 This paper provides an overview of the discovery and potential therapies based on different types of stem cells, highlighting the importance of laboratory steps such as controlled culturing and derivation, quality control, and teratoma formation assays. The use of graphene scaffolds and extracellular vesicle-based therapies are also discussed, with challenges to their acceptance worldwide being highlighted. Overall, stem cell therapy holds great promise in modern medicine for the treatment of untreatable diseases. This article was authored by Roy Chekzochewski, Moche Dobrinsky, Maria Simonowich, and others.