 Amphibian embryology, the Neuralation, first the contents, Neuralation, Neural Plate Formation, Neural Folds, Neural Tube, Brain and the overall process of Neuralation. First the definition of Neuralation. So, actually Neuralation is the stage of embryonic development in amphibians. Apart from amphibians, in all the animals, one of the development stages is called Neuralation. Actually it is that stage during which Neural Tube is formed. Neural Tube has to go ahead and make a nervous system. So, we can say that the process of Neuralation during which Neural Tube is formed. And the stage of Neuralation comes right after the gestulation. After the gestulation, the stage of Neuralation comes. How Neuralation starts? Neuralation starts before everything. The embryo, if we look at it, that is in the form of a round form or slightly electrical form. So, on the dorsal side of the embryo, an overall patch appears. On the dorsal side, a patch appears on the embryo. And this patch will gradually attain a plate form or a stretch form. The reason for that is that in the beginning, a patch will appear in the oval shape. After micro filament, I will stretch it and put it in a line form. Or I will put it in a patch form. And I will name this patch as Neural Plate. So, if we have this, then there is a line on it where the patch is formed. Some cells have become a stretch of cells. So, now the Neural Plate goes further towards Neuralation or Neural Tube when it is formed. So, first of all, if I say that the Neural Plate has formed a Neural Plate on the embryo. So, the first step will be that the sides of the Neural Plate will gradually start to raise. So, when the sides of the Neural Plate will raise, then this will be the position. The plate will gradually sink down. And its ends will gradually start to raise. The ends of the Neural Plate that are rising up, they are called as the Neural Folds. We will name it as Neural Fold. In the next stage, these Neural Folds will gradually go up and get formed. When they get formed, then the Neural Plate has now attained a Neural Tube form. This is the Neural Tube. This is the Neural Tube which will make the whole nervous system ahead. The end of the Neural Tube that is usually closed at the end, is actually the brain. It will make the brain. And the first part of the Neural Tube that has been closed will be the spinal cord. The spinal cord will develop. So, this is a simple process. The Neural Plate is formed. The Neural Plate will gradually sink due to the Neural Fold. It will cover the Neural Fold. It will become the Neural Tube. Some parts of the Neural Tube, which are specially closed at the side of the Blastopore, and the end of the Blastopore on the other side is closed at the end. And the part that is closed at the end actually makes the brain. And the first portion will develop in the spinal cord. Here, diagrammatically, we can see that this is the Blastopore that is being closed at the end. At the top of the Blastopore, there will be an ovalsis at the beginning where you can see the diagram. A stretch has been formed. Microfilament stretch is formed at the end of the Blastopore. This is the Neural Plate. Now, at the next stage, the ends of the Neural Plate, which does not disappear at the end of the Blastopore, the end of the Neural Plate will rise up and this Neural Plate will go down, which will ultimately close it from above and make a Neural Tube. It will close the Neural Fold from above. The anterior end that I talked about, where the Blastopore is, it is first closed. And the second end, the distal end, is closed later. When the end is closed, the Neural Tube portion at the end of the Blastopore will form the brain. This will form the brain. And as soon as the Neuralation is completed, it ultimately becomes the Tadpole larva.