 But first, here's a neat diagram of some word classes. Zbovla is on top, and it just means a lojban word. Last video, we talked about the brivla, predicate words, which consists of gizmu, root relations, lujvo, compound relations, and fuhevla, lone-word relations. We also mentioned shmevla, the name words, and all those other little words are called shmavo, or structure words. By the way, what's with all the vla endings? The words zbovla, brivla, fuhevla, and shmevla are all lujvo, with vla being a rafsi for the word valsi, which just means x1 is a word, meaning x2 in language x3. Zbovla just means lojban word, brivla means breedy word, fuhevla means copy word, and shmevla means name word. Within the shmavo are the gadri, or articles, and the typicals. And those two are what I'm going to talk about in this video. There are online references to the gadri and the typicals in the link down below in the description. By the way, classes of shmavo are called selmaho, and there are, as far as I can tell, 116 lojban selmaho. Selmaho are written with capital letters, where lowercase h is the capital letter for apostrophe. Now I dug a little deeper into why apostrophe and not h. Firstly, apostrophe does not have to be pronounced as the voiceless glottal fricative h, but can be pronounced as any unvoiced fricative not already in use. And that wouldn't be confused with any other in use, like maybe th, or a cat-like hiss. H is just the default. Secondly, while the letter h is considered a consonant, in lojban apostrophe is neither a consonant nor a vowel, and it doesn't count as one. For the rule that brivla must have a consonant cluster, apostrophe doesn't count as a consonant, so rather than confuse things, the letter h is not used. Thirdly, there has to be some kind of buffer between vowels when they don't run together as a diphthong, so niho versus neo. And it has to be something other than a pause. So the apostrophe works pretty well. It's like a voiceless vowel glide. John Cohen of Complete Lojban Language fame wrote about this in number 12 of the Juhi Lobo Pli Journal, linked down below for those who are interested. With that out of the way, let's get back to the gadri. There are nine schmavo in the gadri, and they come from sel-mah-ho-la and sel-mah-ho-le. The typicals contain the leftover two schmavo in sel-mah-ho-le. So let's talk about sel-mah-ho-la first. The canonical schmavo for this sel-mah-ho is, of course, la, and as we've seen before, it converts a schmevla, like hobbit, into a sumti. So la hobbit mulatu means hobbit is a cat. You can even put more schmevla in there. La fuzz face mulatu means fuzz face is a cat. By the way, you can combine multiple dots into a single dot, la fuzz face mulatu, since there's no such thing as a double mandatory pause. La can also be used to convert a sel-brie into a name. Remember that ridder-hobi also means hobbit? So we can say la ridder-hobi schu mulatu, and it still means hobbit is a cat. Or even la mulatu schu mulatu. Cat is a cat, if you're particularly unimaginative in naming cats. My name is Robert. Mi sel-schme la Robert. My name is Rob. Mi sel-schme la Rob. My name is Rob. Mi sel-schme la Zer-le-ha. Yeah, no. The next godry in sel-ma-ho-la is lai. This is called the name-mass article, and it's used when you're referring to a group that collectively has this name. For example, the masons. It would make more sense to talk about the masons not as a name, but as a named group. So lai-masons, bejri, the masons are an organization. Or maybe the band-tul, lai-tul, sgigri, tul is a band. The final godry in sel-ma-ho-la is lai. This is called the name-set article, and it's a little harder to describe. I tend to think of it as used when the predicate selects an individual from a group, or selects something common to a group. I know that doesn't really help, but if the brib-la that you're using in the sel-bri says in the dictionary that it requires a set as a sum-ti, then use lai. For example, shuk-na. X1 chooses member X2 from set X3. Perhaps there is a box with cats in it labeled cats, so mi-shuk-na lo-he-kri-mla-tu lai-mla-tu. I choose a black cat from cats. Or maybe le-mla-tu-shuk-fad-ni le-ka-se-pag-bu lo-re-blah-ke-la-hi-phelides. The cat is typical in the property of having a tail among phelidae. And that is the complete set of shmavo in sel-ma-ho-la, la, lai, and lai. By the way, want to know how to lojbanize a name? This works for most languages. In general, just spell out the sound of the name using the sounds of lojban. Change h between vowels to an apostrophe, otherwise leave it out or change to x. Ng can go to n. Otherwise, do your best. If the result doesn't end in a consonant, stick a consonant on the end. S and N are preferred, but any consonant that sounds good can be used. And there's a full list of other rules in the link down below. Finally, stick dots at both sides, and you're done. Lojbanize your name. Now, let's talk about the six gadri in sel-ma-ho-le. The first three are le, le, and lehi, and correspond to la, lai, and lai, except the article means that you have a specific instance of the thing in mind, like the English article the, so le-mla-tu, the cat, le-mla-tu, the cats as a group, lehi-mla-tu, the set of cats, le-mla-tu, sel-sme, la-mla-tu, the cat is named cat, le-mla-tu, shu-shatra, le-mla-tu, keldai, the cats killed the cat toy, mi-shu-chna, lo-he-kri-mla-tu, lehi-mla-tu, I select a black cat from the set of cats. Now for non-specific or general instances, like English article a, we have lo, loi, and lohi, lo-mla-tu, a cat, loi-mla-tu, a group of cats, lohi-mla-tu, a set of cats, lo-mla-tu, shu-shersi-mi, a cat follows me, loi-mla-tu, shu-shersi-mi, a whole bunch of cats follows me, no-mla-tu, shu-mu-pli, lohi-mla-tu, no cat is the leader of a set of cats. Finally we have the typicals in Selmaho le, these are le-he and lo-he, le-he means the stereotypical while lo-he means the typical. So for example, when you say roses are red, you might actually mean the stereotypical rose is red, so le-he-roz-gu, shu-hun-re. And you can say the typical feral cat is unfriendly, so lo-he-shu-sher-mla-tu-shu-na-pendo, and that covers every shmavo in Selmaho le and la. All of these create sumti for use in Breedy. In the next video I'm going to cover numbers so that you can say things like two cats or all cats, or half the cats, or enough cats, or no cats, or the third cat, or seven of nine cats, or the cat a twice, or every cat is fuzzy, or errata. This is the section where I talk about some of the mistakes I made in previous videos. One of the most glaring errors is the use of pu, thanks to Keldwick Chaldein for pointing this one out. Pu is a tense shmavo, which means to put the time in the past. I said that you put pu at the beginning of a Breedy in order to make it past tense, when in fact you put it just before the selbri, and, if present, right after shu. You can put the tense before a sumti, and it binds to that sumti, but then it becomes an extra place in the selbri. In pu-lory-do-hobi-shu-hab-ju-lo-tums-ve-kev-na, we have no X1 position, so we're just saying that something dwells in a hole in the ground prior to a habit dwelling in that hole in the ground. But you can break that binding using ku, which terminates the tense. With the tense on its lonesome like this, it now applies to the entire Breedy, but also adds emphasis. That's a little more detail than I really wanted to go into for this correction, if only I had gotten it right in the first place. For example, shuh-na.