 Now let us see the important management strategies that are adapted for cotton insect pests. So before that it is better to know the ETL levels of different pests so that it becomes very easy to adapt the different strategies including the insect pest seduces in the management of insect pests. So these are the ETL levels for a different pest, so American Bologna, so 5% damage, protein damage or one larvae per plant, so for pink Bologna, 8 moths per trap per day for 3 consecutive days like this for leaf upper, 2 leaf upper, for white flight is 5 to 10 per leaf before 9 m also they have indicated and for half its 10% affected plants and for thrips it is 5 to 10 and even for nematode it is 1 to 2 larvae per gram of soil. So now let us see the important tactics which are adapted for pest management on cotton. So cultural practices which is very important in each and every pest management in that deep flowing, so it is going to expose different hibernating stages of the insects and likewise field sanitation, so by destroying and removing of the previous crop residues. And when you come to a date of sowing, so most of the times early sowing or timely sowing that is in south it is early means June to July and August in case of Tamil Nadu and if you show early so that majority of the insects can be avoided. And next is use of resistant varieties, so earlier used to grow this non-BT varieties, now many BT varieties or hybrids have come to market. So these are the, even though these are the some of the varieties, these have shown resistant to some of the insect species. In continuation of this cultural practice, so crop rotation is very important wherever you have the problem of especially this helicorpa and white flag. If you rotate the cotton crop with green gram, black gram, soybean or castor and sorghum thereby as well you can avoid the major bullworm complex like helicorpa and also areas. And next one important second best that is white flag, so it is also one of the virus vector that is going to cause CCLV or CLCV, so wherever the white flag problem is there, so it is better to rotate the cotton crop with sorghum, ragi or maize that is very important. And another important cultural practice that is avoiding this alternative host especially this weed host, so legaskar mollusk that is one important weed host for helicorpa armichara. So again the abutolan species these and even these congress grass hibiscus they are also going to act as alternative host for white flag and also milibuck. So border crop can be adapted in the management of insect pests of cotton especially helicorpa or other bullworms. So by border cropping this cotton with pigeon pea, bajra or maize force thereby it can even avoid the penetration of milibuck to the main crop. And the most important one is the judicious use of fertilizers, so normally farmers they are going to apply the higher amount of this nitrogen, it is going to attract many sucking pests that's why always one has to use judiciously. Then even by following intercrop actually can avoid some of the major sucking pests like leaf upper. So the intercrop with the cowpea and soybean, so normally it reduces the leaf upper damage. And as well you can follow this trap crop method and wherein some of the crops, trap crops like marigold, okra and even castor they are going to act as a trap crop in case of trapping this helicorpa or misera and for mirid bug as well you can put lucerne as trap crop. And by erecting some of the traps like yellow traps or sticky traps, so they are going to attract many sucking insect pests like white fly and even lyriomiso also. For pink bolorum monitoring as well you can use this delta traps or sleeve traps for monitoring purpose. And next is important one is mechanical practices, so the developed larvae can be hand picked and destroyed and even some affected parts of the plants can be picked up and can be destroyed. So in cotton 90 days if you follow the clipping of terminal shoots, so it is going to reduce much population of these boloms and also at the same time it is going to reduce even sucking pest population also and at the same time it also helps agronomically the bold development. And in case of mealy bugs, so it is better to always avoid the infested or infected equipments and as well this can be overcome by applying these insecticides and thereby one can minimize this mealy bug population. And at the same times you have to uproot the affected plant parts by mealy bug and as well you can apply the recommended chemical insecticides to avoid further spreading of these mealy bugs. And one another important method that is biological control method, so it is very important to conserve the natural enemies like lace wings, lead bird beetles which are evidently and even for that matter some predatory bugs also which are and even spiders also they are actually occurring in cotton ecosystem those can be shared by applying very safe insecticides and even parasitites like telenomers and trichograma can be increased by using suitable control measures. And even some of the naturally occurring fungi or as well you can use these fungal insecticides also one among them is Bivaria basiana that can be used to manage some of the insect pests. And by installing some bird purchase as well you can attract some of the important birds like black, drango, king crow like this so that it is going to feed on some of the insects especially these larvae of bullworms. And in case of beetworms it is better to augment the various predators which are occurring even naturally and also commercially and for that matter parasitites they are also occurring naturally and even one can augment the these trichograma egg parasitites by continuous releasing. And insecticides or some of the biopesticides can be used for the management of various insect pests, for the management of sucking pests one can use verticillium lacanic so which is very effective against white fly and also other sucking insect pests. And NPV so both SL NPV and also HA NPV can be used for the management of spodoptera and also helicoreper respectively. And some of the parasitites which are occurring naturally so those can be encouraged like encarcea species which is occurring in cotton on white fly. Next Anacea species which is occurring in mealy bug so these can be encouraged and these are the some of the parasitites which are associated with the recently occurring this flower miss so these can be spared. So similarly as well one can use these botanical insecticides also so among them neem that is NSK and even some commercially available neem products can be used especially against sucking insect pests. And this is the list the recommended by various authorities like university and also some A C R P workers against different pests so these are the insecticides which are effective against sucking insect pests. And again one can use the seed treatment chemicals against sucking pests so imdochropid which is available and normally the seeds which are available in the market are treated with the imdochropid or thymetaxam if they are not treated one can treat the seeds with these chemicals so that as well we can avoid the early occurring sucking insect pests. And these are the some of the insecticides which are effective against target insect like mealy bug. Pippernol is effective again for mealy bug propenphos is effective other than propenphos if you have good number of insecticides these can be used for the management of target insect pests. And for against mite pests this fennpyroximate it is one important acarystide which is very effective in the management of the some of the mite pests. And we have list of this insecticides which are effective against different bowlworm complex but for pink bowlworm we have some insecticides exclusively against pink bowlworm and for even for tobacco bowlworm also. So this pink bowlworm actually it has occurred widespread on B T cotton on different parts of the or different states of the country especially in Gujarat, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and also Andhra Pradesh. So many questions have been arised in our MOOC IPM programs. So it is better to discuss about pink bowlworm little bit more about its management. So here for pink bowlworm management field sanitation is very important. So there was one legislation act during 1911 for the management of this pink bowlworm in Madras state. So one has to remove all the stables or crop residue of previous season by August. So that was the legislation. So here sanitation plays very important role for the management of this pink bowlworm since it undergoes dipos, the larval dipos in unopened bowls are stables. So it is very important to follow sanitation programs. So in most of the areas in B T cotton areas we are not actually following the refugia crops. So one needs to follow this refugia crop system wherein in 450 grams of this B T seeds. So 120 grams of non-B T seeds have been provided. So just to avoid the resistance development against these especially bowlworms it is better to follow this refugia cropping system. So thereby as well you can reduce the resistance against bowlworms especially this pink bowlworm. Because this pink bowlworm it is one monofocus pest, it does not have, so it has to feed on cotton, that too cotton seed seeds itself. That is why there is every chance of developing resistance very fast against this P T cry protein. And as well one can follow this ETL for the management of because it is very difficult to identify the damage due to this insect pest because once it enters into the bowls. So former even the other functionaries, extension functions cannot identify. So how it enters and that is why it is one need to follow the other monitoring methods like installation of this furrowment traps. Thereby as well you can examine the adults trapped in the sleeve traps and as well you can cut open the bowls and even by examining flowers as well you can work out this ETL. So if you record three successive days that is 8 months per day, so that actually gives us the ETL level. Similarly if you cut open 20 bowls and if you record two or more live PBW larvae, so that indicates the ETL of this pink polar. So other than this, so one can adapt this early maturing varieties wherever this pink polar problem is existing severely and even by using these furrowment traps it is at the rate of 30 furrowment traps per hectare one can master the adults of this pink polar. And these are the some of the recommended insect sites which are very helpful in managing this pink polar especially these pyrethroids and these pyrethroids cannot be sprayed repeatedly because it is going to invite other problems like white flies and also aphids. So in between as well you can use other insect sites like profanfast, theid curve and even acetate also thereby as well you can manage this pink polar very effectively. So in brief we have discussed about various insect pests which are occurring on cotton and also the management strategy which can be adapted for management of both the bolones and also this sucking insect pests. So here in India and also in other countries BT cotton it is grown and even on BT cotton also we are actually recording the insects especially leptopterampas like helicopa and recently this pink polar. So for pink polar one has to be very careful and one has to adapt the management strategy especially this sanitation and other methods like mass trapping that is most useful and even for that matter selection of selective insect sites. Thank you.