 Hello. I am Professor Dr. Satish Kumar Kashi, Valchan Institute of Technology, Sulapur, presenting a topic, Interbasant Transfer of Water for National Development of India. Learning Outcomes At the end of this session, the students will be able to describe the growing water demand of India, quantify water resources potential available in Indian rivers, identify surplus and deficit river basins of India, and justify the need of interbasant transfer of water for national development. Coverage Firstly, we will discuss growing water demands of India, the needs of interbasant transfer of water, water resources potential available in Indian rivers, existing interbasant transfers in India, interbasant transfers in other countries, difficulties in water resources management in India, and interlinking schemes proposed before 1980. The schemes proposed after 1980 are discussed in another presentation. India has limited land and water resources. It is necessary to increase food production from 200 million tons to 500 million tons up to 2050 for estimated 205 crore population in 2050 AD. It is also necessary to generate additional irrigation potential by transferring surplus water from surplus river basins to deficit river basins of the country. And this is called as interbasant transfer of water or interlinking of rivers. India has monsoon type of climate, it means we receive rainfall for 4 months, and remaining months we receive very small rainfall. Hence, 85 to 90 percent of river flow is during 4 months of the year. Small rivers go dry during fair weather, whereas flood is a recurring phenomena in some of the states, one third of the country is affected by drought almost every year. So, just see the growing water demands over a period of time. For domestic use 25, 33, 52 kilometer cube, for irrigation 460 in 1990, 630 in 2000, now 770 in 2025 that is expected. In total demands are growing right from 552 in 1990 to about 1050 in 2025. So out of this, we are trying to use surface water as well as groundwater. So by 2000, we satisfied the total demand of 750 by using 500 kilometer cube of surface water and 250 kilometer cube of groundwater, and by 2025 these are the expected figures. Now this is geography of India, these are the Himalayas, this is the western ghat, these are the eastern ghat, here there are Bindiya and Satpuda, and these are the river basins. So these mountains hills define the river basins, and the ridge lines of these mountains form the demarcating boundaries of the river basins. So these are the river basins, the Ganga basins, the Narmada basins, Tappi basins, Kodavari basins, Krishna basins, Kavari basins and so on. Now what are the objectives of inter basin transfers? The first objective as equitable distribution of available water resources within a nature or at least for a region. Increase economic efficiency by redistribution of water, self-sufficiency in food and hetero power, providing livelihood and employment opportunities in situ to avoid migration of people from rural areas to cities. Hence most decision makers feel that food sufficiency should be the explicit objective of future plans of India for which inter basin transfer of water is essential. Now inter basin transfers are not named, but rather we have those presently also Rajasthan canal project, Kushnabodavari delta irrigation system, Kushnabodavari canal, Mahirai bank canal irrigating large areas in Sabarmati basin are the existing inter basin transfers in India. The Parambikulam earlier project, Telugunga project, Sardasarovar canal going in Gujarat as well as Rajasthan, waters of Indus basin transfer to Emuna basin, all these are the examples of inter basin transfer of water. So this is Rajasthan canal in Punjab. Inter basin transfers in other countries. So we find the California state water project, the first phase of which was completed in 1973, Texas water plan is also inter basin transfer and we find that inter basin transfers are also under taken by Canada, Mexico, Sri Lanka, China and many more countries. This is the California aqueduct from USA. What is necessity of long distance inter basin transfers for India? The first reason is that water distribution over the country is highly uneven. Brahmaputra and Barak rivers carry 32% of water and Ganga system carries 28% of water. It means 60% of water is there in Brahmaputra and Ganga basins and remaining rivers have just 40% water. Recurring floods are faced by Arunachal, Bihar, West Bengal and Orissa whereas recurring draws are faced by Rajasthan, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Karnataka. So if the additional water available in North Indian rivers, if it is brought to South Indian rivers, we can mitigate the droughts which are frequently faced by the Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and other states in South India. We also aim at the optimal utilization of water resources in very receiver basis. We want to attain the equitable distribution of water and we want to make up the shortages and water deficits in the river basins in South India. So this will give us the greater utilization of water resources for overall development. Now what are difficulties in water resources management in India? So water from Indus that is Sindhu is not available for further exploitation because of Indus water treaty with Pakistan. Two-third of water is carried by the rivers to the north of topics that is in North India and just one-third rivers is in the rest of the country. Thus there is a heavy imbalance between availability of water to north of Ganga and south of Ganga. So as I told you, so this is a Ganga system, this is a Brahmaputra system of rivers and this particular region carries about say 60 percent of water and we intend to bring this water to the south Indian rivers of say Godavari, Krishna, Kabir and so on. In 1970 Dr. Kail Rao, then Minister of Irrigation and Power, prepared a proposal for a national water treaty. His proposal was better known as Ganga-Kabir link which consisted of say 2640 kilometer long Ganga-Kabir link from Ganga near Patna to transfer Ganga waters during the high flow to the south upto Kabir. The proposal also envisaged the Brahmaputra Ganga link and Mr. Link. Dr. Kail Rao's proposal was 2640 long Ganga-Kabir link, the power requirement for lifting the water was huge and estimated to be 5000 to 7000 megawatt for irrigation and additional area 4000 million hectares was supposed to come in the irrigation. The scheme did not have any flood control benefit and Dr. Rao had estimated this proposal to cost about 12500 crores at that time. The Central Water Commission which examined the proposal found it to be grossly underestimated and economically prohibitive. So here is the Dr. Kail Rao's proposal. This is from Patna, this is a proposed link canal, again this will follow the river is here, again this will propose link canal, again this will follow a river is, again this is a link canal, ultimately water reaching upto say Kabir, that is why it was called as a Ganga-Kabir scheme. Then after in 1977 Captain Dastur proposed another interleaking proposal. It included two canals, the first canal of 4200 kilometer length Himalayan canal at the foot of Himalayas loops running from Ravi in the west to Brahmaputra and beyond the east. Covering central and southern parts with both the canals integrated with numerous lakes and interconnections with pipelines at two points Delhi and Patna. The cost estimated by Captain Dastur was 24,095 crores at that time. The cost estimated by the experts in 1979 was about 12 million crores. The proposal was examined by the two committees of the experts and they opined that the proposal was technically infeasible. So this was the proposal by Captain Dastur. So this is a Himalayan canal collecting the water from Himalayan rivers and thereafter these were the link canals to the garland canal. So this is a garland canal proposed by Captain Dastur. This canal was supposed to run all over India and this canal was supposed to be fed by the Himalayan canal. The connections between canals were in this way at Delhi and at Patna. Thereafter NWDES National Perspective Plan has come. So Ministry of Irrigation and the Central Water Commission in 1980 prepared a National Perspective Plan comprising of two components. One is Himalayan River Component and another is Peninsula River Component. The outline of the National Perspective Plan was widely discussed at political level and decision was taken by then Prime Minister Srimati Indira Gandhi to start studies immediately on the Peninsula Component. Since that component could be implemented by India on its own, consequent to these efforts National Water Development Agency was set up in 1982 by the Government of India. And these are the proposed inter basin water transfer links which are proposed by NWDES. So these are two components Himalayan Component and Peninsula Component. So Himalayan Component has Manasongkostista Ganga, Kosi Ghagra Link, Gandag Ganga Link, Ghagra Emuna Link, Sardha Emuna Link, all those here, Jammuna Rajasthan Link, Rajasthan Sabramati Link, Chunashon Barrage, Shondam Southern Tapetries of Ganga Links. Whereas these are the links in South India, these are the links in South India which include Mahanadi Ghodavari Link, Ghodavari Krista Link, Ghodavari Krista Link at Nagarjuna Sagar, Krista Penar Link, Krista Penar Link at Somasila, Khen Mithwa Link and so on. So shown by the red lines are the links and shown by the blue lines are the rivers. So more about this Himalayan River Development Component and Peninsula Development Component will be discussed in the next part of the video. Conclusions about the inter basin transfer of water. Water demands of India are increasing with population leading to India becoming water scarce country. There is uneven special distribution of water in India. Indian water transfers aim at equitable distribution and greater utilization of water resources for overall development. Dr. Kail Rao and Captain Dastur's Inter basin transfer schemes were not accepted by then governments, but now present government of India is working with NWDS National Perspective Plan. Long distance inter basin transfers will become unshakable part of the Indian strategy for having strong agriculture base and hence the national perspective plan needs to be popularized in spite of various difficulties expected in the link proposals. So these are the references. Special thanks to Balchan Institute of Technology, Sholapur and IDP in Educational Technology, IIT Bombay. Thank you.