 इसके इसके अप फोड़िस तफसील पहले तब अब को दोगडी ती अब फोड़िसे और तफसील बतादूँग़ा यह फ़िए देखेंगे दुन्यावर की रियक्तर तब ख़ामः कियगासें कों कों से हैं, क्या क्या हैं, क्या हैं? वो उसकी सारी तफसील फिर देखेंगे. तो मैंने जैसे आपको पहले बताए, के नुकली रेक्टर के तींचीस हैं, एक फुल है, जो यूरेनियम है, या प्लूटोनियम है, आपको प्लूटोनियम होता है, कुच चगा प्लूटोनियम जैसे, फ्रान्स वगरा में, लात्वी अगरा के अंदर, वहां प्लूटोनियम भी स्तमाल करतेंगे, जैनरेट करके ब्रीटर रेक्टर की बात बताएंगे आपको. तो वो फ्लूटोनियम होगा प्लूटोनियम है, मुअदरेटर की बात समजगली क cha bahat samjali ke ग्र्फाइत जो है योगा वह नुट्रान स्लोग करता है, ग्र्फाइत सरभ नहीं है, बलके हप्यट मर्स वाटर, हवी वाटर क्या होता है, दी तू ओ, H2O is an isotope of hydrogen, it is deuterium, it is not a neutron in hydrogen, it is a proton or a electron, if you put one neutron in it, its mass will double, it is called deuterium, if you put two neutrons, it will become a tritium. We will talk about these things when we will talk about fission, it is a different topic, we will talk about fission, then we will talk about fusion, how energy is generated by mixing them. It is a very promising area where it is possible that we will get good for the whole world. So this deuterium called D2O is called heavy water, it is also used as a moderator, I will show you what are the things in it. And third things are the control rods in which there are absorbers, which control the number of neutrons and control the chain reaction. So I have already told you all these things, so these are the first two slides, they will pass very quickly. So these are the old piles, which I have already shown you, which were made by Enrico Fermi in 1942 by Chicago University. There are all the things in it, there is fuel as well as uranium, there is a moderator as well as carbon graphite. And the boys who were standing outside or the girls who were standing in the cadmium were used as control rods. Now this is a very interesting thing, the story is that Germans could never make nuclear bombs. Our story started with the fact that Leo Sillard told Einstein that I have got all the news that there is so much work to be done to make nuclear bombs. And he never made nuclear bombs, he later discovered what the reason was. He tried a lot and he knew that this is a graphite formula, that it has to be used as a graphite carbon as a moderator. His problem is that the carbon that he was using was a little out of it. Out of it, it is out as a control rod, as an absorber. This means that the neutron that used to come out, because of the uranium split, would come out again. So because of this, his chain reaction could not work. So the chain reaction that could not work, it did not happen that he had successfully made a bomb. So he could never have made it. But he is a story of a different type of site. All these things in this picture, which are three components, you can see very easily. The reaction of modern core is of this type. Now look at these rods. If you go to the web and search for a nuclear reactor inside the picture, you can find it very easily. You keep seeing that there is a control rod up and down. The more power they need, the higher the control rod, the faster the reaction gets. If the power is less, if the night is over, if the power is not more, then the control rod comes down and absorbs the neutron. And the reaction gets less. So these are the same things that you are seeing in this stack. All these cylindrical things are both. There is a control rod and a fuel rod. Both are the same. Their control is completely different. But both are the same. Now look at the other side of it. It is blue color. When the neutrons are D2O, when they interact with heavy water, there is a glow. A little light comes out of it. There is absolutely no blue light. Once I did a PhD at a university. There was a reactor of his own. It was a reactor to read and write. There was nothing of it. It was very mesmerizing to see how much blue light comes out of it. It felt like a science fiction game. So this is the core of his nuclear reactor. The dome I showed in the beginning of this section. There are these things in it. And the heavy water is on the other side of it. There are very few things that are only made of carbon. The Chernobyl one was the one that used to moderate the graphite. But the rest of the new ones are all like this. Now I have told you that if there are 5-4 billion years of half-life uranium, then there must be a chance where there was so much of uranium that it would become a reactor itself. So it depends on the concentration. If there is very little concentration, then the neutron came out. He saw that there is no uranium here. So he went away. So this means that the reaction is over. If there is more concentration, then as soon as the neutron comes out, he sees that there is a lot of neutron. Let's go to this one. Let's go to that one. Then that reaction keeps going on. So this is a place in Gabon, Africa, where he saw that there are a lot of nuclear byproducts. There was a time when there was a natural nuclear reactor. There was a lot of uranium concentration there. That the reaction could sustain itself. So this is a story of a natural nuclear reactor from here. There are a lot of 434 reactors in the world. This is about 2019. 2019 means that if the Chinese have started to plant more, then the number will increase. The number will increase. Now you see its concentration. There is a lot of concentration in Europe. There is a lot of concentration in Germany, Spain, Scandinavia. There are a lot of differences in technology in Scandinavia. There are a lot of differences in France. There is a lot of difference in France. There is a lot of difference in France. Then we come to South Asia. We come to India. There are two upper ones in Pakistan, the lower one is the upper one. There are two reactors. In the United States, there are a lot of reactors on the right side. There are a lot of reactors on the east coast, in the Midwest. Then there is a big gap in the middle. There is not much population from the Central Plain States. That they do not need that much. So there is not much reactor there. Then in California, on the left side, there are some reactors. Then on the right side, you go to Japan or the Philippines. There are a lot of reactors there. Now the Japanese have decided after a few years, after Fukushima, that nuclear reactors will be closed, that their age will be gone. They will not be replaced again. They will be finished. Then we will see some other renewable technology. We will see renewable technology. Or we will go to a non-renewable one. It is better than that. It is safer in the Philippines. We will have to modify it a little bit. But it is their philosophy. So there are almost 450 reactors in the world. There are 400 reactors in the world. And their interesting story is that till the reactor energy, I said that I would not talk on the bomb. But the last thing is that there are so many nuclear bombs in the world. 17300 bombs. So see how many bombs there are. Russia has more than 8000 bombs. United States has more than 7000 bombs. France has more than 7000 bombs. And Pakistan and India are also in the same. It is Israel's philosophy to say no to it. But everyone knows that they will have some confidence. They have a program with South Africa. South Africa has completely finished this program. There are two countries that they started and they have finished it. South Africa and Libya. Both of them have some external help. They said we do not work on it. This is the present Azerbaijan. Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan. There was a huge program of nuclear energy there. Nuclear bomb. So since their separation from Russia, they said they had a lot of uranium. They said what will we do with it? So the Americans said we will give you money. We will take the uranium. So the Americans went there to take the uranium. So they said where is the uranium? They said we will tell you where is the uranium. There was a bucket in it. There was a bucket in it. They were reading the uranium inside it. You can guess. So the night and night was a secret. They took the uranium out of it and took it to America for their use. But the point is that most of the time, it is not spread in places. The less it is spread, the less the problem will be. So North Korea. Dr. Khadir Khan said that at least I have seen three bombs. At least I have seen three bombs. Now no one knows how many bombs they have. They do not tell anyone. But they do have them. So there are many bombs that are present in the world. Most of them are with Russia and America. People say that there is so little interest in bombs. But like India and Pakistan, both have bombs. Today in March, in the news of March 2023, if we had a bomb, it would not have been in 1971. It is a political story. But it is a theory of deterrence. It says that we have it too. We have it too. Now both of them will not kill each other. So because of that story, there are so many atomic bombs. It is exclusive in the country. But bombs are necessary.