 PhD at the biomedical center Telugu and I will talk about flies, fruit flies particularly that I'm working with and I'm finding fascinating and I would like you to know more about that and actually to learn why we're using and how we can benefit from a study of a fly that has nothing in the first dance common with a human. So what about organisms? Organisms that scientists use a lot called model organisms and we do experiments with them to learn what drugs, discover drugs or turn what particular diseases mean and how it refers and all this stuff. And it's all ok and nice when it's come to my eyes it's all right, it's big ones. Because they're mammals like me and it makes sense to work with them but what about this guy? It's like housing an alien in your lab. It's scary isn't it? So do we have anything common with that one? I don't think so but we'll show you. It's life cycle, you know about life cycles. It's a human life cycle so we have a baby we know that, we're older, the boys with the go and they have another babies. That's our cycle. The flies have a different one. The flies from my lab to show you how it looks like. So we just grab wireless and give them a little bit, fold away. So we do have an egg which is very visible with a human eye. But then it became a labra that crawls around in that food and eats, eats, eats. It became bigger. And actually in the top layer you can probably see the points of the labra crawling when they've eaten out you can actually see them everywhere. And then they go on the walls of the tube and they pupate and metamorphosis undergoes. So after they close they give a grill that has nothing to do with our cycle. And how it happens that it's actually five Nobel prizes for one for medicine physiology by studying the fly. They have cellular organs and parts like digestive system, or nervous system, or for example body organization or even the muscle structure itself. It actually is my topic. I'm doing my thesis about that but I won't go into details because it's not that interesting. I will have another more interesting topic to discuss. Let's go a little bit into more details by the organization. As a fly we also have a head, a nervous system. So you know the central nervous system has two main parts. It's like a brain. It's called a ventral just because it's here positioned. And then they also cover your body the same for flying because it should enable different movements in flying. Like flying is really complicated then they need to respond fast. That's why they have a good neural system. But except of that, except of the body organization, what's about and discuss one particular topic of flies So this is a polygons charter that is even in the trunk. So males tend to eat even other males. As a rejection from females they tend to drink more after rejection. Interesting, but how we actually benefit from the fly research and how we won the Nobel prize with that. So flies, a lot of genes are in common and actually 75% of mutations that lead to diseases are common between humans and flies. So flies are easier to find at gene in fly. Then it's related to find its little brother in another organism that doesn't say function and looks kind of like. In the back mice and then the human and if that gene mutated leads to disease and cancer. You can actually identify drug that working back and falls. So this story that I tell you started in the 70s with those guys. They were interesting to find out what is with egg of the Drosophila, how it evolves. Because it's actually complicated for this small guy. And the beginning is just like, yeah, it's all about nothing going on. But with a period of time it gets folded properly and segmented. The segments become the segments of a larvae and allow it to crawl around. A lot of stuff going outside and inside and they're interesting to find out what's actually happening if you disturb this function. So they poison their flies with a non-chemical cancer again. So they cause the mutations over the genome. Then they collected the mutants that had effect in the egg. So egg looked different from the normal one. Massive screening went with many different kinds. So sometimes you would be part of the initial body like the normal one. Two butts instead of heads. But what we may be just thinking and I'll talk about is this one. This guy called H.C.O.P. It's this black dot that you see here. It's actually like it's like metal skin. It's a spiky cells. They're spiky. And this helps a larva to crawl. When it's normally, it's in patches. And the spiky cells allow the larva to like wrap to the surface and to move. It's held forward. And here is just universal distributed salt. This one will not move anywhere. It cannot coordinate. And soon enough they found that it's mutation in that gene. They identified the gene also. And what actually is this gene normally doing? So they went back to the eggs on the fly to see what's going on. And actually what this H.C.O.P. do is like it's positioned, let's say, in the upper layer of the surface of the egg. And it gets distributed from one point to another. And it's kind of in a gradient. It starts here in the high. And then it goes out inside the sky gradient. And it goes lower, lower, lower, lower. What is a house? This spiky cells stop here. And depending on how much concentration of H.C.O.P. you have, you will have a longer or shorter ones. Or like none at all. This happens in the egg. But the H.C.O.P. is not only present in the egg, in the fly. It's also present. It has similar function. So it's expressed in the back of the wing and making the cells different in appearance than those front ones. And then scientists were like, okay, and if I put this protein here, it actually gives a second wind on top growing. The cells that flies have in the wing, people do have. And that's called politically, like in English, yeah. In human, this gene is responsible to that. They're not family. They're the same. Exactly. They're the same. They're stroked flies. So you do have an embryo. This part of the hand, the different appearance from the other one. And then it's again expressed in the fingers. But the thing is that this mutation in humans leads to cancer, the skin cancer in this gene, in the sonic hedgehog. Which is not good, but with extensive research on a fly, it was possible to find a drug against the sonic. That's what we call the greatest advanced cancer therapy nowadays for that particular skin cancer. So that's how flies actually helps. So, and it's even more than that. They can be used for stem cells, heap and jet lags. They also get jet lag. And addictions like caffeine or alcohol, age and age rate diseases, the immunology. So that can be started with flies. And I want to thank you. And maybe if you're interested in flying, you can look at this really nice talk by a fly guy, like a very famous one at TED Talks about fly-fly. And this is a movie from one PhD that decided he wanted to be a... turn of movies. And they actually did this nice film fly room. It's actually like drama and biography about the first fly room. And it was settled in the United States. It's a nice movie to watch and learn more about flies. That's all I think. How do you make a jet lag in fly? You said they also have jet lag. So how do you know that flies have jet lag? They usually lose coordination. And it's like behavioral concepts. So you look at them and try to fly it. And you can try different drugs with them also. To see how they react. And then rate it to humans. It was really cool to listen about the different superpowers of flies. Is there some really cool superpower produced by some mutation that could be transplanted to my son or someone? So I think you have it as well. Thanks. Thank you. Yeah, I don't think that's... Gino would be flying our Gino. But they are kind of ready to head. That's what you were asking. You want a cool flying gene to your son? Not so far yet. But ask me when of 50 years maybe. See how that works.