 Dear viewers, welcome to the very first demonstration of PFRES apparatus being used in an electronic circuit. Starting with the various names of the parameters, I like to say this is the function generator, this is the CL, that is the cathode tray of oscilloscope, this is one more function generator, this is a dual power supply, this is a multimeter and on which we generally mount all the components is known as the flatwood. Let us first concentrate in one of the most important apparatus of electronics that is known as the CRO, that is the cathode tray of oscilloscope. Let us look into it in detail. This CRO is known as the cathode oscilloscope in which a CRT screen is being used. In this, we have two channels, channel 1, channel 2. Why these two channels are there? In channel 1, you can give one input, in the channel 2, you can give the other input and in this screen, you can compare both the inputs. Let us go into more detail what this channel 1, 2 and what this channel 2 do. If you can look into it, see there are various buttons over here and one is known as the input over here written. So, this where we use a P and C both side KB, which is known as the CRO KB. We use this connector over here in connecting this input. Now, when this is connected in the input, whatever is coming in this side will be shown on this screen. So, let us begin with the other things like what is ground, what is AC, DC, what is this inward, what is this white post. Let me give you example using this function generator so that the different buttons used in this CRO can be clear to you. I am using this function generator. Here it is written something called output. So, from this output means this function generator whatever it is generating will be output from this button and will be coming through this Y into the CRO. So, let us connect it over. Now, you will are explaining you both the function generator as well as CRO together. How a signal is being generated using a function generator and how a signal is being viewed using a CRO. Let us on it. This is CRO F1, this is the function generator I have got. Now, initially it is initialize its settings then it will come to the normal state. Now, you can see that it is in the normal state. Now, as I say the function generator generates a signal. What kind of signal it generates? There are various signal that a function generator can generate. It may be a sinusoidal wave, it may be a triangular wave, it may be a square wave, it may be a pulse, it may be a ram. So, let us take an example of generating a sinusoidal wave of 10 kilohertz. So, how can we set this function generator to generate a sinusoidal wave of 10 kilohertz and the amplitude of suppose 2 volt. So, first you go to this button called frequency. When I press this frequency, you are getting this is FREQ which denotes frequency and is saying that right now this frequency that is generated by this function generator is 26 kilohertz. By using this knob, you can vary the generated frequency. So, I am making it suppose a frequency of 30 kilohertz and next there is one more button called amplitude. Now, you can see it is ampere denoting amplitude and you can see it is right now generating amplitude of 10 volt. Using the same knob, you can vary the amplitude. See it is varying. So, suppose we are using an amplitude of 2 volts. So, right now I am generating a sinusoidal wave it is say SIN called sinusoidal. Frequency is 30 kilohertz and amplitude is 2.004. So, whatever is been generated here, let us see whether that is been received here or not. Some of the other things I like to explain together with the function generator is that there is a called function this button. When you change this function, you have to watch this SIN. When I am pressing it, now this is TRI that means you are generating a triangular wave. Next, I am pressing SQR that means you are generating a square wave. Next, when I press this, it says Ramp P means you are generating a ramp signal. If I press again, it says Ramp P with minus sign that says that you are generating a minus ramp signal. Again, when I press it, it says PLS that called pulse as here there is no sign that means a positive pulse. When I press it again, there is a negative that means it has negative pulse. When I press it again, it is called DC. DC means direct current signal. It is a negative DC signal being generated by this function generator which amplitude is 5 volt. Now, we all know that DC do not have frequency. So, that is why when it is DC, there is no option of frequency. Again when I press it, we are coming normal to the screen wave. All the parameters are shown that frequency is this much. It is a sinusoidal wave of amplitude 2 4. So, 3 buttons are most important. One is to set the frequency, one to set the amplitude. It hurts to choose the function you are going to generate and this to vary the different amplitudes or the frequency. So, let us see whether this has been generated over here or not. When you want to see the signal over here and suppose you have connected this wire to the channel 1, you have to first select that this button. It says that this is triggering 1 slash 2 or in the upper part it says CH 1 slash 2 that means CH 0's channel whether you are in channel 1 or channel 2. When you do not press it when it is in the upper part, it says that you are in the channel 1. So, this screen will be generating things or been viewing things which is put in this channel 1. When I press this, this says that now this screen will be showing what you have put over here. So, right now I have connected this to channel 1. So, I have made this mode to channel 1. Now, I have to search the signal because whatever is generated, this has to be seen over here. Now I have to search the signal in this screen. First of all, I will use this button called ground called GD. When I press this ground, you have seen there comes a reference line. We have to set this line using this Y pose. Y pose means Y position. Y position changes the position of this line in the Y direction. It is this way. When I am moving, it is changing the position. So, when I press this ground, I have to set this line in this black line you have seen. It is a little dense line. I have to set this over here. After setting this over here, I have to release this ground. Now, I have given an amplitude of 2 volt, but I am not able to see my signal. So, I have to set this norm and this norm. This is the magnification of the amplitude and this is the magnification of the frequency. As my magnification may be too large, that is why this signal is not coming on this screen. So, what I have to do? I have to minimize my magnification. So, I am minimizing it. So, I am getting something. So, as I have kept this connected output to the input of this ear, now I have to search my signal. It is coming some signal, but it is not clear. I have put here what? A sinusoidal. So, this signal also should look like a sinusoidal, but it is not looking like. So, either the frequency is too high or the frequency is too low. In that case, it is moving over here. So, let us change its time period. If I change this time period and try to get the signal, we are getting the signal. But we are applying a sinusoidal. What we are getting a sinusoidal. Here this part from this y axis is known as the amplitude of the signal and this x axis is known as the time period in which the signal is repeating its cycle. Using this time period, we can determine the frequency of a sinusoidal wave. All of us know that. So, as you can see, this signal is moving. So, here we have that one feature of this CRO that you can make this signal hold. It is called the hold off. Using this hold off, what I am doing? I am making this signal stop so that we can calculate the time period. So, this L is what? As I said, it is the magnification of the amplitude. So, this button does not changes the magnitude of the signal, but it just changes the view. It is same here. 2 volt is coming. Here also it is 2 volt, but I am changing the view. It is a magnifying glass kind of thing. So, as I have changed the view, let it be somewhere here. I am taking this as my proper view and making this signal a stable using hold off. I am going to calculate different parameters of this signal. Two parameters are most important. One is the amplitude, the other is the frequency. How to calculate the frequency using this CRO? You can see that this whole screen of the CRO is divided into various blocks. And each block is again divided into various small blocks. So, this is called one block. If I show it using a stand, this entire is one block and one block is divided into 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 small blocks. So, in 5 small blocks means each block is 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1. So, each block is 0.2 small block and the entire is 1. So, the 1 entire block is divided into 5 small units of 0.2. So, now calculate this amplitude. The most easiest feature in this CRO is this xy. What this xy do? When we press it, it simply compresses the x axis. Because when we say amplitude, we are not concerned about this x axis. We are concerned about the y axis. So, I press this x axis, this xy. So, it compresses the x axis. We are concerned about only y axis. So, now let us count this. How many blocks this line is taking? If you feel like this is not countable, using this y pose adjust it properly. Suppose this make this black line as the reference line and just set it at this line and then start counting from there. So, if I count from here, reset it properly. If I count from here, you can see that it is 1 entire block. Then it is again going up till how much? It is near about 1.9. So, from 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, it is around 1.9. So, if I calculate this amplitude, I will show you how to calculate the amplitude. If I say amplitude a, this amplitude a is equal to what? Is equal to the number of blocks. That was how. Now, we are going to calculate the amplitude. So, how to calculate the amplitude? As I already told you to press this xy, where this will be compressed and now we are going to count the number of blocks. After counting the number of blocks, we found that this is 1.9. So, this amplitude will be equal to 1.9. That is the number of blocks into why this 1? This is 1 because here this knob is at 1. So, the magnification you are using is 1. So, I have made 1.9 into 1, which is equal to what? 1.9 volts. So, why this volt is there? Because here you can see from this bigger gap till this bigger gap. You have different magnification units with their value of volts. See v is written. So, this v is denoting volts. From this bigger gap to this bigger gap in the right hand side, you can see this is mv called millivolts. That is why whenever this knob in this range, we have to use the unit volts. When this knob is from here to here somewhere in between, you have to use the unit millivolts. So, in total we are getting the amplitude to be 1.9 into 1, which is the magnification is equal to 1.9 the unit is volts. So, you have the amplitude of 1.9 volts, but we were giving how much amplitude? 2 volts. So, this 2 volts is coming down over here 1.9 volts. Why the difference is there? You might have heard about different resistance losses. So, this wire has some resistance. You are using a big wire. So, this wire has various resistance. So, what happened whatever is been generated due to the resistance of this wire, some part has been dropped here. So, exactly 2 volt is not coming, a small error that has been dropped here and 1.9 volt is coming. So, this is how we calculate the amplitude. Now, moving to the next and I am releasing this as well, we are moving to how to calculate the frequency. To calculate the frequency, we should know the time period. So, first again it is moving. So, let it be first ground, take it at the center release the ground, then make it hold if it is moving. Now, to calculate the frequency we should know the time period because we define frequency as a number of cycles completed or the time taken by 1 cycle to complete its complete rotation. So, let us discuss that what is happening here. It is always calculated in x axis the time. So, here if you can see if I say 1 cycle, this is 1 cycle from if I say from here to here it is 1 cycle or from here to again coming here is 1 cycle. So, whichever way you can take whenever this signal repeats it is again whenever a signal repeats itself again that it says to be 1 cycle. From here if it coming till here means again from here it is repeating it again. So, it is called 1 complete cycle from here to here, from here to wherever you can take we have to take 1 complete cycle. So, you have to calculate here how many blocks this 1 cycle is taking to complete its repetition. So, let us calculate this if I take it will be much bigger. From here it is taking around if I calculate from here is taking around 1.3 as the number of blocks taken by 1 cycle. Now, the next parameter we are going to calculate is the frequency. How to calculate the frequency? To calculate the frequency we have to first calculate the time period. What is time period? The time period is the time taken by 1 complete cycle to complete. Here if you say 1 complete cycle that is this 1 1 complete cycle or any one which is a 1 complete cycle. So, to complete that 1 cycle what is the time taken we have to take into blocks. If you know the blocks we can using this magnification we can calculate the time taken by that particular cycle to complete its rotation. So, if I see what is the time taken by this cycle you can put here. So, this is 1 complete cycle it is almost taking 1.7 you come this scale if I come this scale from here. If you take that this is 1 cycle from this to this this is around 1.2.4.6 it is 1.7. So, it is 1.7 even say time period is 1.7 and you have to see the magnification of this time period. Now, right now you can see this is the knob this knob is at 2. So, we are using this into 2. So, this 1.7 into 2 is giving us 3.4 why I have taken milliseconds because from this gap you can see from here till this gap there is a small line the unit will be in seconds if this knob is somewhere here from here till this gap over up the unit will be millisecond if the knob is in this means from this gap till this gap if the knob is over here this then the unit will be microsecond. So, we have 3 different units in this scale seconds milliseconds and microseconds. So, as my knob here was in millisecond range. So, I have used the unit millisecond. Now, we all know the relation between frequency and time period frequency is the inverse of time period. So, I have to calculate the frequency and making it 1 by time period. What was our time period? 3.4 milliseconds. In 3.4 I have multiplied it into 10 to power minus 3 because all of us know that milli is 10 to power minus 3. So, the millisecond is now converted into second. When I divide this all I am getting 294.21 hertz and what our frequency values was 300 hertz. So, we are very near to the frequency which is generated. Again I am saying why the difference is there because of this wire. I am saying again and again that every wire you are using in electronic circuit or in electronic apparatus has some resistance. Due to that resistance the resistance may be offered to the frequency may be offered to the voltage may be offered to the current. Due to that if it is 2 volt we were getting less than 2 volt that was 1.9 and as it is twisted hertz in the frequency we are getting less than 300 hertz, but it is approximately equal to the C. So, this is how we calculate the amplitude and the frequency using a CR. The same thing can be if I change this from here and I put it over here. Now I am not getting the signal because my channel is in 1 I have to change this channel. Now my channel went to channel 2. So, now whatever is giving in this input will be shown on that screen. So, as the view is small that is why this is used to magnify the view. So, you can see the signal properly. Same way you can change the frequency and you can vary the amplitude. So, you have two channels the amplitude view for two channels are different, but the frequency view is the common for both the channel. So, this is channel 2 now it is shown here and this is channel 1 if you are giving this input here. If you want to see both the channel entry then you have to suppose I am using one more function. Now, this I have add one more function generator I have connected it to the channel 1 and the another function generator and connected to the channel 2. You can see over here that using this when it is in channel 1 you are viewing the signal which is generated from here and we are viewing here. When we make a channel 2 the frequency signal is being generated by this. When we want to see both then you have to do this you can see one signal there are two signals one is generated by this and the other is generated by this. So, you can view both the signal using this two channel CR and the frequency is same. See if I change this frequency view will frequency of both the signal are changing even this signal frequency changes and the signal which is behind the first one is also changing, but if I change this magnitude of channel 1 you will observe that only one signal amplitude is varying because this is independent of the channel 2. Even at where is this channel frequency amplitude you can see the amplitude of this signal is varying, but the behind that signal is not varying because this is independent of this. So, both are functioning independently when it comes to amplitude, but both have functioning at the same time when it comes to frequency. So, this is about that. So, there are two modes one is channel 1 2 and we can also see both there will be few things that I like to explain I would not be showing it on the CR, but what are the things one thing what is this is called intensity which increases and decreases the intensity of the signal. There is another called focus which increases the focusness see it is becoming little blurred and not very clear. So, you can increase if I say that signal change is see it will become little blurred I want to change the clarity. So, the focus is changed it is called x magnitude see x magnitude into 10 when I press it what you are seeing that my amplitude already you can say the view of my time period is been multiplied by 10. So, it is 10 times more means my one cycle needs 10 times more number of clocks to complete its rotation this is working to 10 means, but I make it to the previous here is some calibrated 0.2 volt and 2 volt this is showing the symbol of a square wave. So, this means that when you connect one wire from here and you want to view means this see yellow can also generate a square wave of 0.2 volt amplitude and a 2 volt amplitude both are there. So, this is small feature is been inbuilt in this see yellow this is not of much important the same can also be used using function generate, but you are using this already see yellow. This is a component tester it is not very important for this level because when we insert a component over here by using this component figure will get one figure over here one view that view will say whether your component is working or not. So, that is why it is a component tester dependent on the figure generally we call those figure as Lissajo figure might have heard the name of the Lissajo figure. So, what is the pattern of the figure determine in that pattern we say whether the component is working or not. I already explained you about this y movement of y right now this y and this is x is a movement of this x direction this is x y to calculate the amplitude when we moving it and this is for frequency this is for amplitude for now this is all about CRO and how it functions generally. So, I like to mention one more point about the function generator that I forgot to mention previously, but that is not like any Q kind of thing if you know now also you can relate. So, what I am to mention is that see you are right now in channel 2. So, whatever is coming in this channel will be viewed here I forgot to show you the practically use of this function. So, what when I change this function triangular right what is getting a triangular wave again I change this function square what I am getting square wave the square wave only the upper and the lower limit is shown the line connecting the upper and lower limit is not been shown in this here the upper and the lower. So, it represents a square wave again when I change the function it is a ramp you know this is called the ramp signal this is in first that direction your tiltness is on the right hand side when I change the function again it say negative ramp you can see previously it was on the right hand side the tiltness now your tiltness is on the left hand side. So, it is a negative ramp next when I change the function again a pulse. So, it is giving a small pulse this is 1 pulse 2nd pulse 3rd pulse small small pulse. And again I change the function it is giving a negative pulse before this pulse is were on the positive side now the Now, the pulses are on the negative side. When I again change the function, you are getting a DC. Now, to see this DC as this signal is coming on this channel 2, I have to change this mode as the AC and DC. To that when it is up, it is AC, when I press it, it is in DC. So, you can see how many volt DC minus 5 volt. Now, I should get one from here as I am making the mode this is DC 5.0 volts, when I think this is the amplitude magnification, I have increased it. From this reference you have to calculate. So, from this reference if you calculate this is 1, then 0.2, 0.4, 1.5, 1.5 into how much? 0.2. It is saying 0.35. So, you can calculate the function DC. So, we all know that DC do not have frequency, though it is a straight line. And as the other signal like this is having frequency, so it is a not a straight line. So, when DC comes, it is a straight line, when DC does not come, it is a sinusoidal or any signal having frequency. So, by changing this function, we are getting different signals over here. So, this is how the function is being viewed here and you can use different channels or the CRO to view the whatever this function generated is generating and what this is viewing. So, at the end in the conclusion I can say that this is a source, this is the eye of electronic engineer, eye means where we view things. So, this is viewing all the signals being generated by this source on the eye of the CRO. Thank you for watching this video.