 The key to successful innovation is research, new ideas, new methods, new ways of thinking about the physical world, new ways of engineering the artificial world, the built world. This all requires fundamental research. Sometimes we can never quite tell where that research will land, but inevitably much innovation is the appliance of science of scientific research. I would just say though that sometimes the real breakthroughs come from somebody recognising that a technique in one field that has been around for quite some time can be reapplied in a new context. So also I think we need to look around across the broad range of our research and scientific disciplines and that can be a challenge because there's so much going on. We need to devote some of our time to looking for those research ideas past and present and thinking about the future that are going to drive innovation.