 Hello, I welcome you all once again to my channel Explore Education and I am Dr. Rashmi Singh, Assistant Professor, Department of Education, S.S. Khanna Girls to be College, University of Allahabad. And it is my email ID and the lecture will be in bilingual mode and will be useful for various competitive teaching examinations as well as for your general and professional courses like BA, MA and MA in education. Okay. So, schools of psychology. Today's topic is the sub-heading of schools of psychology. I have spoken to you on cognitivism, on constructivism, on behaviourism, on gestural psychology. Structuralism and functionalism were left out. I have been wanting to talk about structuralism and functionalism for a long time. So, today's topic is Structuralism and functionalism means Sanratnaval and Prakarevad, the most initial schools of psychology. Okay. So, let's start with structuralism. When psychology first emerged as a science, separate from biology and philosophy, the debate over how to describe and explain the human mind and behaviour began. The different schools of psychology represent the major theories based in psychology. The first school of thought, structuralism was at the advocated by the founder of the first psychology lab, Wilhelm Wundt. When we were reading the history of psychology, we talked a lot about Wilhelm Wundt, that he first created the psychology lab in 1889 and is the founder of structuralism, which is the first school of thought in psychology discipline. So what is structuralism? It is widely regarded as the first school of thought in psychology. This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic component. But what is the name of this? So this is why it is mentioned that how this outlook, this school looks at the mental processes. Our mental processes have to be broken down in the most basic components. Wundt's ideas form the basis of the first school of thought in psychology known as structuralism. In reality though, it was one of Wundt's students, Edward B. Skinner, who formally established this psychological school of thought. Wilhelm Wundt is his main student. His idea of the mental processes, his structure, how they can be broken into basic components. But his students are mainly made up of structuralism. Structuralism as a name suggests, was centered on investigating the structure of the mind. So think, this is the first school of thought in psychology. And he is talking about the structure of the mind, that we have to take out its structure and break it down. Wundt believed that psychology should focus on breaking down consciousness into its basic elements. Wundt believed that psychology should focus on breaking down consciousness into its basic elements. The idea of building a specific structure of something as abstract and dynamic as the mind may seem absurd to many today. But today, if we are talking about how to break down the mind, human beings, which is static, static is not your mind. Every moment it is changing, its thoughts are changing. It is so abstract, it is not concrete. So it is absurd to know, but you have to keep in mind that this is the first school of psychology. So these are the things that are necessary. Yet structuralists were confident that not only could they accomplish this goal, but that they could do so scientifically. Despite that, the structuralists were confident that they could do the nurse service very well, but they could also do it scientifically. Wundt advanced the technique of introspection as a scientific tool that would enable researchers to unveil the structure of the mind. Wundt believed that when you have studied methods of psychology, introspection was the first method that was taught in psychology. Since introspection was the first school of structuralism, introspection was the first method. Wundt said that introspection should be used as a scientific tool, and with that, we can break the structure of the mind, the mind's structure, and unveil it. The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down into their most basic elements. The focus of structuralism's structure, the main focus of the main focus, which is the most emphasis on the fact that mental processes have to be broken into the most basic elements. The structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind. And when the structuralists did it, they used introspection as a technique to analyze the inner processes of the human mind. The introspective experimental technique used by the structuralists involved having trained observers. It didn't mean that we can do introspection or you can do it. They said that we have to train introspection through which we can study our inner processes and scientifically do it. Usually, this approach is also known as experimental self-observation. That is, we are observing our self, but we are doing it logically and scientifically. Experimentals like Wundt trained people to analyze their thoughts as carefully and objectively as possible. And Wundt trained a lot of people on how they can develop their mental processes through the analysis of its component infrastructure by adopting introspection as the main technique. Structure is panning all the way in our mind. Don't mind it. So, they said that if we adopt introspection through the analysis of its component infrastructure, then we can do it. According to structuralists, the main objective of psychology is to study and understand the structure of the human mind by analyzing mental experience and discovery. And the main objective of structuralists is to understand the structure of the human mind in various elements in which they are compounded. They said that the main objective of psychology, of mental science is to study and understand the structure of the human mind. How? We analyze and discover our mental experience. A lot of the facts will come out and the methods will come out from which they are formed. The mind is the sum total of various mental experiences. They are saying that what is the mind? There is nothing else. In fact, our mental experiences are very different. They have yoga. And the consciousness is the sum total of mental experiences that they give in time. And they are saying that what is the mind? In a time, the mental experiences we have are their sum total. So, if we talk about structuralism, then we can understand that it doesn't sound very scientifically, it doesn't sound scientifically. But this is the first rule of thought. We shouldn't forget this. This is how it all started. So, it is a big thing in itself. Contributions to education. How did structuralism contribute to education? It emphasized the systematic observation of the activities of the learner under controlled learning conditions. They are saying that you can observe, systematically, scientifically, and objectively. So, this taught us and it is an experimental method for studying human behavior, experimental introspection. Then it is teaching us an experimental method. It initiated the spirit of science of experimentation in the field of education. Or, Wound and his followers helped to establish psychology as an independent experimental science. And their emphasis on scientific method of inquiry remains a key aspect of the research today. Even today, if you study the main method of psychology, it will teach you an experimental method. That is, you can obviously handle things in a controlled condition. Then, functionalism will come. Functionalism formed as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James. William James From the point of view of American scholar William James, structuralist was sorely misguided. He says that it felt that the structures were completely misguided. They were lost in the past. They were saying that the mind is fluid, it's not stable. Consciousness is ongoing, it's not static. It's changing all the time. It's changing all the time. When it's not stable, how can you break the structure of it? Can you study its structure? Can you break it in small pieces? So, attempts to study the structure of the mind would therefore be futile at worst and frustrating at best. They are saying that no matter how much you try, you can't achieve it. A more futile and never they argued, they even said that it's better than this that you come and say, would be to study the function as opposed to the structure of the mind. They are saying that it's better than this that you don't study the structure of the mind, but study the work of it. That's why this philosophy, this school of thought, is called functionalism. It's called in Hindi as prakaryavad. Function in this sense can mean one of two things. Function means two levels of functionalism. First, how the mind operates. First, we have to see how the mind works. That is how the mind operates. That is how the elements of the mind work together. Second, how mental processes promote adaptation. First, we have to see how the mind works. Second, we have to see how mental practices promote adaptation. It functions on the mind's functions and adaptations. Instead of focusing on the mental processes themselves, functionalist thinkers were interested in the role that these processes play. They are saying that if they do processes on the mind, they will break it into pieces. Don't do the process. How are these processes being done on the mind? Indian functionalists approach, for example, instead of trying to understand the underlying processes that cause mental state, the focus would be on understanding the function that those states are. What are the processes? How are they creating the mental state? There is no emphasis on functionalism. Rather, what are they working on? Those mental processes. That is, they have emphasis on the structure of the function. That is why there is structuralism and functionalism. That is why you may be sounding more objective or more scientific. The work of the mind should be done. We don't have to do the work of the mind because it is not static. It is in the ongoing state. What is the purpose of functionalism? What is the purpose of functionalism? What is the purpose of functionalism? What is the purpose of functionalism? Where is structuralism concerned? The elements that make up consciousness. How was structuralism taken? How was it done? What is the purpose of the mind? According to functionalism, the aim of psychology is the study of what for and what of mental process. That is, what are the processes and how does it work? How does it work? It is concerned with the nature. There is a mistake in the spelling. See, it has been developed in nature. It has been developed in function. Don't mind it. It is concerned with the even concerned given spelling. It is concerned with the nature and functions of mental processes which emphasises how these processes work. Functionalists believe that the mind and body are intrinsic. See, in the end, this is the spelling of intrinsically. One, two, they appear as distinct elements. I am so sorry. They say that in functionalism, the aim of psychology is what for and what of mental process. Here we have to look at the nature and function of mental process. How is it working? Functionalists believe that the mind and body are intrinsically one, two, they appear as distinct. They are one. We see them in different ways. Thus, while the structuralist asks what happens when we engage in mental activity, functionalists are more concerned with how it happens and why. Structuralist's emphasis is on what is happening in the mind and what is happening in the body. Functionalists are asking how it happens and why it happens. It is important. What is the contribution of functionalism and what is the contribution of functionalism? Functionalism revolutionized the curriculum by replacing theoretical, overloaded curriculum with practical approaches. Functionalism gave utmost importance to learning by doing and developed activity-oriented methods like project methods for teaching and learning. It gave birth to utility theory and theory of education. While the structuralist established psychology as a pure science, functionalists broadened this narrow focus of psychology to real-world problems. He taught us how to solve practical problems and reduced theoretical overload. He taught us learning by doing and developed an activity-based utility theory. While the structuralist taught us how to apply psychology to the real-world problem study, he taught us how to apply psychology to the real-world problem study. Okay. So, I will go through one more slide. So, this is the end of the topic and discussion on structuralism and functionalism. Since it has started, it won't ask you much about theory. But objectively, where the question is coming, it can be asked in multiple choice questions which was the first thought. Who made it? Will Hammond made it. What else did Will Hammond make? He made the first psychology lab in 1879. Who made it? He made it. Mental processes are being broken here. What method are they telling? They are telling in the introspection. And what is functionalism doing? Functionalism is saying, don't know what mental process is. How does it work? This is more important. This is more important. And its function is on emphasis. And its values are also in the same way. Okay. So, I have discussed all the psychology of the school. But psychoanalysis, I have also discussed the fried food. So, now I can say that I have discussed everything. School of psychology, structuralism, functionalism, behavioralism, constructivism, cognitiveism, gestalt, psychoanalysis. And even I have studied the results in psychology and personality theory. So, you can say that the approach of humanity is also there. Okay. And happy learning to all of you. And don't forget to like and subscribe to my channel. And I have done for myself. Okay.