 One of the important points that I am trying to make through last couple of classes is the following. While looking at principles and parameters as a theoretical approach to study natural language. It is okay to say and theoretical apparatus predicts that elements in a sentence at a deep structure, at a conceptual representation, at the level of conceptual representation move from one place to the other. However, what I want you to understand and where I need your attention is to try and understand the motivations behind that. It is not just that theoretical apparatus predicts so. It is also that we see compelling reasons for such a movement. And to and so far I have tried to give you some examples from we started with WH movement where you saw examples from a language like English that there is empirical evidence that tense gets displaced from its original position that is from the verb cluster. It gets displaced. Then all WH words get fronted. For the fronting of tense we simply say it gets displaced but for the fronting of WH words in English we know for sure that it gets past tense. That is, it moves beyond the tense marker. We have that evidence. Then we started looking at an example of NP movement which was through the discussion of passivization. I will discuss little bit more on passivization today in order to see what we were discussing around last few minutes yesterday and then I am going to talk about one more construction. Hopefully we will be able to address that today. That is called raising. Raising by definition means moving up. So we want to see what are the situations in which we see things moving up on their own. We see movement of functional elements in terms of tense. Then we see empirical reasons to displace WH words to the front. And then yesterday we saw examples where noun phrases which are technically part of VP that is which is complement of V has compelling reasons to move. And then there are places available for that. That kind of a movement which are technically called landing sites because when an element moves or needs to move it needs to go somewhere. It needs to have a space in the whole framework, in the whole apparatus. So we want to see that and then we will look at raising. So as I told you we have seen so far the evidence and motivation both for this kind of a movement. And so far we have looked at examples from WH movement and NP movement. We are going to talk a little bit more about NP movement and then we will look at raising constructions which are also known as raising wharves. So we started looking at passive and active set of sentences with these examples. And we saw that one the sentences like Sri Lanka beat India in T20 World Cup final is an active sentence police caught the thief is an active sentence whereas Sri Lanka India were beaten in the T20 World Cup final is a passive sentence and thief was caught is a passive sentence. The way English passive verb works is we have an example of active verb. It is a normal word every normal word is an active verb. One of the additional things of an active verb is its subject has a theta role of an agent. It is an agent too. What happens in a passive verb is the whole idea is about the third form of the verb with another B that is verb B and then a participle is together they are called passive verb. There are two important aspects about a passive verb one that a passive verb would not allow a noun phrase with a theta role as a subject. In other words in the subject position of the passive verb you have the picture in your in mind in the subject position of a passive verb. Theta roles are not assigned. I am coming to theta role for a moment for few more moments in a minute. And the second feature of a passive verb is the verbs themselves do not assign accusative cases to their compliments. Remember these two things additionally the subjects are not assigned theta roles. Subjects are not assigned theta roles and verbs do not assign accusative cases. And it is not just about a passive verb it is the feature of the entire passive morphology together. Now besides these two points what are the things where we need to pay attention which are which are not listed here. And let me let me talk about some of them. In other words I can simply remind you about them you already know those things. So here are the things what do we know about subjects in a sentence what do we know about subject in a sentence they agree with the verb that is fine. But even before that we know that there must be a subject we cannot have a sentence which does not have a subject. Now let me spend a minute about theta roles. In one hour we have talked about theta roles we did not dwell upon theta roles in in much details. But the the thing is what did I tell you about cases when we were discussing case that there is a in every single sentence of every language if you have a noun phrase that noun phrase must have a case. This is a rule this is the principle. If a noun phrase does not have a case then it is out by out we mean the sentence becomes ungrammatical. So a noun phrase in a sentence must have a case. Similarly a noun phrase in a sentence must have a theta role. Now theta role is is more of a semantic nature than of syntactic nature. However such semantic elements do have a role in syntax and that role is very simple very obvious and that role is without a theta marked NP the NP is not allowed in a sentence without without a theta role the NP is not allowed in a sentence that is it has its influence on the grammaticality of the sentence. Therefore every NP must have a theta role. Now what is the first problem that we see here the the I will go through this. So what is the first problem here we have a with with a passive verb the first problem we we run into is we have a verb which appears to be making a sentence also but it says my subject I will not assign theta role to my subject this this seems to be a strange behavior which means I am ready to follow principles of language to some extent it it starts sounding like politicians. I will only follow part of it I am not saying that I will not have a subject I will have a subject but I will not assign theta role to the subject. Now the problem is a subject has to be a noun phrase and if it does not get a theta role it is not allowed. So in a in a way it says fine so you you handle the problem that is that is the that is my situation that is one problem we run into with a passive verb the second problem the problem on the other side is equally bad it is a transitive verb and a transitive verb must have an object and it says I I just cannot do it it is it is beyond my capacity I cannot assign accusative cases to to objects whereas the problem is every and a compliment NP that is the NP that is the compliment of the head we must get accusative case is structurally under the notion of C command through that head and this head just cannot assign accusative case. So the these are two fold problems one of syntactic in nature the other syntactic and semantic both and this is where we land into this this difficulty where when we so so parts of this I have a problem I have already told you that the passive verb morphology is B plus participle where external theta role is just not possible by external theta role we mean like subject is external to the to the predicate so the theta role that it gets is also called external theta role and therefore the agent NP gets dropped from the active sentence in other words in a passive sentence there is we do not end up with a with a subject and then we have the verb which which is incapable of assigning case structurally we talked about that so so look at the look at the deeper structure SS structure and deeper structure of an active sentence. So in an active sentence it is a it is an NP at a SS structure Sri Lanka beat India that is an active sentence where Sri Lanka is an agent it subject it has an agent theta role see this thing we now we are looking at an active sentence beat the verb which is a transitive verb India internal argument and an object it gets the accusative case structurally from the verb beat good everything is taken care of in this sentence when we look at the deeper structure of a passive verb then we see the problem that we were discussing the problem is the spec position of IP does not remain does not get an agent theta role it does not get a theta role and it remains empty if an NP is not allowed is not assigned a theta role then it will not appear in a position so it remains empty and then the verb beaten which is a participle verb is incapable of assigning accusative case to its to its object thus the object remain remains hanging without a case see the see the problem and that is the that is because of the nature of passive verb you can you can ask a question here which is a very legitimate and logical question is how do you know or how do I know that the two things that you are saying happens to the subject and object you understand the question how do I know or in other words how do I believe that these two things happen the answer to this question is it happens because of the nature of the verb which is B plus participle and B plus participle verbs do not do not assign theta role to external argument and case to internal arguments so we are when we are saying no theta role and no case we are not talking about a generic normal situation we are only talking about participle verb with a B which is watch beaten this kind of verb runs with the runs into difficulties of this sort see this see this thing now it therefore it runs into case filter which says no NP in a sentence is allowed without a proper case no NP in a sentence is allowed without a proper case theta criterion says every NP must be assigned one and only one theta role so if we put an NP in the subject position without a theta role that is also out so theta criterion and case filter together prohibits a passive sentence of this type that you have seen which is of this type then what is the solution is so in one sentence the problem is passive sentences end up with no subjects and uncase marked object in English this is the problem in one sentence the solution is the answer to the motivation for case marking for movement such a situation forces the NP India to move out of its position in search of case it moves out in search of case where does it go to luckily in the same sentence you have this pacifier position of IP empty why is it empty the English sentence is not important I want to I want your attention to the logical development of this why is it empty we have just it does not the the work cannot assign a theta role therefore there is no no NP is going there therefore that is empty now we are saying this NP India goes to there to that place right which means we are saying this NP will not land into this NP will not land into theta problems and it happens so because this NP in the object position of the verb did what did it not receive in the object position of the verb case but it received theta it received its theta role therefore it does not need a new theta role I will give you examples I will give you examples to believe this thing or I will I will talk about it so that you believe it hold on for a moment do you see that we are talking about two different layers we are talking about theta layers and case layer you understand this thing theta layer and case layer one in the subject position we have the theta problem in the object position we have case problem so in the object position we did not have theta problem so that NP has a theta role of its own so equipped with the theta role in search of case it can go to subject position where even though the subject NP is not in a position the subject NP is not in a position to receive case it can stay there because it does not need one it already has one okay so it gets satisfied then what did it not have it did not have case then the problem is it must be assigned case so there and there is no problem of case in subject NP it just does not get theta role the case gets the case gets is from the I which is head end fill and then you remember rest of the drill of how does I assign nominative case to the spec IP through the notion of M command very nice so through the notion of M command it gets nominative case in the subject position then we get a sentence yeah so the uncase marked NP moves to the spec IP position in this position it receives case from infill since it was already theta marked in the internal argument position as an object it does not require any theta role okay and this becomes movement of an NP the therefore movement of an NP becomes a solution for this problem and also what it gives us it preserves the structure of a sentence that is it ends up giving it a subject look at look at the last point struck structure preservation now look at the sentence what what do we have a passive sentence as India were beaten right in general also we hear when people tell us about passive objects become subject yesterday I told you subjects do not become objects they become adjuncts because they do not go to object position that is true but objects do become subjects how do we how can we say convincingly that objects become subject and if it becomes subject then why are we talking about object anymore we need to say so we look at the structure we need to say so the NP India is now in the subject position therefore it is the subject it fills the position of the subject under the principle of a structure preservation therefore it is the subject and it receives nominative case above all above all everything else it allows itself to receive a nominative case okay therefore it is definitely a subject alright now in the subject position what it is not is in the subject position what it is not is what is it what is it that it is not it is not an agent because the sentence the the verb cannot assign agent theta roll to it and read the sentence out clearly the passive sentence and you know that India is not an agent in that passive sentence India were beaten is it an agent it still has the same theta roll what it had in the object position what was the theta roll in that position in the object position theme or an experiencer it is still has the same thing India were beaten the theta rolls are not changed now we get to see two things besides the structure preservation at a surface level we see two things first thing is the theta criteria one and only one theta roll can be assigned so once it had a theta roll assigned it does not change its theta roll and also what we see there is a connection between active sentence and passive sentence okay and once the passive morphology becomes passive once the verb becomes passive what else happens I have already told you though whole story so verbs being an a passive verbs being unable to assign case to object and theta roll to end to the to the subject becomes the motivation for the movement of the object we will still continue saying it an object because nothing comes in the position of object if you see what what happens is the in the sentence India were beaten even though we say in the World Cup T20 final by Sri Lanka in Bangladesh at 5 at 9 30 p.m. you continue saying whatever you want to say the object position remains empty object position of the transitive verb remains empty what do we mean when we say remains empty there is a trace in that position we we don't speak that empty position we don't see it with bare eyes but that position is still empty for two reasons one that it's a transitive verb and in a passive structure even though the verb is transitive it is allowed to have an empty position because that position cannot get a case therefore an empty position is okay now at this time I I I don't have this goal to the the goal of this class is not to take you any further from this point okay otherwise and which which is not understanding your your ability to understand it's just about the the class but I do want to draw your attention to this thing do you see with clarity the empty position right and and I I don't want to take you into the philosophical discussions of ghosts and gods and all those things you may not be able to see ghosts or God but we can show you an empty position in a sentence and that empty position is no is not baseless it's the object of a transitive verb we can say and the the claim is the object of the transitive verb can also be 0 the object of a transitive verb can also be 0 in a sentence it remains 0 now in this sentence is not really 0 it has moved it has left its trace and then in a further further development of this theory people have talked about a chain between by chain I mean the chain relationship between the moved element and the trace and there are there are reasons to to draw further generalizations from there and and then further theoretical discussions which which we will not get to this making sense to you all right any any question about passive passivization I I didn't have a structure drawn a structure but I I am confident that you can draw that a structure of movement from object position of V within the VP we have V and NP right from this NP position to the spec IP position the this movement should not be difficult for you you can draw the draw the movement right so any any other question before I talk about raising constructions yes yes short answer is yes I have discussed just now you can say more things nothing fulfills the object position by serial by serial anchor is an adjunct we have discussed the distinction between adjunct and compliment and you can apply those distinctions those those things and see even if you drop by serial anchor the sentence is still good in the ever beaten and before we started all these theoretical discussions I had talked to you about the function of a passive verb the whole the the primary function of a passive sentence is to to remove attention remove remove focus from who who is doing that is from agenthood therefore agent is suppressed agent is out okay thieves were caught it it has been claimed have you had people talking about these things in a in a scientific discussion this kind of language is not appreciated much it has been claimed if you write such a sentence people will tell you please specify who right so those who write such sentences or those who say such sentences purposely say so because I don't want to talk about who it has been reported right the idea is I just don't want to claim any responsibility or I don't want to blame anyone but I will still need to talk about it the only way to take care of this problem is to use a passive sentence just just pay attention to a passive sentence when people either people are saying a passive sentence or they are writing a passive sentence see the attention see the intention of such a use the same thing I articulated as the function of passive verb passive sentence is to remove attention from the focus we don't want to suppose I say I claimed right I I claim what is the problem in saying that I claim that political parties are corrupt when I don't want to say so right then I say it is said that political parties are corrupt now I am not putting anyone this responsibility to anybody the only only way to do so is to use a passive construction okay that's about the function of language but as far as formal properties of language is concerned I have shown you how active and passive sentences are taken care of at the same time how a passive sentence generates motivation for movement and it gives you an example it it has tenets of motivation for movement and then it shows you in a categorical way leaving the trace empty that an element has moved from its original position to the to a different position and in this case the difference between a whnp that was a question sentence and passive sentence the difference is in a wh sentence the wh word goes to the specified position of a cp where there is no question of theater roles or cases in this case this is more precise a case where we are saying that the np when it moves it does not go beyond the sentence it remains within the sentence and not only it remains within the sentence it when it lands in a particular place it receives nominative case also okay because without a nominative sentence nomin without a nominative case the np does not fulfill the requirement of being a subject and as long as the sentence did not have a subject the sentence was not good the moment it lands there it receives nominative case it becomes the subject and then the sentence becomes alright so it is not an ordinary evidence of a trivial movement from one place to the other and the object position remains completely empty so it is clear example that it was an object now it became a subject for the various reasons that we discussed clear okay if you have more you can ask but let me begin with this see we have seen two clear cases of movements right now I want to show you I mean I do not mean that I am not showing you I am going to show you unclear cases of movement that is not the point there are some words in English let us see how they they work okay so some of the similar things that we have discussed just now are the problems of some more words not just passive words for example a word like seem or appear okay runs into difficulties which is when we say a sentence like John seems to be angry okay John seems to be angry what is the subject of this word subject of the verb is John and what is the object of the verb seem look at the verb and then then we will follow the discussion okay the object of the verb is to be angry does this remind you of something to be angry what does it look like okay forget it does not remind us anything what does it look like is this an NP no it is a VP yes it is an I somebody says it is an IP why do you think it is an IP because if it is a VP then there is no space for VP it has a VP must be an IP okay because within a bigger sentence okay if you have a VP which means it is an IP we for example we okay let us let us look at it this way a sentence is an IP in a sentence we have an NP and VP so in the sentence John seems to be angry what the NP is John and VP is seems to be angry right within that VP we cannot have another VP the only thing that we can have is an IP so even though this verb this phrase to be angry looks like a VP actually it is an IP and then the problem within that IP is the NP is now is missing see the point so this sentence should be should actually be John seems space to be angry alright that is to say the the spec of IP of the lower IP is not available in this sentence are you are you with me okay now see what happens the the suggestions given to this problem is in reality the verb seem also does not assign theta roll to its its surface subject position to the subject position that is the real subject of the higher IP let me draw this thing here and then you will be able to see this thing see we have an IP this is the IP right and here we are talking about so I will stop here okay I will stop here so we are saying if we have a sentence like John right present seems to be angry okay remember in a in a compliment IP okay I think I can talk to you about these complexities at this level now in a compliment IP a subject the spec of IP can stay empty only when this VP is non-finite that you have seen earlier also the moment VP is finite it cannot remain it cannot take an empty NP get my point in a finite IP this position must be filled in a finite IP this position must be filled a empty spec IP in the compliment position is allowed only when the VP is non-finite the in other words the IP is non-finite clear great so the the story here is the following the story is look actually this was seen this was seen has the same problem that it cannot assign a theta roll to its spec IP okay and so to begin with this is not there okay to begin with this is not there that is what you see on the screen in the deepest structure okay so the deepest structure tells you it is just not there because it cannot assign it it doesn't get a theta roll if it is not there then where do you see it you see that here right here here is here is John what's the problem here why it cannot stay here it it may be here in the deepest structure but it cannot stay here why you should be able to answer this look at this the non-finite IP cannot assign case to this so if it is stays here it's case less and this this verb does not have a theta capacity see the problem the solution is what's the position here subject position right so the the way it is stated is this NP moves from a subject position to another subject position so seem as a verb is a raising verb which allows raising from subject position to the subject position this is why it is called a raising verb and to be more precise raising verb of the type which allows subjects to move to subject position should not be should not be too complicated to understand at this stage yes no obligated if there is if there are doubts you can ask me there is we have we have couple of minutes to talk about that if you still think you have doubt think about this and let me know now let me show you another sentence I come to the second one Mary appears to be impatient I come to that in a minute in a moment look at the last look at the third sentence that I have what is the sentence that I have I don't I am sorry I don't have numbers there it seems that John is angry you see that it seems that John is angry so semantically speaking John seems to be angry and it seems that John is angry both are the same are they syntactically what's the difference between the two sentences particularly particularly look look at the third sentence now it seems that John is angry no no no it's still IP oh I am sorry yeah yeah yeah so so okay so okay thanks so you are saying in the in this case this is a CP but within the CP we have an IP right true but this is still an IP true true you are right so what what do you see within that CP within that CP the IP is finite IP okay if the IP is finite then there is no problem for John to stay there right the John can stay there just because the IP is finite that John is angry is a good sentence alright now then the problem is we don't have anything here right if this is not L if this is happy in its original position why do things move see this thing things move because there were some problem in the original position right it happens in normal life of people also we go from one place to the other definitely for a reason right so if this thing is happy in its original position then this remains empty right and this position cannot have a theta rule anything that comes here must have a theta rule of its own because it is not going to assign any theta rule so in the third stitch sentence what happens is since nothing can move out of this we put an empty subject which is it it is an expletive does not have a theta rule neither does it need one we put it why do we put it to fulfill the universal requirement of the principle that we cannot leave the subject position empty you your other other stories get satisfied or not I don't care but the sentence position must be filled now there is one more thing which I haven't talked to you and and not that that that is also not part of this course see when you try to grade principles okay so far we have seen several instances of principles right we haven't looked at grading of principle somebody was asking me one of these days this question grading of principles if you look at the gradation of such principles some are stronger and some are weaker okay the fact the principle that every sentence must have a subject is a very strong principle okay it does not care for a situation that in some situations we the verbs are weak it cannot assign you a theta rule it says it doesn't matter I just need a subject then in such cases what what human mind does it takes an element in a language like English removes the semantic meaning of it it has it gets no meaning becomes a functional element and puts it in that place to just satisfy the position and then we get a get a sentence like it seems that John is angry now why am I talking about the second sentence the reason for me to talk about this sentence that it seems that John is angry is to show you for you to see it with see it with clarity that in the first sentence looking at the D structure John is in a position to move in that is in search of the case which is which was also the story of passives in this case the verb is not passive but the story is the same so it needs to move therefore this is a third example of come what we say compulsory movement of an element from one position to the other position okay now very quickly the second sentence appear is also an example of a of a raising verb where you see exactly same thing happening Mary appears to be impatient the the deepest structure is appears Mary to be impatient who is impatient when we say Mary appears to be impatient if this has two IPs does it have two IPs in both the IP who is impatient Mary right so Mary is the and so in the deepest structure you see the Mary is the subject of the predicate impatient right but in the surface structure you see Mary being the subject of see it must have moved from that that place do you see what I am trying to see I am trying to show you that the fact that Mary is impatient it must have generated lower right it the same and in the second sentence you see that is on the surface structure you see Mary being the subject of the verb seen so the sentence is not like Mary seems John to be impatient the idea is Mary seems Mary to be impatient right so the the NP Mary again cannot stay there because of the because the predicate is infinite no case to the subject position therefore it needs to go to a place where it can receive subject receives receive a case and satisfy subject requirement as well okay therefore it is an example of compulsory movement in the language again when you have a sentence like it appears that Mary is impatient in such a sentence you do not need do not need the movement of Mary because it gets case read the sentence have you seen the sentences before these types of sentences the only point which I did not mention these sentences remind you of what a case marking and what type of case marking exceptional case marking very nice what I did not mention at that point is all the words that require exceptional case marking which is the words like want the words like prove you can work on the word prove let me work with you on the word want what happens in the world want want is a word which needs an object the transitive word needs an object and what is the object of the word this word him to go right the problem with the him is it does not receive the it does not have any case a signer below right and it the problem is where did it get accusative case the accusative case is assigned to the whole of the compliment not just to the to part of the compliment ok so where did it get a case beyond the exceptional case marking which we saw we are not changing anything to exceptional case marking we are just going to add one thing there is another solution that is given to it the what happens is this subject moves to the object position of the higher class and then gets the accusative case ok so such a verb is called raising to object position now this has a problem ok I do not want to show you the problem right away this has a problem but I just want you to just want to tell you that one of the reasons to one of the ways to deal with exceptional case marking is also the raising construction where the argument is from the subject position it raises to the object position ok where it receives accusative case all right it is a weak argument nonetheless I just wanted you to see however what you have seen with the subject raising construction is not a weak argument that is a very strong motivation there is a very strong motivation of movement from the subject of the lower class to the subject of the higher class in the subject raising cases all right so we stop here with this raising constructions and then