and train him you know that he is going to pull the trigger in the wrong way okay and the consequences absolutely irrecoverable and not acceptable so better not give it to the child so that's the kind of logic it's only a precautionary principle that I'm talking about okay I'm not saying that the reactor should be totally dismantled or anything I'm all for nuclear research okay but I'm I'm definitely against this is my personal opinion again let me loudly announce that it's my personal opinion that having a major dependence on nuclear energy I think is not a good idea strategically for the country in the interest of our national security national energy security I don't think it's a great idea but research should be continued because good things are coming out of the research our understanding of physics and of matter is increasing so many other apart from the basic aspects even applied aspects we are learning so many things okay so this talks about the accidents that have happened and I have a listing of accidents you may think that you know accidents have happened some in some communist country far away not true the majority of the accidents have happened in the United States so far and a large number of accidents happened after Chernobyl after we are supposed to have learned our worst lesson so the accidents have continued okay and there have been some 99 accidents worldwide but you may say that it's not a big deal you know auto accidents happen in millions so it only proves what a safe technology it is absolutely it does prove that they have taken safety very seriously but unfortunately with nuclear I don't think even one accident is acceptable that's my opinion if there's a contaminated site I ain't going anywhere close to it you give me a million dollars I'm not going close to it okay I know there is radioactive there are radioactive isotopes everywhere there is radiation everywhere there are cosmic rays everywhere okay but I mean you can't convince me to go close to a contaminated site let's say you get a million dollar grant to do some research or something like that or put in your pocket you will go will you go to Chernobyl to do some research or something you're all researchers you will go okay that is Vava atomic research center okay they have a nuclear reactor yes that is Dhruv reactor yes okay and I was there for five days there is also school going on neutron scattering I was there so they are totally last 12 years is going on they don't have any any incident on that they are putting some scale on the on your on your pocket so that they can measure how much that is a functioning reactor it's a proper reactor site where a disaster has happened no I'm not saying this is not okay to see only the two only two showing the disaster happen at the same thing people should have okay there are some good things is going on if you take the proper precautions that is my idea that's what I said the department of atomic energy should do their research absolutely I said absolutely should be done I'm only saying don't depend on nuclear France depends on it for 75% of their energy comes from nuclear I don't think that is the best thing for India personally you may say that I don't I don't know what I'm talking about maybe okay radioactive waste disposal the information that I got from that report is that today no country has opened a permanent disposal facility again correct me if I'm wrong everybody is talking but I don't think any country according to this report and it's a fairly recent report October 2014 is absolutely the latest report so they are saying that to date they have not opened and and commissioned a long-term disposal facility so they are talking a lot of things but see see just just one thing that came to my mind 5,000 years ago our Rajasthan and parts of Gujarat and all that was part of the most flourishing culture of the Saraswati civilization Indus Saraswati civilization which was a more prosperous culture than the Ganges civilization and after 5,000 years or maybe maybe 3,000 years or something like that today it is a desert so the in the next 5,000 years can we predict that the Saraswati is suddenly not going to pop up out there if we locate a disposal site over there considering that it is a desert and there is no aquifer over there and all that so I don't know whether maybe the geologists know better but I don't know I feel it is better to be cautious these many of these countries have actually probably employed this mafia clan to just dump some barrels into the Mediterranean and in Somalia so this also again references there you can find out whether it is true or not okay but they were they were convicted in the court and they accepted they pleaded guilty yes yes it liberates a large amount of radioactive elements to the atmosphere it leads to thermal pollution why not the people focus around photo catalytic hydrogen production in 1971 itself Fuji Shimano and Honda discovered the photo catalytic hydrogen production why not the people focus on it and photo catalytic hydrogen production do you know the efficiencies so I don't know sir it is very low okay so it's a great idea by focusing it it does not liberate the carbon dioxide emissions and it reduces the some some technology see there are many technologies that are that are happening out there is photo catalytic hydrogen production there various means of hydrogen production okay so yeah there are we should explore all of them but presently it is we cannot replace fossil fuels okay with that thank you we are not there yet I am is that right yeah I just notice okay again this is a very charged issue like ethics yesterday all right yeah so this is another time when this comes up and we should cover it for sure we should not you know in any way not cover it but just expect this again to cause some little bit of a rumbling in your centers when this comes up okay and at that point in time you know we that's that I think that's the reason why next few weeks we want to be able to send you enough material to do the reading so you don't have to we don't have to argue for or against it but at the same time you having read that gives a certain conviction that you can share it with others okay so this will come up and I'll tell you I mean some of it is actually just prompts a little more reading to be done I'll there's a paper by professor Sukhat me I'll share it with you the title is can renewables meet the energy needs for India okay and he takes a time frame of 2070 the year 2070 when he says that the population would have stabilized at 1.7 billion okay and then he says you know if you take a modest amount of energy consumption per capita per head what is the overall energy requirement for India and what fraction of it would be covered through renewables what fraction could be covered through fossil fuels and then he leaves it open in terms of how much of it would have to then be nuclear okay so I again I think it's not the point is not to get to the answer because that tends to the one of the first conversations we had was how we tend to reduce it to a point that I can understand it distinct from having to expand ourselves to deal with it holistically okay that is going to be the dilemma that we will be dealing with as we step through this course okay so thank you for reacting and let's continue okay thank you okay similarly hydroelectric we have some issues so some people actually believe that this centralized power generation actually inherently has got many problems because you have to distribute and then there are distribution losses and such systems are always vulnerable so comparatively a distributed energy model might be might have many advantages but that also has its own set of disadvantages which I will just talk about so what are the environmentally benign forms of so we looked at the conventional forms of energy we already have them but we know that they are in a state of crisis so we have to transition to relatively more benign how does everybody understand the word benign okay benign means less harmful okay not harmful so let me start off by saying that these renewable and alternative energy forms they have a tremendous potential but there are major gaps okay let us not delude ourselves into thinking that it's going to you know you just turn a magic wand and then suddenly solar energy is going to take over the entire world I think all of us have seen enough of the world to know that it's not true there are many problems there are some technological problems there are some commercial and market related policy related problems okay so this slide kind of sums up why we are in a state of crisis so it talks about the our near total dependence on environmentally damaging technologies the impacts of it not being acceptable to us those technologies the resources those energy resources are depleting rapidly while our demand is increasing and although we have alternatives the alternatives have not become mature enough either technologically or commercially they have not become mature enough so that's why we are in a state of crisis okay so this talk about it talks about global energy flows and if you look at solar energy in principle there is far more solar energy than we actually need but this is only in principle okay this talks about the wind energy and all the other forms of energy this is uranium assuming that you are only having the old technology once through kind of process where you just burn you 35 once and then it comes out as waste you're not reprocessing you reprocess obviously that that circle will grow much bigger okay so this is this is kind of a representative kind of figure which shows that those black dots if they were covered with photovoltaics at 8% efficiency assuming that there is cloud cover and assuming that solar energy is intermittent you would have enough energy to meet the world's needs and those dots are strategically located in the desert regions where you have less cloud cover and a lot of solar energy but obviously we know that this is not very practical I mean you can't have those plants located in the Sahara and supply all that energy across the Mediterranean to Europe because Europe is the demand centers are different you know in the Sahara there's no demand for solar energy so this is only for us to understand that it is actually a lot of energy that we have this is the solar spectrum I'm gonna skip we know the various ways in which solar energy is used there are heating applications and then there are electrical applications through photovoltaics this is PV is growing very fast but then there are some problems the intermittence is a major issue intermittence can be overcome with grid grid connected systems where there are other sources of energy also the wind and solar they are highly variable so that is what is really scaring the utilities that an energy source that is highly variable and the demand we generally have a better idea of the demand demand is more predictable than these renewables so how do we actually manage that so what the distributed model is where you can put up photovoltaics or some other distributed form of energy on your rooftop and you connect it to the grid when you are producing you supply it to the grid and when you are not producing during the night for solar or when the wind is not blowing in the case of micro wind turbines or something like that that time you buy from the grid so it's a two-way metering bi-directional metering or there are net metering which calculates the net exchange of energy and then you get either you get a bill or you get a check so if you have supplied more energy to the grid you get a check at the end of the month that's nice but you know so this the blue kind of shows you know when you are generating and this is what your house is actually consuming so you know that your your own installation is is supplying only for a short period of time the rest of the energy you have to buy so the alternative is you double the area of solar panels and then you will have a much larger peak so you may get a net you may actually get a check back from the ok solar energy another disadvantage is it's very diffuse in order to get a large amount of energy you have to spread out over the large area ok diffuse means spread out so how do you overcome that if you are looking for thermal applications you can focus it so it can be focused in a parabolic dish or like this a heliostat where you have a large field of reflectors and they are all focusing at one tower and then you have either a molten salt or a molten metal that acts as the heat exchange fluid and then you run a steam rank in cycle the beauty of that is the hot molten salt can actually be stored in insulated drums very large insulated containers so you have a solar energy producing facility that can operate 24 hours but obviously the system cost increases because you have to oversize the reflectors to capture more heat so that they can run the solar energy may be available 6 to 8 hours maybe this if you with good sighting it may be about 8 hours and then it has to produce for 24 hours so you have you understand ok so there are there is some some nice ideas of how to reduce the cost if the PV panels you know they are some cost right if you integrate it with building materials the building material see you you have a building material you are already paying for it over and above that you are putting a panel so double cost so instead of that there are things like solar roof tiles or solar shingles okay so if you put these solar roof tiles or shingles on your roof then that much of roofing cost is is eliminated so maybe it will become slightly cheaper not too much in Japan they have recently covered the the reservoir water by the solar panels of the shortage crisis of land Gujarat the canals it's such a great idea such a great idea so you get evaporative losses are also contained the efficiency of the panel increases yes and the loss of your operation decreased and the land air which costly is also many many you can say it's a beautiful beautiful you know that so the silicon photovoltaics their their efficiency degrades with increasing temperature so it's a good idea to keep them cool okay there are but there are what I mean it's I think it's all limited by our creativity you can make really disruptive innovations in this there is one Israeli company which claims a resource utilization efficiency of more than 72% so it's a it's a high temperature photovoltaics concept so you are focusing light onto a small area high temperature photovoltaic cell the the large area that you have to expose to the sun is cheap reflector material the photovoltaic cell does not have to be large area it is a small area it is a very expensive cell but it is a small area cell so the costs are lower system costs are lower and on the backside of that there is a heat exchanger so the heat exchanger it will not it will not the heat will not be high-grade heat if you do not concentrate if you have these flat panels the flat panel may may reach maximum like 60 degrees you know exposed to the to the sun if you put a heat exchanger at the back heat at 60 degrees you can't do much with it right so instead of that if you if you focus at a point and it is at 250 degrees then heat at 250 degrees has got lots of use right you can make steam out of it so they have then they have a steam rank in cycle or an organic rank in cycle after that so they actually generate electricity so very very nice concept I hope it works I don't know if that company is still up and running or whether they've gone bankrupt or something I hope not wind energy you know wind generation is also increasing very rapidly like solar but again you know we have these problems these are some of the barriers of wind solar and other renewables put together you know they have these common set of problems of intermittence and their ability to be integrated with the grid so that requires some kind of storage there are market factors also which are causing trouble like the subsidies that are given on competitive technologies are much higher versus the subsidies given on solar on renewables on solar in the in some states you know past couple of years they had announced subsidies but there was no way of actually claiming the subsidy there was no indication from the government as to which office you go to recover the subsidy so people purchase those systems assuming that there is a subsidy and they went from pillar to post trying to claim the subsidy and with no success apparently now things have started moving that's what I hear I'm not very sure so the grid the utility companies the power generation companies they have this the problem of meeting the load and the load is the load kind of fluctuates it peaks at some places okay at some so what you have over here is the is the time this is midnight and this is midnight of the next day 24 hour cycle and you know at some point so this is in the early hours of the morning you know you don't use much electricity maybe some industries use maybe your refrigerator is on but other than that there's not much consumption of electricity and then suddenly in the morning your water heaters come on or something over here during the day your fans and lights in offices and stuff comes on and this is the evening lighting load so most urban places you know you'll have this kind of a profile in in other more industrial places depending on when when the industries work whether they work one shift or multiple shifts you know that that profile can change now it is the job of the utility to actually serve this kind of a profile so they can't have their coal power plants or nuclear power plants operating at this much production because for most of the day it is going to be wasted they can't have it operating at this level because during this period there will be a gray out or a blackout what's a gray out low voltage blackout is loss of power okay so what they have to do is when they approach this time they have to turn on what are called as peaking plants these are commonly they are like gas fired power plants or it could be hydroelectric these are highly dispatchable modes of energy dispatchable meaning you can suddenly ramp it ramp up the production or you can suddenly reduce it cold fire power plant nuclear power plant they are not very flexible at all they have to they have to work continuously if you want to step up or step down you have to tell them hours in advance okay it takes a very long time to step up the production step down the production okay and if you operate them at a low level of production then their economics is definitely affected so what we really need if we are thinking of having more renewables in the mix in the mix of energy sources if we are planning to have more of renewables then we must have means of storage so I there are many means of storage but one of them I just like to share with you there is something called as pump storage you know what that is so wherever you have a reservoir you can have a reservoir at an elevation and another one at below so when there is excess production by renewable energies you pump up water and fill up the upper reservoir and when you have a demand hydropower is highly dispatchable so you suddenly turn on the hydropower and the water drains and it generates electricity so this is pump storage is one it is used in Europe in in some places Tamil Nadu, Tamil Nadu also. So what is the name? Kadambarai, Kadambarai, there are three dams one is called Aparalaiyaar yes that's a water storage area another one is a lawyer Aarayaar but even that there is a dam called Karambarai okay so we will do the power generation in the night hours day hours there is a demand for power is less from the grid they will take the power it will pump it back to the upper storage thank you so much actually this is a one constructed start I think it is 1980s and we were studying it during the 87 we went for the construction phase turbines were started installing it was started coming working or it started working during the year 88 or 87 it's still working it's a second project among the Asian countries I've been to Aliyar dam thank you okay the other thing that I told you is the thermal storage so there are some places where they have set this up so this shows you how the solar energy is taken over here then there is a heat exchange fluid the hot maybe molten salt which is stored in this these two containers and then you transfer from one container to the other hot container cold container and you can have a regular steam rank in cycle to make your steam so this is this is an example of how they try to match the the the demand okay with different sources of generation and you have a legend over here so you have some hydro so what what you can see over here is there is something called as a base load generation which is generally provided by very reliable technologies like nuclear nuclear is one of the very reliable sources which will give you a good base load thermal power plants are another example so you can have some base load provided by them and then then you have some peaking plants so the peaking plants again have to be highly dispatchable they can be hydro or they can be natural gas fired plants so they are highly dispatchable within this you have to fit in the renewables which are highly unpredictable so there is a limit of how much of renewables you can handle now a little bit of flexibility is there in the thermal storage based technologies where you can if you store the solar energy in the in the form of heat then you can actually meet the the evening lighting load that peak you can you can meet it partially so that that is one way of doing that in fact they what they have also found is that instead of south facing photovoltaics photovoltaics panels generally face south if you make them west facing your production actually increases during the evening hours so that is kind of it shifts the the peak the production peak closer to the demand peak okay so all this mixing and juggling these different forms of energy requires a grid to be capable of handling all these various peaks dispatching power very easily moving transferring exchanging power across state lines maybe across even country lines and all that so major changes in the grid infrastructure are required and our country is again facing a big problem over there the infrastructure is not good we do not have a smart grid I don't think many places in the world have a smart grid but definitely this is something that is the future and is going to have to be done in order to integrate larger quantities of renewables otherwise it's not going to happen you know we have we have wind turbines in many places that are going idle because when they are producing there is no demand so they have to be on idle so this is causing lot of losses for the people who have invested in that and Tamil Nadu is facing that kind of a problem in our Polachi Udomalpet area okay one more energy farm is bioenergy from biomass you can make fuels particularly biofuels because we still need transportation fuels and biomass biofuels are a good idea but there is a caution you know you can't use all the biomass that is available a biomass has its own function it has its environmental functions it is serving some need in society today you can't completely just trip it out of all its all those functions and use everything to make bio bio diesel for your car and even when you are growing crops for biofuel there is you have to be cautious in that we don't we don't exploit the the soil and the agricultural I mean the the soil resources and put in more fertilizers and pesticides because that is going to have its own environmental and social impact there is a need for caution the biomass can be converted in many ways converted to energy in many ways so there are various technologies there is a steam reformation of biomass there is pyrolysis there is a biogas by fermentation biomethanation technologies no time to talk about all that there is a nice few minute video which I would like to show this is a technology in MIT okay the the beauty of this is that it it achieves so many things simultaneously you know it it's a way of capturing solar energy just note down what all it does okay it's a way of capturing solar energy it's a way of producing some kind of biofuel or food okay it is a way of capturing carbon it is a way of reducing NOx nitrogen oxides from exhaust okay so so many things are achieved by this and there is one interesting thing there is something called as CO2 enrichment algae and certain plants can grow can photosynthesize a little more if they have slightly higher concentrations of carbon dioxide so it uses all these things to to provide this solution so this is this is what I mean by you know I have some really innovative technologies which I mean you know if you don't get innovative it's not going to be disruptive enough we need really disruptive technologies in a positive way by a solar generated electricity but there are other ways the Sun could create hydrogen here on the roof of the power station for the massachusetts Institute of Technology is the test of a plan to make hydrogen from sunlight using the everyday miracle of photosynthesis the gas making the bubbles in these green tubes comes from the power plants smokestack and the green stuff is algae ancestors of the algae here once grew in the ocean but now the microscopic plants are feeding on the flue gases and growing in the sunlight imagine a black box that gas are coming into this box yeah what's coming out of this box is renewable energy and clean gases okay so instead of a black box it's a green triangle that's the only difference okay the algae and Isaac Berzen's green triangle absorb most of the pollutants in the flue gases leaving the gases some 80 percent cleaner every day the tubes are drained to collect the last 24 hours of growth they're harvesting the algae in here what how do they they just drain new gravity it's raining out like a cow they take a little milk from the cow and you live enough there for the new generation to catch up the algae in the buckets have done a job power plant operators usually have to install expensive pollution control equipment to do and that's to remove nitrogen oxides from their stack gases the algae have also consumed most of the carbon dioxide or co2 so now this is a lot of bad stuff and you would know actually not once once the carbon once the CO2 is turning into organic carbon there's nothing bad in it you mean a person could eat this yeah actually we start I'm shocked that producers haven't made me eat this listen I want to tell you something we start every morning with a with a glass of algae drink get out of here you can get it you can get it in Whole Foods it's called a green machine or there's all kind of generic names for it basically algae drink it's it's good for you it's a health product so after the algae eats all that bad stuff yeah it it's just a nice piece of algae because it's because the chemistry changes you're not making this to show no no no what do you do with it that makes it profitable to the company that uses this very simple you can take this and use it as a renewable energy source the first thing you have to do to dry it how we how will you dry it well the flu gases are very hot so use this excess heat to dry this this goo stuff into something it looks like like a powder okay and if you yeah okay so so you feel now in your hand the transfer of CO2 from a gas that no one knows what to do with it to a viable product you feel it in your hand now yeah yeah yeah okay so that's a miracle today power plant operators pay money to get rid of nitrogen oxides from their stack gases and one day in the future they may pay to get rid of carbon dioxide too as evidence continues to mount that carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels like coal is contributing to global warming Isaac's idea is that power plants will install large arrays of his green triangles earning money by cleaning the gases and also providing the raw material for what's called biogasification a process for turning plant material into hydrogen this process does end up putting carbon dioxide back into the air but in a way you use the carbon twice correct exactly you get two hits at it correct correct twice the use of the same amount exactly this doesn't prevent carbon from going into the atmosphere but it it makes a bit more efficient use of that exactly so that's one of the reasons we think it's gonna catch because if you if you want to make an environmental revolution you have to wait okay one way is take stones and throw stones on the bad guys okay another way in ways to look guys let's make more money yes it's environmental but let's make more money so it's making a most more so how how this actually achieves so many so many different benefits you know in one system I know that is at a research level that is a research kind of reactor bioreactor okay so this kind of summarizes what we learned so far for the present we are going to have to do some some drastic energy saving and energy conservation otherwise it's not we are not going to be able to there are technologies that are evolving but they cannot evolve so fast and fossil energy and nuclear energy is going to have to play a role for at least some time we can't allow them to cause as much damage as they are causing so we have to restrict at least people in this room we have no excuse to waste electricity or any other form of energy the per capita consumption of energy of India is low but urban Indians is high so it's it's high enough it's decent enough we need not we need not take that excuse and waste energy in our urban regions because if we save energy it will be available to somebody else this is about how can we conserve energy in the industry sector because industry sector according to what I found out is one of the major sectors consuming electricity and the industry requires energy because we buy products we buy products industry requires energy if we are conscious consumers conscious shoppers then the how many know about the concept of embodied energy embodied energy nobody wow okay embodied energy or embodied water is the amount of energy or water that is associated with the production the use and the disposal of any product so when I when I turn on the lights and I consume one unit of energy electricity the power plant the coal fired power plant has to run right and the coal fired power plant has to consume cooling water in fact India's energy consumption industrial energy consumption is dominated by thermal power generation so by consuming a unit of energy you are also indirectly consuming water so that is embodied water in a product in order to make let us say this mouse or this electronic device there's a lot of energy that has gone into making it and during its use also it consumes some electricity in the form of batteries and whatnot and at the point of disposal also the depending on the disposal technology some energy is consumed so all that energy is associated with this product which is called as the embodied energy heat integration is something that can be used in the process industry in general and that that pays back quite soon so that's a really great idea something called as pinch technology for people who are chemical engineers who have some idea about this pinch technology is it's basically trying to use a hot stream of gas or a fluid by putting merely a heat exchanger can preheat or warm another cold stream okay so so a hot a simple example is you all of you have seen these generators right even these portable generators they are let's say they are operating at an efficiency of 30% so out of the fuel efficiency 30% becomes electricity 70% goes out from the exhaust as waste waste heat right so if you just put a copper coil around that and you circulate water from the exhaust you know around the exhaust pipe and you circulate water through it you'll get warm water right so you are capturing that 70% of wasted heat so pinch technology or heat integration process integration actually does this you know very formal and planned organized in manner how many of heard of CHP combined heat and power generation so that the generator example that I gave you was actually that okay so there are these cogeneration plants cogeneration or multi generation because you could you could actually get cooling also out of that so let's say that a process or an industry requires 30 units of electricity and 45 units of heat industries commonly require heat as well as electricity right so the one of the ways is conventional generation through a power plant you put fuel into the power plant and you get electricity which you with which you meet the demand the second way is you and the other thing is you run a boiler get the heat to satisfy that heat but the same thing can be done through cogeneration in which the waste heat so this is a combined heat and power CHP plant or also known as a cogeneration plant in which you get electricity and the waste heat is also captured and you can supply the same now you'll see 147 units of fuel are consumed in the conventional system but CHP will consume only 100 units to supply the same kind of output so this is interesting I have couple of other slides demonstrating the same thing this how you put heat exchangers on the exhaust streams to capture that heat stuff like that so there are other indirect ways where again we use the same same thought that why create the problem and then try to solve it don't create a problem we require cooling in our houses air conditioning and energy for lighting because of the way houses are constructed for example this auditorium has lights it could have a skylight also so then the energy consumption reduces one interesting idea is green roofs how many know about green roofs okay awesome so green roofs you know there are many advantages a building heat gain is reduced there is evaporative cooling direct radiative gain by the building is also reduced you can capture capture some pollutants also from and you can get some food also there are people doing terrace gardening which also is similar okay I am going to show you I am probably ending with these videos let's see if we can go through at least one of them it's about five minutes each what is the concept of this video the concept of this video is we can actually structure all the systems that we require to live in a way so the water the energy the waste and many other aspects of living a comfortable life can actually be combined in a way such that you don't actually require too much of input or in fact these are what they are going to show you is totally off-grid houses which which do not have any external water supply they do not have any external electricity supply so these earth ships this is like having a in a spaceship you know in a spaceship you have to recycle everything because you're not getting anything from outside right so this is similar this is an earth ship so this is kind of like a spaceship but which is located on earth and in the construction materials are all recycled materials so they use these old tires and mud and things like that inexpensive materials and in some of the most harsh environments they have set up these earth ships and the living inside is so comfortable you will you will see imagine living in a home that cost you nothing to heat or cool imagine building this home yourself imagine growing your own vegetables year around in this home imagine no utility bills imagine easily available limitless natural resources to build this type of home imagine a more earth friendly civilization imagine earth ships earth ships demonstrate a way to live in harmony with the planet by encountering natural resources without depleting them an earth ship is a passive solar home made out of natural and recycled materials it is off-grid getting its power from the Sun and wind it's water from the rain and snow and it reuses contains and treats its own wastewater with a combination of wetlands and hydroponics we call the compilation of all these integrated systems biotech the major building component of an earth ship is used automobile tires filled and compacted with earth to form a rammed earth brick encased instead of these bricks and the resulting load bearing walls are virtually indestructible the three-foot thick massive walls and the method of incorporating them into the earth create living spaces with a thermodynamic that results in a stable room temperature recycled cans and bottles are used as filler when packing out tire walls they are also used like little bricks to form interior non-structural walls a matrix of cement is formed which is the strength of these walls the cans and bottles serve no structural or insulative purpose they simply are a method of forming concrete into walls in a low-deck way using recycled materials instead of more cement and wood the thermal mass construction of the tire walls works with passive solar gain to create a warm living environment even on a freezing day a stable mass temperature of 58 degrees trapped in the walls it needs a little solar gain to temper up to 70 degrees or whatever your comfort zone is the lower winter sun shoots deep into the house charging the dense massive walls and dense floors which in turn release that warmth back into the room when the air temperature of the room starts to drop alternately summer sun does not enter farther than the planter itself in addition to the thermal cooling properties of these earth homes passive ventilation systems assist in maintaining a comfortable temperature dormer and hopper windows skylights and doors can be open to allow the natural convection fresh air insulated shades against the glass face keep out the hot summer sun as well as to keep the heat inside on cold winter evenings for extremely hot climates a cooling tube can be added in this case the incoming air is channeled through a tube and buried eight feet in earth tapping into the cool earth temperature and drawing cooled air into the house there's a limited amount of fresh water on the planet in order to conserve and protect this precious resource we have developed unique catchwater gray water and black water systems that work together to extend the use of a given amount of water earth ships efficiently use fresh water by using it four times rain and snow is caught on the roof and funneled into a system this fresh water is prepared by the water organizing model this unit consists of a panel of filters and a DC pump which pushes the water into a conventional pressure tank as water is needed it is filtered pumped and pressurized for household use water that drains from the sinks in the shower passes through a grease and particle filter then on into a gray water treatment planter where plants flourish from the water this interior water treatment so as potentially a food producer a source of beautiful and fragrant flora and an oxygen producer in addition to functioning as a cleaner for the gray water the extra water not used by the plants drops into a reservoir at the far end of the planter where a pump sends the cleaned gray water to fill the toilet tank for flushing use toilet water known as black water is flushed outside for treatment in a conventional septic tank the septic tank we use is so reheated and glazed with south facing window which enhances the anaerobic breakdown process the unit functions like a regular septic tank with a line out to a conventional leach field and an alternative series of rubber lined planter cells which be the exterior landscaping while further cleansing the water hot water is obtained from self-contained solar water heaters with gas on-demand water heaters as a backup the solar hot water is usually mounted on to the systems area and built into the shape of the building the systems are packed into a room containing all of the equipment needed to run an earthship except for the system which ideally lies very close to this area we call this area systems package the water organizing module pressure tank gray water pump panel batteries and the power organizing module are all up in this small room called the systems package an earthships power is generated by the sun and wind solar panels and windmills collect energy which is sent to and stored in a bank of batteries located on top of the systems package in an insulated box accessible from the roof the stored power then goes to an energy management unit on the power organizing module where it is converted and presented into conventional circuit breaker panels this unit is a self-contained organizer and distributor of solar wind generator or grid power it is available as a user friendly factory assembled unit that is simply screwed on to your wall your local electrician conventionally wires your lights appliances and outlets to this unit all systems in an earthship are designed down enabling its residents to live off a relatively small amount of water and power for example all built-in lighting is DC using super efficient light bulbs the pumps for the water system are DC as well and the most power-consumptive appliance the refrigerator is a super insulated DC refrigerator we've classified the airship in three categories packaged modular and custom there are a wide variety of floor plans and solar survival cells construction drawings for each one the packaged airship is the most economical quickest and easy to build self-sufficient building the economy and ease of construction are a result of pre-packaged structural and mechanical components plans for single level and split level vertical glass airships are available these usually have vertical glass as this is the most economical and versatile method of glazing the classic design is the modular airship the floor plan for this consists of a combination of either circular or u-shaped rims and a sister and sister I also have a list of what all see because you will be teaching students from different branches of engineering so I have made a list and I'll probably add to it you know what various branches of engineers can do you know things that they can fields of interest that are relevant to each branch I just made a list of that for mechanical mechanical material science maybe I'll add electrical also it's like that and there are a number of things that we can do as individual also so yeah you know surprisingly being vegetarian consumes a lot less water and lot less energy did you know that no significantly that's it thank you