 Thank you very much, Mr. Simba. Simba is easier to pronounce in Swahili. As I say, I come from a research institution called PWA in Tanzania, where we basically do policy research on various development issues. Now in this case we are also a country study for learning to compete project. Where we have actually already done a survey of about 84 firms, and here what I will be presenting are the highlights of the results. But I will give the background of the Tanzanian industrial sector in order to put it into context in what we have just found. So I will quickly go through the presentation. Which I understand is 13 minutes because it could easily be misheard as 30 minutes, but 13 minutes each I believe. In the early 1960s, emphasis in Tanzanian industry was made as part of growth and structural change initiative. The colonial pattern of import substitution was continued largely in the processing of human goods. However, from about 1967, that's about six years down the road after independence, the state actually took an active role in industrialization based on import substitution industrialization started by nationalization of whatever small industries there and new industries from there on actually were established under state organizations. And foreign investment came only mainly as minor partners, but mainly as management agents in the para-state organizations. So heavy industrialization was actually not heavy in the absolute sense, but a lot of emphasis was put in the place, the capacity for industrial establishments along the import substitution arrangement. However, in the early 1980s, there was a crisis which actually hit the capacity for industrial development. So it was associated with the shortage of foreign exchange, with the shortage of intermediate inputs, low capacity utilization. So this was a crisis period where you saw industrial growth actually decelerating even negative. In the macroeconomic reforms privatization, trade liberalization which took place in the 80s, we saw the main impact of that being de-industrialization. And in one sector where Tanzania was actually emphasized we saw a decline where 22 out of 24 textile factories were actually closed, largely because of import liberalization, trade liberalization which was done without any protection to the infant industries which were there. Some of them were inefficient, they should have gone, but many of them were infant in the sense that arrangements should have been made to manage the trade liberalization but to not manage it. So even those who survived, we saw industrial shallowing, that they moved from more complex to less complex industrial activities in the process. Clothing for instance, they went back to doing sort of grey materials spinning and not finished products in that sense. This lasted for about 10 years. So in around 1996 there was a deliberate effort now to make a comeback to industrial development. So the sustainable industrial development program was put in place in 1996 at a 25-year program which aimed to revive industrialization. Priority being placed on employment creation, economic transformation, equitable development and striking the balance between import substitution and export development. The private sector also is recognized as the main vehicle for making direct investments as opposed to state investments in the 1970s. In 1999 Vision 205 recognized the leading role of industry in transforming the economy and is visajing tazaniya to be a semi industrialized country by 2025. In 2011 we had an integrated industrial development strategy which was essentially to accelerate development towards the industry. So there is no shortage of policy statements saying industrialize in order to restructure the economy. So that's what the industrialization strategy of 2011 is actually saying emphasizing the private sectors including agro processing, textile leather, fertilizer, light machinery, iron and steel. So it's in that perspective that we have done a survey of 84 films. And this survey it was not randomly selected but the sampling was biased towards those we knew priori that they were imaging films. Imagining in the sense that after the first round of industries had literally been swept away in the new phase new enterprises came up. So it's these enterprises which you were actually looking at and because we said in this period of in the last 15 years or so we have seen manufacturing value added actually growing quite fast at 8.2 percent largely driven by these new enterprises. Manufactured exports contributed about 10 percent to total exports which is quite substantial compared to the other sectors. The main contributor has been mining to exports. Even agriculture is lagging behind manufactured exports at around 8 percent of the exports. So manufactured exports and manufacturing is rising as a dynamic sector. So the main manufacturing sectors now are again food processing, textile and clothing, chemicals, beverages, leather and leather products, paper and paper products, publishing and printing and plastics. The percentage is shown there. So we have looked at these enterprises and summarized very briefly how it comes out as success factors. First we noticed the product quality improvements and the quality assurance being given emphasis. These are established in a context where there is competition domestically but also in the region and globally. We are established with the preparation to compete. The second is we have seen technology upgrading and investment in technology in these enterprises. Third we have seen strategic marketing directly or through networks and improved customer service, time delivery, selling on credit terms trying to compete sell strategically. Fourth we have seen investment in human resources where they do human resource development, training in firms, incentives and motivation to retain their personnel. And lastly we have seen improved access to finance as financial sector reform is taking place. Very many banks of 30 banks are now operating as compared to only one in the 70s. No, three in the 70s. And we see that improved access to finance although long term capital is still limited. However, is this a bubble or will there be sustainability? Now we see many challenges in terms of sustainability factors as follows. One is much as we have seen various industrial policies, strategies talking of emphasizing industry and its role in economic transformation. We see that prioritization, prioritizing industrial policy still agap. There is need to make all policies supportive of this industrialization agenda. Macro-economic policies, trade policy, infrastructure policy and sector policies to be supportive of industrialization. This we have yet to see. So mainstreaming national development strategy and industrialization strategy all these statements, policy statements we need to see these stand into a supportive focus to industrial development if industrialization is to be sustainable. Second, we need to see continued macro-economic stability which we have seen in this period. The question is whether that can be maintained over time. And third, financial sector reform which we have seen enhancing access to finance there is still a major gap in investment finance, long term finance and if we think of innovations over time investments in innovations, investments in technology this cannot be done with the short term financing which we see now. Next is investment in infrastructure development in a particular energy and transportation is a major challenge in making the cost of operations high. So investment in this if it is done then we can see sustainability. Next is aligning the national policy industrialization agenda and the regional industrialization and common market agenda. We have a regional industrialization policy agenda but each of the countries have their national industrialization agenda. You do not see congruence between the two sides. We still have to see that congruence. Common market in Tanzania in particular is being seen in terms of fear of others coming in especially the stronger Kenya. It's not seen as an opportunity yet so I think that's a major challenge if we do not see regional integration as an opportunity if we continue to see the threat we do not risk that industrialization may not be sustainable. Then the education skills is a major constraint high investment in education are taking place but we see the coexistence of educated and trained being unemployed when industry is actually lacking short use of these skills. So for sustainability we need to see this investment in education complimented by high investments in educational training and technical skills including specialized training in industrial skills which are needed for industrial deepening both to be done by the government and provided incentives for the private sector to compliment in engaging in investments in educational training. Lastly investing in technology and innovations is a prerequisite for seeing sustainability in industrialization. Effective science and technology investment policy to FDI policy to facilitate technology transfer and finally foster development of systems of innovation national systems of innovation, sectoral systems of innovation around industrialization to make it a thrust in terms of investments for industrialization to be sustainable. Thank you very much for your attention.