 Right, thanks so much. A word of warning in advance. Today is the day my neighbour has conveniently decided to drill lots of holes in the wall right next to my head, so I'm hoping he is stopped for lunch and you'll actually hear me fully. So I'm going to be providing a brief overview of some of the results based on applying diatoms as a tool for reconstructing dogland's pale environments. As highlighted by Ben and by Martin, you know, we are in the early stages of synthesising a lot of this data. I've tried to incorporate some of the results from many of my paleoenvironmental colleagues who are accredited at the bottom of this slide, but again, we are looking at provisional data and I also have to put a disclaimer, I apologise in advance, I also have lots of diatom diagrams and I'm nowhere near as good as creating diatom diagrams as Ben is, so they look a little bit rubbish. But in light of the, you know, the size of the audience, I wanted to in the first instance highlight, you know, introduced diatoms, not everybody may be familiar with what these little critters are. So very briefly, these are single-celled photosynthesising algae that are found in almost every aquatic environment, whether you're looking at freshwater lakes or open marine settings. They secrete what's called a frustule, a solicitous skeleton, and it's often very well preserved in sedimentary archives, particularly mineralogenic archetypes, so these are things like muddy sandy deposits, not as well preserved in peatlands as we'll find out about. They thrive in peatlands but their preservation is limited over time as that peak gets buried. They are also really useful because they're very distinct and you can see a few images on the right of your screen showing the morphological variety in terms of the shape of these little critters. And I think it's also useful to appreciate scale. To date, we've, you know, especially with Marty's presentation, we're talking about very, very large scale reconstructions. We're going into the micro now, similarly with the pollen. Ben, this is here on the right-hand side is a genus actinophicus and marine plankton taxa, approximately 100 microns in diameter. And so there are a thousand microns in a millimeter, so you'd line 10 of these little critters up to make up just one millimeter on your ruler and your desk. So very, very small. The great benefit of diatoms is that they've had very specific environmental requirements, which mean that certain taxa will be encountered in certain aquatic settings, whether that be fresh, brackish or marine, if we looked at salinity as an example. We can go into more detail and I'll allude to this in the presentation because we can talk about life form as well. Some taxa live floating within the water, these are planktonic taxa. Others live attached to or within the substrates underlying the water, which these are the benthicks. And we also get a bizarre group called the tycoplanktonic taxa that sometimes are associated with the benthic realm, that can also be found in the floating in the water column. Now, we can then go into further detail with them, especially with the benthic taxa. So these are the ones that attached to or living on the substrates, because different species would quite prefer different types of substrates. There are taxa associated with aquatic plants, such as epiphytes, which are called the epiphytes. We have epipelic taxa. These are the little critters who like being attached to or living on muds, very, very fine-grained sediments. There are also aerofilis taxa, and these are taxa that are adapted to being irregularly flooded. So that could be on the margins of a lake or more often than not in the intertidal zone, if we're looking in coastal settings. And then there are epiphytsamic taxa, those often attached to sand grains, which are more common in things like riverine settings. So we've seen this diagram quite a few times already in terms of the location of many of these cores that were extracted as part of the project, and I'm going to be focusing on a selection of cores within this area, Ben alluded to as well. And I'm going to try and provide a generalized summary of the results. There's been a lot of analysis that's been undertaken, but I'm just going to broadly divide them into two groups. First, I'm going to explain two cores that have been identified as having late glacial freshwater deposition sequences. And then I'm going to talk a little bit about some of the cores that have very valuable sequences that show a transition from peat deposition into the development of more established coastal environments with the transition appearing to be relatively uniform across the area of around about 9,000 years BP. And considering the aim of this project is to understand doglands and its eventual loss to the advancing seas, it's a really important part of this project as well. So if we were to start off with basically a walk through time, we're going to start off with the oldest sequence that I have encountered, which contains diatoms and indeed contains other lovely little things to contribute to our understanding of the late glacial period within doglands. And Ben and indeed Martin alluded to L34 and Ben indeed commented on the one section of the sequence. So one thing that I would like to acknowledge is the outstanding work done by John Whittaker, who again Martin highlighted did a rapid assessment of every single core to give us an approximate understanding of the overall water conditions that prevailed for many of these sequences. And John encountered through his initial ostrich on the forearm work that the basal section of this core was full of freshwater ostriches. He also found an abundance of open or estrine taxa within the overlying minogenics and in between we have this relatively thick one meter peak units, which we are now finding a lot of information about as this project progresses and indeed work is still underway. Some provisional radiocarbon dates and an assessment for diatoms identified a relatively discreet 30 centimetre section which had diatoms in them. There were none above none below and radiocarbon dating provides us with a relatively reliable signal. Now just this is bearing in mind that Ben's talk was predominantly on the upper section going into the peak. I'm looking a little bit earlier, so we've got slightly older dates. But for at least for the section of this core in which diatoms are present, we can be confident that this accumulated between approximately 16,000 and 14 and a half thousand cal BP. And if accurate this place if accurate this places this period of fresh water deposition into the late glacial stadium, which occurred between 17 and a half to 14 and a half. And for those to give context for those individuals who may not be familiar with this, we are looking at the very cold period prior to the onset of climatic warming. This is just one of the Greenland ice cores and it shows temperature essentially through the oxygen isotope record. So this whole thing here is cold and then we go into these warmer periods subsequently. But the diatom record seems to be focused only on this late glacial stadium episode. And the onset of peak deposition is currently dated to between or to around about 14 and a half thousand. And again, some modeling needs to be undertaken on this to give us a secure understanding, but we're confident with the dates, but this would suggest that the peak deposition then it becomes initiated during the windermere or bonding, depending on which term you want to use or GI one, which then suggests that within the peak that overlies it, we also have the potential to preserve the younger driest and also the Holocene. And this is reinforced by the fact that we have a date of the peaked into estuarine deposition around about 9,000 years BP. So we have a meter sequence that has the potential to span quite a considerable period of Earth's history, a quite important period of Earth's history, considering the retreat of ice sheets and indeed our understanding of dogland as we move through the lake glacial into the early Holocene. So this is one of the lovely diagrams that I'm sure you're going to detest, primarily because they're so small and it makes it very difficult to read half of the little names on them. But as Ben highlighted, it's looking at a vertical profile food sedimentary sequence. I've highlighted a couple of the key radiocarbon dates, and indeed diatoms are restricted to the basal section prior to peak deposition. But just to highlight the interest that we're looking at here now, we've got this, all the work is ongoing due to the delays, as we're all familiar with, but we have a potential to have a sequence that could a peak sequence in fact. This is an organic sequence that could shift through the entire lake glacial into the early Holocene. And it's reinforced by the fact that some of the work that David Smith highlighted has identified a small but suitably interesting beetle signal within a number of the bulk samples that were taken that indicate cold climate. So we are relatively confident that we have a conformable sequence, and indeed the radiocarbon dates also show conformity throughout. So it's going to be really interesting to hear this develop over the coming months and indeed next year. So we're going to focus just on this joyous signal down here with some provisional results. Yes, trying to explain a single diagram like this in 20 minutes is difficult, but I'm trying to get going to get through three or four of them. So again, we highlight the the radiocarbon dates. We're looking at the low most section about 0.3 meters. The uppermost date infers that we're looking at around about the onset of the windomere and stadial here, and the radiocarbon dates allude to this being in the Greenland Greenland Stadial prior to warming. We have a relative abundance of what are known as these taiko planktonic taxa, and through much research these taxa are often associated with the ice cover in Arctic late glacial sequences. It's reinforced by the fact that there are no planktonic taxa, and I'll talk about that shortly. There's no planktonic freshwater taxa. The subordinate grouping are the benthic taxa, and as highlighted with these little arrows, there is an increase in the taiko plankton and a decrease in the zone, and the benthic taxa, specifically this little critter, gerosigma tenuatum, decreases and then increases, mirroring the increase and decrease in taiko plankton. And towards the top of the signal, we have this increase in some benthic taxa associated with the organic fragments and organic remains. What's really bizarre is the fact that there is a small but sufficiently significant signal of marine plankton and brackish benthics. They are in low numbers, but in terms of preservation, they look genuine, but this is something that we're going to talk about as well. But it's also worth bearing in mind the elevation of this core depth. The top of this section is around about minus 18.9 meters OD, and we are looking at 14, 15, 16,000 years ago, a long time ago, and quite high elevation. I also want to highlight some of the other work. Ben's alluded to the abundance of dwarf pollen juniper. Then there's these aquatic taxa, the water mill foil and bulrush, some reflection in the matros within this section as well, primarily aquatics and marginals. And of greatest interest, and this is how proxy work or proxy analyses always work, there is a relative abundance of ostracods in the section beneath where my diatoms are encountered. And the low-emote sample has some David Horn has done some neutral climate temperature reconstructions to infer that the low-emote sample could have wind temperatures of minus 21. And slightly higher up, again, just below my section, wind temperatures are still cold, not as cold, but minus 10. So we have very, very cold climatic conditions immediately preceding the section in which diatoms are encountered. In summary, the most common diatoms present are a mixture of these tycoplanxon with a smaller amount of epipytenic helon. There are no freshwater plankton species. Now, the majority of the tycoplanxonic taxa, known as the inner group of fragilarioids, are most often associated with ice cover, and that's supported further by the presence or the absence of plankton. And these fragiloric species are able to colonize habitats, such as the littoral zones of lakes that have seasonal ice cover. We're not talking about permanent ice cover, I don't think, because we have all these plants in the close proximity that's being alluded to. And the dominance of such species has been found to be characterized, characteristic of many lake glacial sequences in northern Europe. We then have these shifts between fragilarioid species and other benthics, which are likely a response to the variations in ice cover, seasonality of ice cover, and then which in turn affects mutual supply and the openness of the water around these margins. And then we have the climatic amelioration, due to the onset of the windermere, would result in ice melt and the re-establishment of open water conditions, and enabling these other benthic taxa to become more typical, and especially the abundance of epidemias, these epipytes that are more often associated with plants, immediately prior to the onset of the windermere interstatio, or during the transition. The presence of marine brackage taxa must be considered, and I think the most likelihood is that we have a economic issue here. We have reworking of older sediments. If we take into account the elevation and the lightly position of mean sea level 16,000 years ago, we are some considerable distance away from the likely coastline. However, as Martyn's alluded to, we are still as of yet fully able to understand the extent of crustal movements, glacial-ice static rebound, and understanding the more localized geomorphological variations to fully discount other factors, but it's very likely that we will have pre-existing earlier sediments that could have been reworked to provide this small but consistent signal. Deep breath, moving quickly on. Elf 51 is located at the southernmost section of this southern valley that Martyn provided a summary of. Slightly different stratigraphy, dominated by minoregenics with an organic rick-silk rather than a PT unit. Again, fantastic work by John Whittaker highlighted the initial abundance of freshwater conditions, which were then replaced by estuarine conditions, which includes this organic silt section, and diatoms were found in abundance throughout the whole two meters. The lack of organic material prohibited radiocom dates throughout the sequence, and one of the activities we'll be doing is working with the OSL results in the longer term from the underlying strata, but one of the dates from towards the top of the freshwater signal identifies that we are looking at around about 12,500, and from which you could assume, assuming no considerable conformities, that this material beneath that date is going to predate 12 and a half, and that would therefore put us likely in the window near this slightly warmer period. Previously we were looking at the Greenland Stadial, now we're looking at this slightly warmer period, and again, because of the fact that we have radiocarbon dates towards the top of the sequence that allude to late Holocene, we can have the potential that we could have a section that spans the younger jars as well as the earlier Holocene. Another beautiful diagram, and in very brief summary, strats, slight stratigraphic variations in organic content, we infer window mirror in Stadial for the lower most section in which the diatoms are most abundant. We now have some freshwater plankton, in low numbers, freshwater plankton are present but consistent, we have a much lower presence of tycoplankton, indeed these little zones are being exaggerated because they're so low, so they're very, very small components. We're in this assumed window mirror in Stadial, and vegetation thriving diatoms are much more common, indeed you can see the overall dominance, we're looking at about 70%, 60%, 70% of the diatom assemblage, with an overall decline in some of the key taxa with height towards this upper zone, and in contrast we have a low but consistent number of epipelic taxa, these are the muddy taxa, but there is an increase, quite a substantial increase, especially with one taxa called Covenula scataloidis, which is a very cryptic one, I found very little information about, however it does increase quite substantially prior to this zonal boundary that I've identified. This zonal boundary however is due to extremely poor preservation, and if we take this all into account, poor preservation, the radiocarbon dates, and this increase in muddy or sand dwelling taxa, we could start thinking about what's going on. Overall dominance of aquatics initially increased in taxa associated with sandy or muddy substrates, coinciding with an overlying zone of poor preservation, could this be an evidence of an uncomformity, or indeed the younger dryers. So planktonic taxa are present in very low numbers, tycoplanktonic fagilarial weeds are now restricted, and it suggests a very shallow freshwater body. The floral assemblage further differs to 34, in that now epiphytes and epipelic taxa dominate. The epiphytic taxa dominate, they dominate in the base, but decrease in height over time, to be replaced by this taxa cavenula scutuloides, which is associated with sandy and or muddy substrates. And if we can retain confidence as we have with the radiocarbon dates, this should then shift into very, very poor preservation with height, we could be looking at actually a climatic signal preserved within the diatoms as well. The transitioning around the younger dryers resulting in increased epipelic, epipsamic taxa is a result of climatic deterioration, associated loss of aquatic algae, and the increase in erosion of turbidity within a very shallow water setting, making the setting more favorable for species that adhere themselves to minogenics. And again, just to reinforce this, we then have this much more epiphyte rich sequence underneath, to which again, we're going to be working with the dating team to get a greater understanding of the age of this section, because at the moment we're reliant on a single AMS radiocarbon date to the top. I'm sure Tim will have information about these sequences as we continue on with regards to the OSL. We can be confident that we're looking at the Windermere and Stadial based on the abundance of epiphytes and assumption that there is a lot of organic plants living in and around this setting. All right, five minutes ago, I think I'm doing all right. The second aspect and just as significant is obviously one of the key drivers and objectives of this project, was to understand the inundation of doggalands, the timing and the extent, the rate, and so on and so forth. And one of the best ways of doing that is when we find stratigraphic boundaries of clear fresh water into a coastal deposition or restaurant deposition. Now, a number of the cause had a stratigraphic boundary preserved within, and I'll highlight a couple of them here. I'm only going to talk about one and then provide some general comments about the others as well, just in due to time. But in general, all of these course highlighted here in which we have this freshwater peat to estuarine salty position, had a stratigraphic boundary dated to somewhere between 9.5 and 8.8. And again, modelling will be done to understand the extent and the accuracy and reliability of these things and what that tells us about the rate of change in due course. In all instances, diatoms were not preserved within the underlying peats. Now, they do live in peat and settings, but the acids within the waters often dissolve the biogenic silica. So they're not always preserved very well in pure peats, but they were found in abundance in the overlying alluvium. And so therefore, it's currently assumed that the stratigraphic boundaries relate to marine transgressions and the flooding of the North Sea lowlands in response to global sea level rise in the early Holocene. We've seen this beauty before. Ben alluded to it. Again, John did initial rapid assessments and we did initial radiocarbon dating. So I'll highlight that in Elve 20, the transition from what was, sorry, we have assumed till, overlaid by freshwater deposition inferred by the microfossil work, and then overlaid by these marine estuarine deposits. And this then directed, as it did with every core, further fuller analysis where preservation was found to be good. And diatoms were found in abundance within the overlying strata, but not within the freshwater peat. And here we have a very typical diagram of that boundary. We have the radiocarbon date. Here we have the peat at the bottom, diatoms are preserved, and we have the alluvium overlying it. And this is a very generalized summary of the diatoms that were encountered. We have a low but consistent presence of marine plankton. These are typical of open marine waters, and they are present throughout. And in general, this is a very typical indicator of the influence of tides and so on and so forth. But they are low, low and consistent, not majorly significantly contributing. The majority are benthic taxa. And indeed, throughout many of these causes, it was more often than not the benthic taxa dominated and the plankton were quite restricted in the preservation. In a number of the cause, I think this is of interest in terms of understanding the landscape and the changing that took place, many of the cause have a few taxa that are in relative abundance immediately above the stratigraphic boundary. And these taxa are associated with much lower salinity conditions. In this instance, we're looking at Diplomat finica. In another core, it was navicular varigula. There are certain species that are much more associated with lower salinity conditions, encountered in abundance at the stratigraphic boundary and then reducing in heights to be replaced by the more typical marine brackish epipelite taxa, those attached to the body substrates and epiphytes, or I'm going to have to run now. Okay. And then in this instance, there's an increase in epiphyte taxa with height. Is it working? There we go. So to generalise, the majority of the cause under analysis, all preserved diatomisemuges containing taxa with lowest salinity preferences immediately above the issuing freshwater units. And this would support the hypothesis, obviously, that the peak units are freshwater in origin, rather than being a small peak body accumulating in an abandoned tidal channel or something similar on the mudflats. These boundaries are therefore all gradual and also unlikely to be erosive. This is one of the things I think is very important in understanding the role of relative sea level change, because potentially you could have a section of the peat being removed prior to the marine deposits accumulating. But the fact that we have these low salinity-preferring species immediately overlying would suggest that we're looking at a gradual, however you want to define gradual, in terms of time scales, but a conformable shifting climate. And in general, the floral assemblages are dominated by either epipelic or epiphytic. And there is an overall absence of these taxa in the aerophilus taxa and epiphytumic taxa, and generally restricted marine plankton. And based on this, we think we're looking at marine brackish tidal settings, likely tidal lagoons or small tidal inlets, rather than a very open coastline to account for these sort of assemblages being present. And just a final slide is just in terms of we are very early in this assessment, in this analysis and interpretation. We have variations between these cores. So for example, two of 54 are dominated by the epiphytes to suggest a more of a vegetated coastal lowland with things like seagrasses. Whereas some of the other cores are more than muddy substrates. And this will start helping us when we start putting them into paleogeographical contexts and synthesizing with the other data. I don't think we've got this lovely uniform shift from freshwater to marine conditions as sea level rose. And this is highlighted by simply just trying to plot vertically the transition from freshwater peat into esterine alluvium. The elevations don't necessarily link to the timings of the transitions. Some of the cores, some of the cores that were flooded latest by marine conditions are some of the deepest cores. So as highlighted by Martin, we've got a really complex geomorphological picture to develop first. Are we looking at little isolation basins? Are we looking at more of an open setting? What are the crustal movements to account for these vertical variations and so on? So there's a lot of things to think about, and we are at the start have really started to really synthesize this data together, but it's exciting nonetheless. And in light of Richard being in front of me on the screen, I'm going to leave some of the summary points up and ask for any questions. Thanks, Thomas. That's really great. Yeah, so just before questions come in, David Smith has actually commented that in from 34 level that you mentioned the average summer temperature of 10 degrees and average winter of minus 22. So back on to that. I have a question here on whether AI plays any role in your counting the number of diatoms in samples? No, that's not something that I've been involved in.