 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar A.S. Academy, displayed on the list of news articles taken for today's analysis and their page numbers in different editions of the newspaper. The link for the handwritten notes in the PDF format and the time stamping of the discussed articles are provided in the description and also in the comment section for the benefit of mobile phone viewers. Now let's move on to the analysis of first news article. This news article talks about the problems faced by bonda tribal community of the state of Odisha. In this discussion, we will see who are the people belonging to this tribal group. They are particularly vulnerable tribal group status and some of the issues and challenges faced by them. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See this community from Odisha are believed to be part of first wave of migration out of Africa that happened about 60,000 years ago. They were the first forest settlers in India and they are members of a group of astro Asian tribes till a few years ago. Finding a member of this tribal community was rare, but now they can be seen not only in other districts of Odisha, but also in neighboring states such as Andhra Pradesh. Now this is because they are pushed to migrating to other areas in search of work. See people belonging to bonda tribal community. They speak a language called as Remo. However, this language has no script and this language comes under astro Asian languages. Their children are named after the day on which they were born and importantly know that bonda's are matriarchal. That is woman heads the family and women prefer to marry men who are younger than them by at least five to 10 years so that when they become old the men can earn for them and selection of spouse is left completely to the choice of children which we could not see much in the mainstream society. See in mainstream society in India as we know we find frequent and unwanted interference from the side of parents on their adult children's life choices. More importantly, particularly in terms of marriage, then bonda tribal community. They celebrate a festival called as Patakanta festival celebrates the custom of worshipping the sword. See as per a myth among this community five Pandavas of the Mahabharata during their exile in the forest had come to the region of Dandakaranya. There was a time called as exile incognito for them for a period of one year and the term incognito here refers to the fact that in that period of one year of exile incognito they should not be recognized by anyone. So to hide their identity they hide a lot of arms and omniscience in a hollow of a tree before entering to the period of exile incognito. Then after the expiry of the term of exile incognito they came back to collect their arms and according to bonda myth they retook all their arms and omniscience from the hollow of the tree and left one sword by mistake and this sword miraculously came to the notice of the bondas and the bonda tribal community and they accepted the sword as Lord Patakanta. Patakanta itself means excellent or the best sword. Now coming to the occupation status of people belonging to this community. See they are primarily forest dwellers. They hunt and search for food in the wild now because of depleting forest cover their self sufficient life has been affected and now they are practicing shifting agriculture in the hills not only for consumption but also to sell the produce in the markets. This also become unviable because they were unable to sell their farm and forest produce as the weekly markets remain closed for months during the lockdown period. Now then this tribal community they are designated as particularly vulnerable tribal group and we know Ministry of Home Affairs has so far identified or categorized 75 tribal groups as particularly vulnerable tribal groups and at present they reside in around 18 states and one union territory that is Andaman and Nicobar Islands and bonda tribal community is one of the 13 PBTGs identified in the state of Odisha. See four criteria are there based on which Union Home Ministry identifies a tribal group as particularly vulnerable tribal group. One is they must be having a pre agricultural level of technology then there should be low level literacy then economic backwardness and a declining or a stagnant population. See people belonging to this community they are extremely cautious about preserving their unique culture and tradition but unfortunately due to migration the newspaper calls it as distrust migration their culture is now threatened. Now as we said before the ones hunter-gatherers are now depending on other forms of livelihood young people from the tribal group are moving for low paid jobs in distant towns in the states of Andhra Pradesh, Telangana and in other states which are far from Odisha and COVID-19 pandemic has further worsened the situation by quickening this distrust migration. Even school children were also being found leaving education in search of work. So these are different issues faced by this Bonda tribal community. Now government should ensure that their primary needs are met and measures are taken so that their indigenous culture is preserved. Now the problems faced by this community symbolizes a growing trend among various indigenous communities in our country that shows breakdown of cultural and traditional self-sufficient livelihood models. The only way to strengthen indigenous communities is to protect and preserve their cultural and livelihood identities. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article which talks about a particularly vulnerable tribal group in the state of Odisha called us Bonda tribal community. Now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article talks about Kala Azar and how it was eliminated in one of the endemic zones. In this context, let us see about the disease. It's elimination process mentioned in the article. The syllabus relevant for the analysis is highlighted here for your reference. See Kala Azar is a slow progressing disease and it is an indigenous disease to India. It is a vector-borne disease. It is also known as visceral leishminiasis. Know that leishminiasis are a group of diseases that are caused by protozoan parasites from more than 20 leishminia species. These parasites are transmitted to humans by the bites of the infected female phlebotomine sandflake. Now this phlebotomine sandflake is a tiny insect vector of only 2 to 3 mm long. They are about one fourth of size of a mosquito and as you can see in the image, this disease is characterized or identified by irregular cycle of fever, substantial weight loss, swelling of the spleen and liver, and also anemia. And World Health Organization states that if the disease is not treated, then the fatality rate in developing countries can be as high as 100% within two years of its occurrence. That is, if the disease is left untreated, then in over 25% of cases it leads to death or it is fatal. Now, where does this disease occur? See, most cases occur in Brazil, East Africa and in India. Around 50,000 to 90,000 new cases are estimated to occur worldwide every year. So, Kala Azar remains one of the top parasitic diseases that has outbreak potential and mortality potential. Here we know that disease outbreak is the occurrence of disease cases in excess of normal expectancy. And very recently in 2018, more than 95% of new cases were reported to WHO and these 95 cases occurred in these 10 countries and we can find India is one among them. So, what are the initiatives taken by WHO in this regard? See, WHO Southeast Asia region is the only one with an initiative to eliminate Kala Azar as a public health problem by the year 2020. But now the deadline is pushed to the year 2023. Now, coming to India, a parasite known as Lishminia donovani is the only parasite causing this disease. And Indian Kala Azar has a unique epidemiological feature that is being anthroponotic. When we say anthroponotic, it means it is transmissible from human to human by a vector and human is the only known reservoir of infection. Know that the disease is not contagious. Female Sanflies, they pick up the parasite while feeding on an infected human host. Now you can see the life cycle given here for your reference by way of an image. Now, let us see what is the extent of this disease in our country. See, in India, Kala Azar is endemic in eastern states like Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh and West Bengal. Particularly, Bengal is the oldest known Kala Azar endemic area of the world. In these four states, around 16.5 crore population are at risk of this disease. Now, more than 60% of cases are being reported from Bihar and mostly poor socioeconomic groups of population who are primarily living in rural areas are getting affected by this disease. Next, let us see the measures taken by India to eliminate this disease. Here, remember that at the policy level, elimination is defined as reducing the annual incidence of Kala Azar to less than one case per 10,000 population at the sub-district level in our country and in neighboring Bangladesh. At Nepal, the definition of elimination is one case reducing annual incidence to one case per 10,000 population at the district level. Coming to India, Government of India launched a centrally sponsored Kala Azar control program in the endemic states in the year 1990-91. In this program, the government provided drugs, insecticides, and technical support and state governments provided cause involved in the implementation of the program. And this program is said to have brought a significant decline in Kala Azar morbidity or infection, but it could not sustain the pace of decline for a long period of time. So, to overcome the challenges and situations, Government of India strengthened this program and that led to improved cases detection through primary healthcare system. Now, this led to decrease in incidence of Kala Azar cases and deaths in our country. And by the year 1995, there was about 70% decline. Next, to further eliminate the disease, the National Health Policy of 2002 set the goal of Kala Azar elimination in India by the year 2010. Later, this year was revised from 2010 to 2015. A National Health Policy 2017 aims to achieve and maintain elimination status of Kala Azar by the year 2017. The Kala Azar elimination program had the objective of reducing the annual incidence of Kala Azar to less than one case per 10,000 population at block primary healthcare level. Now, presently all programmatic activities are being implemented through the National Vector-Bond Disease Control Program. Now, this is an umbrella program for the prevention and control of vector-bond diseases and it is subsumed under National Health Mission. Now, let us see the national strategy for elimination of Kala Azar under this program, which is also mentioned in a news article that was used in the case of Bihar. One is early diagnosis and complete case management. This is done for eliminating the human reservoir of infection through early case detection. The strategy reduces case fatality, improves utilization of health services by people who are suspected to be suffering from the disease. Then there is integrated vector management and vector surveillance. Now, integrated vector management refers to rational decision making process for the optimal use of resources for vector control. Here, the main objective is to reduce longevity of the adult vectors, then to eliminate the breeding sites of adult vectors, and to decrease contact of vector with humans and to reduce the density of the vector. And here, indoor residual spraying is the centerpiece or mainstay of vector control to break the human vector human cycle of transmission. This indoor residual spraying method involves coating the walls and other surfaces of a house with a residual insecticide. Residual insecticides are those which kill insects that land on the treated surface or those insecticides which kill insects that crawl over a treated surface. So for several months, the insecticide will kill mosquitoes and other insects that come in contact with these surfaces. The next method is supervision, monitoring, surveillance, and evaluation. Now, this includes GIS based mapping, case data management, then spatial visualization system for proper implementation of control strategies, and then comes advocacy, communication, social mobilization for behavioral impact and intersectoral convergence. And finally, overall program management. So under these strategies, community awareness campaigns were also carried out. The hospital staff, doctors, Asha workers were also trained with these successful measures being properly implemented. Kala Azar is reportedly eliminated from a highly endemic district in Bihar. With this information, now let us move on to the analysis of next news article. This news article states that West Bengal state government is to provide jobs for the next kin of victims who got killed in human-elephant conflicts. In this context, let us discuss in detail about human-elephant conflict, its causes, and also the management. The syllabus relevant for the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See among 13 countries with Asian-elephant population, India holds the largest population. However, increasing human habitation is having a negative effect on the boundary of many protected areas of elephants and even other animals. Now, this results in shortage of food and this is forcing or pushing wild animals to come from forest to human-populated areas in search of food. Now, this is one of the most important causes of human-elephant conflict, which is the adverse impact people and elephants are having on each other. See, human-elephant conflict has emerged as one of the most challenging problems for elephant management and conservation in the recent times. It also creates considerable economic hardships for the farmers who are affected because several regions experience crop damage by elephants every year. And it is also estimated that every year approximately 500 persons are killed in human-elephant conflicts across India and more than 100 elephants are also killed annually because of human activities which include poaching for ivory or meat, poisoning, electrocution, collision with trains, and also retaliatory killings. The single most important reason why elephants enter human-use areas are to feed on agricultural and plantation crops. The second reason is for water. Then there is also another reason which is called as opportunistic crop raiding. Now, this is a situation where elephants raid crops not because of shortage of natural forage resources in forests, but because of the availability and attractiveness of the crops. Now, let us come to some of the best human-elephant conflict management and mitigation practices that could be utilized to minimize the adverse impacts. One is installation of barriers for elephants. Now, this may include setting up of trapezium-shaped elephant-proof trenches and other barriers like some walls that do not injure or take the lives of elephants at the same time should be effective in discouraging the elephants from coming into human areas. Now, these barriers could be erected around forest areas to keep elephants inside the forest or it could be erected around the settlements such as villages so that the animals are prevented from entering the villages. Now, involvement of local communities also another important aspect for the effectiveness of barriers. Now, next is the use of anti-depredation squads. Now, this squad will comprise of villages and the squad is provided with all necessary know-how to deal with wild animal incursions into the human settlement. They are commonly used in West Bengal, Assam, Odisha and Chattisgarh, where large groups of elephants raid agricultural crops. Now, these squads are effective if they are managed by technically competent persons trained mahouts and kumki or kumki elephants. Mahouts are elephant keepers and good mahouts will bond with their elephants over many years and they develop a great relationship with their elephants. Now, here kumki or kumki elephants, they are captive trained elephants. Their purpose is to drive away the other elephants that come into villages and they are very helpful in capturing those wild elephants as well and these elephants are trained to tame the raiding wild elephants which come from forest into the human areas. These elephants are commonly used in Assam, West Bengal, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. They are found to be fairly effective in driving away wild elephants from villages and also for monitoring such wild elephants or capturing and tranquilizing them. Now, another novel method or a new method is radio coloring for monitoring problematic elephants. Now, this is used for tracking the movement patterns of tagged elephant. It is often the best method which is used in wide ranging species like elephants. Watchtowers and drones. They also help to keep a vigil over the movement of elephants and helps in warning the villagers about the movements of elephants into human habitation. Then there are wide variety of local repellent methods that are used by farmers. It includes making loud noises using drum beating, shouting or at times bursting firecrackers and then other new repellent methods include playing B sound, sounds of carnivores or use of drones. One another innovative method is use of seed balls which are made out of bamboo seeds. They are dropped into the forest by drones or by throwing these balls from human areas such a way that they fall into the forest and while raining these seed balls will germinate and grow into bamboo shoots and elephants allowed to feed on bamboo shoots and thereby this initiative if done at a large scale may stop elephants that are coming from forest to raid human habitations in search of food. So these are some of the important information with reference to the analysis of this news article. In this analysis we discussed about human-elephant conflict. Some of the causative factors and how to manage these elephants. What are the strategies various methods adopted to handle such human-elephant conflict? Now let's move on to the analysis of next news article. Now this news article states that postgraduate students in Ayurveda will now be trained and allowed to perform a variety of general surgery, ENT, ear nose, throat, ophthalmology and dental procedures. The decision comes after the recent amendment made to the Indian Medicine Central Council Regulations 2016 which is called as Indian Medicine Central Council PG Ayurveda Education Regulations 2016 by the Central Council of Indian Medicine. So as to include a regulation that allows postgraduate students of Ayurveda to practice general surgery. In this regard let us know a few information with reference to Central Council of Indian Medicine. See it is a statutory body that was constituted in the year 1971 under the Indian Medicine Central Council Act 1970. Since the year 1971 it has been framing and implementing various regulations that includes the curricula and syllabi in Indian systems of medicine which are Ayurveda, Siddha, Yunani Thib or Yunani Medicine at UG and PG level. The Sova Rikpa system of medicine is included in the Central Council of Indian Medicine from the year 2012. Now let's see some of the important objectives of this council. See it prescribes minimum standards of education in Indian systems of medicine in Ayurveda, Siddha, Yunani Medicine and Sova Rikpa. Then it recommends central government in matters relating to recognition that is inclusion or withdrawal of medical qualifications in or from the second schedule to the Indian Medicine Central Council Act of 1970. See the second schedule in this act is with reference to section 14 of that and second schedule prescribes the recognized medical qualifications in Indian medicine that are granted by universities, boards or other medical institutions in India. In this we have to know that any university board or other medical institution in India which grants a medical qualification which is not included in the second schedule may apply to the central government to have such qualification recognized by way of inclusion in the second schedule and central government after receiving the application after consulting the Central Council, it may amend the second schedule to include such qualification. So this is the information about the second schedule to this law called as the Indian Medicine Central Council Act 1970. Then another objective is to maintain a central register of Indian medicine and to revise the register periodically and it prescribes standards of professional conduct, etiquette and code of ethics to be observed by practitioners of Ayurveda, Siddha, Yunani and Sova Rikpa. Then it also considers and furnishes the recommendation to government of India on various proposals received from various institutes for establishment of new colleges of Indian systems of medicine then with reference to increasing intake capacity in UGPG programs then to start new subjects or other PG additional subjects and know that there are separate bodies for homeopathy and for yoga for homeopathy it is called as central council of homeopathy and for yoga it is called as central council for research in yoga and naturopathy. Now with reference to the recent news the Indian Medical Association which is representative of national voluntary organization of doctors of modern medicine. This IMA has been opposing the central government's move to allow traditional systems to offer allopathic therapies and treatment. IMA has said that this amounts to corrupting modern medicine by mixing with other systems and also amounts to killing the disciplines of modern medicine through back door and by foul play. Now one thing we need to know here is India is in severe shortage of doctors. So allowing traditional medical practitioner or practitioners of Indian medicine to perform modern medicine through training is an innovative idea but whether they shall be allowed or not be allowed to perform surgery is a matter of debate and deep introspection and whether PG students can perform is totally another question. However these practitioners they could be allowed at certain levels to assist certain forms of ailments of the population but care should be taken that traditional medical practitioners of Indian medicine are able to perform allopathic procedures through adequate training, skilling and knowledge drives and any measure taken should only promote access to affordable and quality healthcare. The quality factors should not be compromised. So these are some of the information with reference to the analysis of this news article. Now let's move on to next part of that discussion. This news article states that Bhutan's Queen Mother has been awarded the United Nations Population Award in the individual category for the year 2020. She was awarded for her work on sexual health and ending gender violence. Importantly also know that Helpage India a non-governmental organization which is working for the elderly care has received the award in the institutional or the organizational category. Now coming to the Bhutan's Queen Mother see she founded an organization called Respect, Educate, Nurture and Empower Women in the year 2004. It is shortly called as Renew. Now its vision is to create a gender based violence free happy society. It has been working for improving the lives of survivors of gender based violence and to integrate these survivors as economically and socially productive members of the society. Now coming to this award see this award was established by United Nations General Assembly in the year 1981 to recognize contributions in the fields of population and reproductive health. And for this award the United Nations Population Fund serves as the secretariat. So in this context let us discuss information with reference to UN Population Fund. See it was formed in the year 1969. It is the United Nations Sexual and Reproductive Health Agency. Its mission is to deliver a world where every pregnancy is not unwanted or every pregnancy is wanted. Every childbirth is safe and every young person's potential is fulfilled. Know that UNFPA is the subsidiary organ of UN General Assembly. UN Population Fund calls for the realization of reproductive rights for all. It also supports access to a wide range of sexual and reproductive health services which include voluntary family planning, maternal health care, comprehensive sexuality education. Since its formation it has done tremendous work for example the number and rate of women dying from complications of pregnancy or childbirth have been almost halved. With this information you can understand the role played by United Nations Population Fund and today sexual and reproductive health problems are a leading cause of death and disability for women in the developing world. Presently young people bear the highest risks of HIV infection and also unintended pregnancy. Millions of girls face the prospect of child marriage and other harmful practices like female genital mutilation. All these indicates that UN Population Fund has a bigger and larger role to play to ensure a world in which all individuals can exercise their basic human rights which also includes sexual and reproductive rights. In the year 2018 UNFPA launched efforts to achieve three transformative results to change world for every man, woman and young person. One is ending unmet need for family planning that is whenever there is a requirement of voluntary family planning the needs for that voluntary family planning should be met. Then ending preventable maternal death and ending gender based violence and gender based harmful practices like female genital mutilation. Now let us see about United Nations Population Award in brief. See each year the Committee for UN Population Award honors an individual or institution in recognition of outstanding contributions to population and reproductive health questions and to their solutions. It is in this regard for 2020 for institution Help Page India and in individual category Bhutan's Queen Mother Yalyam Shankai Chodan Wangchak were announced as UN Population Awardees for 2020. Now let's move on to next part of the discussion. We have come to the last session the practice questions discussion session. See this first question with reference to bone dot tribe. Three statements are given. They're asking which of the statements given above are correct. First statement they primarily reside in Nilugris of Karnataka and Tamil Nadu. This statement is incorrect because they reside in the state of Odisha. Second statement they belong to Austro-Asiatic family. This statement is correct as they are members of a group of Austro-Asiatic tribes. Third statement they are listed under particularly vulnerable tribal groups. This statement is correct. So the correct answer is option B 2 and 3 only. Now this question is with reference to Kala Azar. They're asking which of the following statements is not correct. It is a slow progressing vector bond disease. The statement is correct. It is transmitted by mosquitoes and caused by protozoan parasites. See it is not transmitted by mosquitoes. It is transmitted by female flabber termine sand fly. So first part is incorrect. Therefore the entire statement becomes incorrect. Coming to the second part it is caused by protozoan parasites which is true. So it is caused by protozoan parasite and not by a virus or a bacteria. In India the parasite causing Kala Azar is Lishminya Donovani. All the remaining statements option C and D are correct. Therefore incorrect statement is option B. Correct answer option B because they are asking statement which is not correct. Now this question is with reference to central council of Indian medicine. Two statements are given asking which of the statements are incorrect. It frames and implements various regulations in Ayurveda, Siddha and homeopathy forms of medicine at undergraduate and postgraduate levels. The statement is incorrect as CCIM is concerned with Indian systems of medicine Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicine and Sawarikpa from the year 2012. So it is not framing and implementing with reference to homeopathy and according to section 21E of Indian medicine central council act of 1970. Indian medicine means system of Indian medicine commonly known as Ashtanga Ayurveda, Siddha or Unani tip or medicine. First statement is incorrect. Second statement it is a statutory body constituted under Indian medicine central council act of 1970. The statement is correct. They are asking incorrect statement. Correct answer option A one only. Now this question is with reference to United Nations population fund. Two statements are given asking which of the other statements are correct. It is the sexual and reproductive health agency of United Nations working for the realization of reproductive rights for all. The statement is correct. So you can eliminate option B and option D. Now second statement. It is one of the specialized agencies of the United Nations. It is incorrect. We have displayed the 17 specialized agencies of the United Nations here and United Nations population fund is a subsidiary organ of United Nations General Assembly. So correct answer here is option A one only. We have given you two practice main questions. You may write answers for these questions and post it in the comments section. With this we come to the end of today's the Hindu news analysis. If you like the video, click the like button, comment, share and subscribe to Shankara's Academy YouTube channel for more updates and content on civil service exam preparation.