 A very good evening aspirants, welcome to the Hindu newspaper analysis brought to you by Shankar Iyer's academy for the date 3rd of December 2021. We have taken 4 articles today for our discussion, I will give you a brief about them one by one. The first article it is about Cure Community, in that discussion we are going to see what is sexual orientation and gender identity and we will finally end the discussion with some of the measures to make the public spaces inclusive for the Cure Community. The second article is about air pollution in the national capital region, we have discussed extensively about the causes of air pollution in Delhi region in the analysis 23rd of November, so if you want to refer to it please refer the 23rd November analysis for the causes of it. In this discussion we are going to see the UNEP that is United Nations Environment Programs review about Beijing's air pollution control measures and we are going to see what are the key take away points from that for India. The third article is about Pica Rebellion, in this discussion we are going to see some of the historical background of it from prelims point of view. And the finally the fourth article is about Population Control measures, in that we are going to see about Total Fertility Rate and the data which is recently shown in National Family Health Survey file and we are going to see some of the effective population policy measures, so without any delay we will get into the discussion. The news article mentions about a public discussion that was held by NGO, which is a non-profit organization, so what was the discussion about? The discussion was about making public spaces LGBTIQ inclusive, so in this discussion the NGO they provided some suggestions to make public spaces inclusive for queer people. What we are going to do in this discussion is we are going to take this article as a background and we are going to see about queer community and the challenges faced by them. See in our world people have different sexual orientation and gender identity. I'll tell you what are they, when I say sexual orientation it refers to the romantic attraction, emotional or sexual attraction to others. So basically sexual orientation is decided by whom you are attracted to. So it includes heterosexual, lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual etc. Here I am saying etc because sexual orientation is not just limited to these five categories. We'll see what these terms mean after understanding gender identity. So what is gender identity? To understand this we need to know what is sex. So I'll give you the simplest definition of it. Sex refers to the genetic characteristics and physical body characteristics with which people are born. So basically the biological and anatomical characteristics with which they are born and based on these characteristics people are labeled male or female at birth. So sex is a term related to a person's external anatomical features. Here we should remember that sex is not always straightforward as some people may be born with an intersex variation. I'll explain intersex. See intersex are the people who are born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that does not fit the typical definitions of male or female. So this is about sex and most importantly know that this term sex is different from that of gender because gender refers to the social and cultural expression of sex. It is a social construction relating to behaviors and attributes based on labels of masculinity and femininity. See gender identity is a personal internal perception of oneself and so the gender category someone identifies with may not match the sex they are assigned at birth. See sometimes individuals may see themselves as man sometimes individuals may see themselves as women. So gender is not the biological sex people are born with. Remember this crucial difference. What is that difference? Sex is the genetic and physical body characteristics but gender is social and cultural expression of sex. How a particular person is perceiving themselves. Now this gender identity it refers to an inner sense of oneself as being man woman masculine or feminine or an inner feeling of neither masculine or feminine at times both masculine and feminine etc. There is one another difference here note that gender identity is not sexual identity and it is not related to an individual's sexual orientation. So gender identity includes cisgender transgender non-binary but sexual orientation it has to do with romantic emotional attraction to others. The definitions of some of these terms are given in this image please go through it for your better understanding. So far we saw what is sex which is nothing but genetic physical body characteristics with which people are born and we saw some of the sexual orientations. Sexual orientation is nothing but to whom you are romantically or emotionally attracted to. People are categorized as heterosexual homosexuals such as lesbian gay based on their sexual orientation. Bisexuals also comes under the category of sexual orientations and lastly we saw gender identities. Gender identity is a social and cultural expression of oneself how the individual is pursuing themselves be it man or woman or having masculine or feminine characteristics at times both at times neither masculinity nor femininity. Now together these sexual orientations and gender identities are combined under the label of LGBTIQ+. Each letter refers to different terms we'll see them one by one L for lesbian G for gay B for bisexual T for transgender I for intersex Q for queer and plus includes all other sexual orientations and gender identities. So moving on we'll see what is cure. It is a term that includes a range of sexual orientations and gender identities. It is often used as an umbrella term to describe the LGBTIQ plus identities. This term also encapsulates the political ideas of resistance to heteronormativity and homonormativity. We'll understand what are these terms first of all we'll try and understand what is heteronormativity. It is nothing but the presumption and privileging of heterosexuality that is the view that heterosexual relationships are the only natural normal and legitimate expressions of sexuality and relationships. Therefore it assumes that other sexualities or gender identities are unnatural and a threat to society. So the name itself explains that it is a mentality that considers being hetero is the only normal thing. So you have to understand here why such a mentality is there in the first place. It is because of the proportionality. A larger portion of the society has identified themselves as heterosexuals and that is why this kind of a mentality is prevailing in the society. Now we shall move on and see what is homonormativity. Homo-normativity is a term that describes the privileging of certain people or relationships within the queer community itself. That is usually privileging cisgendered white gay men etc and others in the queer community or left out of the privileges. This homonormativity this term also refers to the belief that sexual minorities such as cisgendered gay men lesbians they can and should conform to the heteronormative institutions and customs in order to achieve greater acceptance into the dominant society. So this is also a belief under homonormativity. Now we will see what are the challenges faced by queer people. The first two challenges are heteronormativity and homonormativity which we have discussed now. Next is homophobia, biphobia, transphobia. These are major social problems. Phobia is nothing but fear and they also refer to negative beliefs, prejudices and stereotypes that exist about people who are not heterosexual. See again here the reason why I said heteronormativity is existing in the first place is because a larger proportion in the society is being heterosexual. So as a result of heterosexism these negative beliefs, prejudices and stereotypes are existing. Heterosexism is nothing but a social system which privileges heteronormative beliefs, values and practice. These homophobia, biphobia and transphobia is what leads to violence, harassment and discrimination against the queer people. Because of this many countries even criminalize homosexuality and queer people. So they are punished by fines, imprisonment and even death penalty. If you remember our country also had section 377 of IPC which is nothing but Indian Penal Code. This section criminalized homosexuality and provided punishment of imprisonment for life. But in the year 2018 in a historic verdict the Supreme Court decriminalized this section 377 of IPC and allowed consensual gay sex among adults. This verdict upheld the fundamental rights under Article 14, Article 15 and Article 21. Due to the above discussed challenges queer people are socially ostracized which is nothing but they are excluded from the society. They are even sometimes evicted from their own houses. Another major challenge is access to public spaces as discussed in this news article. The public spaces are not accessible because they are mostly designed with a heteronormative approach again because of the proportion of them in the society. For instance take public toilets we have separate toilets for men we have separate toilets for women in public spaces but there is no gentle neutral toilets for those who do not identify as these genders or who identify themselves as transgender or as both genders. These problems lead to the higher rates of mental health issues like depression, anxiety and suicide among queer people. So to address these challenges first of all the public should change their attitude and should avoid stigmatizing language against queer people. Public should be educated to accept and treat queer people respectfully. Additionally there is a need to prioritize designing and transforming the public spaces that are inclusive and safe for queer people. So government can build gender neutral toilets in addition to the existing ones. Government can also take measures to de-gender the toilets in other public spaces like restaurants and planes and in trains. So with this we have come to the end of her discussion let's have a quick recap. First of all we saw what is sex which is genetical and physical body characteristics with which people are born and we understood what is sexual orientation that is to whom you are romantically or emotionally attracted to. Based on that individuals are categorized as homosexuals such as lesbian, gay etc and lastly we saw what is gender identity how a particular individual is identifying himself or herself. From that we went on to see queer community and the challenges faced by them and finally we saw some points to make public spaces inclusive for the queer community. With this learned points in mind let's move on to the next discussion. This news article is about the air pollution in NCR that is national capital region. See the author says that experts frame environmental concerns in technical terms such as pollutants their monitoring systems and mechanisms and penalties whereas air pollution in cities is driven by urban form and transport infrastructure. So there is this gap between addressing the environmental concerns according to the author and the solutions for this environmental concerns depend on the different stages of development. So for this reason the author is saying that UNEP's review of air pollution control measures by Beijing will help India. So UNEP that is United Nations Environment Programme it has reviewed the air pollution control measures by Beijing and the author is saying that it will help India in addressing the urban air pollution in national capital region. As per the article the NGT which is National Green Tribunal has also started the process of taking a new look about the concern. So this is the crux of this article. Now we'll move on to discuss the review by United Nations Environment Programme. The syllabus related to this topic is given here for your reference. Please make a note of it. Okay now this entire article which is about taking insights from Beijing's air pollution control measures is based on the fact that Delhi and Beijing are comparable. China's capital city which is Beijing is comparable with India's capital city which is Delhi in terms of population. Hence knowing the nuances of Beijing's measures to control air pollution would be of great value for India. So this entire article is based on this foundation which is both the cities are comparable. Some other similarities are also there. We'll see them. Delhi shares with Beijing the three stages in dealing with urban air pollution and for the both of them it is a long-term task. So the task of dealing the urban air pollution for both the cities it starts with end-of-pipe air pollution control measures. I'll explain it to you what it is. It describes a pollution control approach that remediates contaminated flows of air just before the effluent can enter the environment. I'll give you an example. Let us consider flue gases from industries or thermal power plants. See here coal is used for combustion. From the boiler steam is getting generated and it is led into the turbine and as a result power is generated. The by-product of the whole process or the outcome of the whole process is this flue gas protection. So this flue gas is going into the environment. What we are going to do is just before it enters the environment we are having this whole process whole sets of process such as denitrification de-dusting de-sulfurization to remediate the contaminated flow of gas. This is only called as end-of-pipe air pollution control approach. So the flue gas before getting released into the environment it is denitrified de-dusted de-sulfurized and ashes stored separately and it is finally emitted into the environment. So the three stages of dealing urban air pollution it starts with this end-to-pipe approach and it gradually moves to integrated measures targeting primary pollutants such as sulphur dioxide nitrous oxides particulate matters carbon monoxide carbon dioxide this targeting measure is done with the government playing the main rule. So as a first step what we are doing we are remediating the contaminated gases before it enters the environment as a second step what we are doing there will be pollutants which are already emitted into the environment they are called as primary pollutants they'll be staying in the environment. So we are going to target those primary pollutants that are already in the environment and moving on finally secondary pollutants or the particulate matter primarily PM 2.5 which leads to smog becomes the main focus for control with the regional coordination mechanism. So first of all we saw end-to-pipe approach treating the flue gas before letting into the environment secondly we are treating the pollutants which are already in the environment and thirdly there will be certain pollutants which after letting into the environment will change into another form here the example is particulate matter leads to smog so it becomes the secondary pollutant. So as a final stage we are concentrating on the secondary pollutants with a regional coordination mechanism and these are the three stages of dealing urban air pollution. So looking at the similarities in the control measures of both the cities it will be useful for the policy makers in India to formulate an action plan based on Beijing's air pollution control measures. Now coming on to the differences that made Beijing stand better we are going to see them one by one firstly the strong monitoring capacity which provides a warning at least 24 hours in advance during heavy pollution this is done with an integrated network combining high resolution satellite remote sensing and laser radar this provides air land data for accurate identification of high emission areas and periods periods in the sense time duration. So basically what has been done is with the remote sensing data high emission areas are monitored and a warning is provided in advance during heavy pollution at least 24 hours in advance. Secondly the control was made through an idea of smart cities that provide more space for public transport. So what really made a difference is not shutting down the polluting units not restricting car ownership and travel and improved fuel standards but the approach to urbanization. Smart cities such as Newark, London, Beijing provide more space for public transport and mixed land use spatial planning minimizing travel. So we'll see some data related to it. Beijing already has 550 kilometers of metro more than one and a half times that of the Delhi metro and the bus transport system has 30,000 low flow buses which is more than eight times the number with the Delhi Transport Corporation. In China 72 percentage of travel is completed by public transport compared with 37 percentage in Japan 17 percentage in Europe and 10 percentage in United States. And we saw both spatial planning also so the spatial planning of land use reduces the time and distance of travel. Moving on the third one is increasing the use of electric vehicles. When it comes to air pollution particulate matter is the most difficult to control. It leads to smog and serious health issues. It is largely caused by vehicular emissions and one more thing traffic has been identified as a distinct and growing challenge. So the systematic study on PM 2.5 source apportionment in Beijing has found that local emissions constituted two-thirds of air pollution of which vehicular emissions were nearly half the main source. So it has been found that phasing out the older vehicles made the most significant contribution to reduce air pollution. In the lights of increasing alternative methods Beijing plans to have 48 lakh charging points by 2022 to push the use of electric vehicles. Okay now let's move on to the next point. The fourth one is increasing the efficiency in regulating the emission of air pollution. So this is ensured by specific enforcement mechanism like upgradation of industrial processes and equipments because of which the air pollution contribution is high and the efficiency is increased by providing specified incentives for low or no emissions. Adding to this enforcement at the municipal and state levels is coordinated with each level having different responsibilities and a mechanism for cooperation. Municipal environmental enforcement teams do specific inspections in the sites and they do supervision also based on a detailed emission inventory for each source and they pass the serious cases to the state level. So from the municipal level serious cases are getting passed to the state level. What are the municipal enforcement teams doing? They are doing inspections and supervision. So these are some of the points which increases the efficiency in regulating the emission of air pollution. And the final one the last one is a set of measures which involves doing independent evaluations and once in a while reviewing the air quality management system and conducting quantitative assessments of the pollution reduction effects in the selected areas. Adding to this analyzing new challenges there is no assurance that the challenges will stay the same. New challenges will keep on coming so once in a while you have to analyze new challenges also and providing recommendations for enabling further improvement in air quality and finally building public support. So that's it for the article. Let's have a quick recap. We saw the similarities between two cities in addressing the urban air pollution which involved three stages. First one is end of pipe approach. The second stage is targeting primary pollutants and the third stage is targeting secondary pollutants. And with that as a base we saw the control measures taken in Beijing which are having strong monitoring capacity and the idea of smart cities that provide more space for public transport. Thirdly providing an alternative or supporting an alternative which is the use of electric vehicles. Fourth one is increasing the efficiency in regulating the emission of air pollution involving enforcement teams in the municipal and state level. And finally doing independent evaluations, reviewing the management system, conducting quantitative assessments of the effects in selected areas, analyzing new challenges, providing recommendations and building public support. So the discussion is important from the mind's perspective. From Prilam's perspective we will understand about national green tribunal very briefly. NGT is an open court established under national green tribunal act 2010. NGT has necessary expertise to handle all civil cases relating to environmental issues. It is guided by the principles of natural justice. Natural justice is nothing but to make a sensible and reasonable decision making procedure on a particular issue. The decision of the tribunal has binding power and it can be reviewed by itself and it can be challenged before Supreme Court also. Now let's see the functions of NGT. NGT disposes cases relating to environmental protection, conservation of forests and other natural resources. It enforces any legal right relating to environment. It has the power to give relief in the form of compensation for affected persons. So who all constitute NGT? The tribunal is headed by a Char person and it has at least 10 but not more than 20 judicial members and it also has at least 10 and not more than 20 expert members. Moving on we'll see some of the statutes covered under NGT. The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1974. The Water Prevention and Control of Pollution CIS Act 1977. The Forest Conservation Act 1980. The Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act 1981. The Environment Protection Act 1986. The Public Liability Insurance Act 1991. The Biological Diversity Act 2002. NGT has not been vested with powers to hear any matter relating to Wildlife Protection Act 1972 and the Indian Forest Act 1927. So that's it for the National Green Tribunal. Let's have a quick recap. What all we saw? We saw Water's National Green Tribunal and the Act under which it was established and the guiding principles of NGT which is nothing but principle of natural justice and finally we saw that the decision of the tribunal has binding power but also it can be challenged before Supreme Court and after that we saw the functions of NGT which disposes cases relating to environmental protection, enforces any legal right relating to environment and it gives relief in form of compensation for affected persons and after that we saw the composition which included chairperson, judicial members and expert members and we saw some of the statutes covered under NGT Act. So with this we have come to the end of our discussion. Let's move on to the next article. Now let us take up this news article. It reports about a statement made by Union Culture Minister. As per the statement the 1817 Paika Rebellion of Odisha is to be included as a case study in the class 8 of NCRT history textbook. So the Union Culture Minister is saying that the 1817 Paika Rebellion of Odisha should be included in history textbook of class 8. So this is the news here. Now in this context let's learn about Paika Rebellion. So Paikas meaning food soldiers were a class of military retinus. They were recruited by the kings in Odisha since the 16th century. The Paikas came from a variety of social groups and they rendered martial services in return for hereditary rent-free land called Nishkar Jagirs and Titles. So in exchange for rent-free land which is called as Nishkar Jagirs and for Titles they offered martial services. So to put it simply they were peasant militias of Gajabati rulers of Odisha. These Paikas they rendered military services to the king during times of war and they were doing cultivation during times of peace but this setup got disturbed with the arrival of British. Let me explain this in detail. See the rulers of Kurda were the traditional custodians of Jagannath temple and they symbolized the political and cultural freedom of Odisha people. In 1803 the Britishers who had their influence over Bengal and Madras provinces which is to the north and south of Odisha the Britishers who had their influence over Bengal and Madras provinces occupied Odisha and it was easy for them because Odisha is situated in the middle and Bengal is to the north and Madras is to the south of Odisha and with their advent and colonial rule they started to bring in new land revenue settlements. At that time the Gajapati king of Odisha was Mukunda Deva too but he was a minor then so he couldn't do much. So the initial resistance against the British was carried out by Jai Rajguru. Rajguru was the custodian of Mukunda Deva too but then this initial rebellion was put down brutally and following this the paikas under Bakshi Jagabandhu rose in rebellion against the British in March 1817 and this rebellion was quite serious and it began spreading quickly to other parts of Odisha province. See this person Bakshi Jagabandhu is the hereditary chief of the militia army of Gajapati king and for this rebellion they also took support from the tribals and other sections of society. They enjoyed support of the Rajas of Kanika, Kujang, Nayagar, Gumsar as well as Jamindas, village heads and ordinary peasants. So these Rajas of Kanika, Kujang, Nayagar, Gumsar and Jamindas, village heads and ordinary peasants they all supported paikas in the rebellion against the British. During the rebellion the paikas attacked British symbols of power and they set fire to police stations, administrative offices and the treasury. The British were initially taken aback and they phased stiff resistance from the rebelling paikas. However at the end British finally managed to defeat them within three months. The British suppressed this event by killing and imprisoning many people and many more were tortured and the leader Bakshi Jagabandhu was finally arrested in the year 1825 and he died in captivity in 1829. See this event holds great significance in Odisha and the paika Bidroha enjoys occult status in Odisha with children growing up with the stories of brave fight against the British. And also know that the foundation stone for the paika memorial to commemorate the 200 years of paika rebellion is laid at the bottom of Barunai hill in Odisha's Kuda district. So that's it for the article, let's have a quick recap. We saw who are paikas they are food soldiers who were a class of military retainers. So what did they do? They were offering martial services in return for rent-free land which is called as Nishkar Jagis and for titles. They were the peasant militias of Gajapati rulers of Odisha. So what was the matter of contestation here? After the arrival of British they using the influence over Bengal and Madras provinces occupied Odisha and started bringing in new land revenue settlements. So the paikas under the leadership of Baxi Jagabandhu rose in rebellion against the British. They attacked the British symbols of power and they set fire to police stations, administrative officers and treasury but at the end British managed to defeat them within three months. The leader was arrested in the year 1825 and he died in captivity in 1829. So the article is important from Prillam's perspective. With the learnt points in mind let's move on to the next article. Now let us take up this opyr article. See recently the National Family Health Survey Fai was released according to it the total fertility rate of India is found to be 2 and this particular article is written in this backdrop. See the article here is basically an interview between two eminent persons and they discuss the kind of approach to be adopted by our government when it comes to population control. Now in this context let us see the important points that are mentioned here. The syllabus covered by this article is highlighted here for your reference. First of all let us have a brief understanding about total fertility rate and then we'll move on to the main discussion. See TFR which is total fertility rate is the number of children a woman would have in the course of her life. In other words it can be defined as the average number of children that would be born to a woman if she experiences the current fertility pattern throughout her reproductive span that is between 15 to 49 years. So in this period in this reproductive span which is 15 to 49 years if we see how many children a woman is having that gives you the fertility rate. Note that this indicator shows the potential for population change in our country. So as per the National Family Health Survey Fai this TFR is said to be 2 and this marks a decrease from the 2.2 rate in the National Family Health Survey 4. So the total fertility rate has been decreased from 2.2 to 2.0 in National Family Health Survey Fai. See two main reasons have contributed to this decline. The first one is the unmet need for family planning as per the World Health Organization. To explain this briefly know that women with unmet needs are those who are fertile and sexually active but are not using any method of contraception. Generally such women report not wanting to have any more children or they report that they are wanting to delay the next child. So this concept here explains the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. For example as per NFHS4 women on average wanted 1.8 children and it also said that one child is wanted per 8 women. This shows the extent of unmet need. The second contributing factor is education. At most instances women with better education were found to have fewer children. This shows that education is the best contraceptive bill. See education will help you take informed decisions so it is very crucial to promote education to have a better population policy. See this fertility decline is obviously a good sign but it doesn't mark the end of our population policy. We'll see why is that because the population policy is not just limited to fertility control policy. It is also about mortality and migration. So in other words it can be said that the three components of population growth are fertility control, mortality and migration. So they all need to be focused holistically and equally. Whenever we think about population control one major thing that comes to our mind is the population control law or drastic measures such as two child norm proposed by Uttar Pradesh and Assam. The article here has throwed some light on this issue. According to the speaker here India has to move away from such coercive population control measures and to substantiate this argument the speaker here gives two reasons. First is that this goal of population control can be achieved even in the absence of strict population control measures. For example states like Kerala and Tamil Nadu have achieved the TFR of 2.0 and that too they have done this without coercion that is without any strict measures. So if they can do it even other states can also do this. So this is the first reason. Secondly, reason is migration. See in India we have a lot of internal migration happening between different states. For example migrants from Bihar and Uttar Pradesh are already moving to southern parts. This shows that the migration in our country can balance India's population even without strict population control policies. Moving on further in the second part of the article the speakers talk about some effective population policy measures and have to be adopted in the long run. Now let's see them one by one. See in India, younger girls have least access to family planning services. This results in high teenage pregnancies. This problem should be addressed first. So in this regard efforts should be taken to increase the age of marriage and also to promote women education since it contributes to their own empowerment and growth. Like I said education will provide you with information and help you take informed decisions. The second and the most important thing is family planning. See India launched its national program for family planning in 1952 and as per the speaker in this article despite being the oldest family planning program it fails to be the best or even an average program. The quality of family planning services needs a lot of improvement in India. Know that India's family planning program started with the cafeteria approach which is nothing but you can go and ask them what they have and then you can choose from the available options. Just like going into the cafeteria and seeing what are the options available and choosing from the available options. But this is not the case now. At present there is only sterilization and they hardly promote any other methods. So due to this many couples are using abortion as a contraceptive method despite knowing its associated health impacts. In fact in India the abortion related mortality is close to eight percentage. Therefore instead of just focusing on sterilization we should make efforts to propagate temporary methods of contraception among men and women like having a contraceptive pill or using condoms etc. And we need to have more innovations in the family planning programs and after that comes the need for a behavioral change. On that line the sex education should be promoted and awareness recognizing the overuse of female sterilization and its adverse impact on women health should be spread. And we should also start educating women since some do not want their husbands to be sterilized. Then as the speaker points India has a strong preference for sons and a kind of aversion for daughters. This also leads to population growth. So this notion has to be changed and finally better budget allocation and careful spending of the allocated funds is also a viable option in this regard. So these are the most important measures advocated by our speakers here. So to conclude we need to recognize that India is going to keep growing because of its young population and these young populations need access to contraception more than family planning and enabling that will help us achieve in converting family planning into family welfare. With this we have come to the end of this article discussion. Let's have a quick recap. We saw what is TFR which is total fertility rate and TFR is nothing but the number of children a woman would have in the course of her reproductive span which is 15 to 49 years. And we also saw that there is a decline in the total fertility rate compared to the previous national health survey which is four and at present the total fertility rate is 2.0 according to national family health survey five. And we saw the two major reasons contributed to the decline of the TFR discussed by the speakers in the article which is the gap between women's reproductive intentions and their contraceptive behavior. And the second factor is education. So these two factors contributed for the decline in TFR. And we also saw the three components of population growth which are fertility control, mortality and migration. And following that we saw why we should move away from coercive population control measures. Under that we saw two points supporting the statement which are even in the absence of strict control measures population control can be achieved. And other one is migration that too in India a lot of internal migration is happening between different states so this balances the Indian population. And finally we saw some effective population policy measures. Younger girls have leased access to family planning services that should be addressed and the age of marriage should be increased and women education should be promoted. And after that we saw about family planning. And we spoke about the efforts to propagate temporary methods of contraception among men and women instead of sterilization. And after that we saw about the need for a behavioral change. For that education should be promoted and awareness about the adverse impact of women's health should be spread. And finally as an effective population policy measure we saw budget allocation and careful spending of the allocated funds as a viable option. See that is one another important angle towards this whole issue that is the replacement level which is 2.1 as defined by the UN population division. Basically it means that every woman has to have 2.1 children if a country wants to replace its dying population. For the first time in India the total fertility rate is below the replacement level. We saw that the total fertility rate at present is 2.0 which is lower than the replacement level which is 2.1. See the trend of opting out is growing among couples nowadays which means choosing not to have baby. It also has some scary consequences. We'll see what are they. Think about this. The lesser the number of babies, the lesser the number of people joining the workforce and in turn the lesser the output the GDP and the economic growth. Know that Japan is also facing such a similar problem with the increasing older population and decreasing young population 38 percentage of the population will be people aged 65 and older by 2065 in Japan. It is also said that Japan has the highest amount of public death in the world because of the low fertility rates and aging population. This is to finance the social sector schemes and when it comes to China, China had the disastrous one child policy in the late 1970s to limit the population growth and again in 2016 it came up with two child policy and again in 2021 it brought up three child policy. So instead of changing the numbers what can be done by the countries is they can have more family friendly policies better government run schools make workplaces more flexible for mothers and they can also enhance maternity and paternity leaves and finally they can acknowledge the decision of having a child is a matter of choice. So with this we saw different angles of population control measures and population policy measures. With the learned points in mind let's wind up this article discussion and we'll move on to the next part of our discussion. See I have given here a couple of prelims questions so that we can practice what we have discussed so far. Let's see them one by one the first question is consider the following statements with reference to national green tribunal. Statement one the NGT's decision is final and there is no provision for appeal in the Supreme Court. Second statement is NGT is a constitutional body and the third statement is the decisions of NGT are not binding. So try to recall and answer and analyze whether these statements are right or wrong. So try to recall what we have discussed in the article discussion and try to answer this question and before that read here which of the statements given above this or are incorrect. So while addressing a question you have to be very careful see what they have asked. So here they have asked for incorrect options so we'll discuss the statements one by one the statement one the NGT's decision is final and there is no provision for appeal in the Supreme Court. We saw in our discussion that NGT's order can be challenged in the Supreme Court so the statement one is incorrect. Coming to statement two NGT is a constitutional body. Think about it is it a constitutional body? No. See NGT is established under the Act National Green Tribunal Act 2010. So what does it mean? It means NGT is a statutory body. It is established under an Act. So here statement two is also incorrect. The decisions of NGT are not binding. Here again we saw in our discussion that NGT's decisions are binding and it can provide relief also to the affected persons. So to summarize all these statements are wrong. What is the question? The question is to identify incorrect statements. So all the above is the answer here. Option D all the above is the answer here. Moving on the next question is in the context of PICA Rebellion consider the following statements. We'll go through the statement one by one. PICA's where a class of cavalry soldiers recruited by the kings of Odisha since the 16th century. PICA's rendered military service to the king during times of war and took up cultivation during times of peace. The PICA's under Mukunda Deva too rose in rebellion against the British in March 1817. So which of the following statements given above is or are incorrect? Here again this question is about incorrect statements. So we'll discuss the statements one by one. Statement one. They were a class of cavalry soldiers. Are they? No. They were foot soldiers. Cavalry soldiers or soldiers who fought on horseback. So PICA's were foot soldiers. So the statement is wrong here. Second statement is they rendered military service to the king during times of war and took up cultivation during times of peace. This statement is correct. We have seen the statement in the discussion also. The third statement the PICA's under Mukunda Deva too rose in rebellion against the British in March 1817. This statement here again is incorrect because Mukunda Deva too he was a minor then. So he couldn't do much. The PICA's under the leadership of Bakshi Jagabandhu. They only rose in rebellion against the British. So here statement one and statement three they both are incorrect. So what is the correct option here? It is option C 1 and 3. I've given here some main questions for your practice. So interested candidates please write it and post it in the comment section. I'll evaluate them. Also if you have any doubts regarding the discussion or if you want me to discuss any topic post that also in the comment section. I'll discuss them in the upcoming sessions. So with that we have come to the end of a discussion. If you find the video useful please like share and comment and do subscribe to the Shankar Aya's Academy's YouTube channel for further updates. Thank you.