 One fear that a lot of people have about immigration is that the immigrants or their dissidents will vote for bad public policies that destroy prior property rights, that limit capitalism and free markets, and as a result, kill the goose that lays the golden egg. Kill American economic growth in the future by ruining our institutions. Now, there's a lot of reasons why I don't think this criticism holds up. First of all, the political opinions of immigrants do not differ that much from native-born Americans. Sure, they may support the Democratic Party by wider margins, but their opinions on things like welfare, on the proper size of government, on tax rates, very slightly compared to that of native-born Americans who have been here longer, and over time their opinions converge with them. So there's not too much of a worry that immigrants are going to change our voting behavior going forward enough to substantially destroy free markets in the United States even more. What we also do is take a look at the impact of stocks of immigrants in the past on America's economic freedom score in the future. And what we've found is that there is actually a positive association between stocks of immigrants in the past, their size, and the economic freedom score in the future. So it might actually be that increases in immigration in the past lead to more economic freedom in the future, in which case not opening up immigration could lead to worse economic institutions in the future.