 We're going to begin again. This time we're going to drill in and actually talk about some of the science that the LSSD is going to be able to do. And joining us to talk about that is Dr. Michael Volmer, who is not a bald man from Arizona, but a German man from Arizona. He's going to give this talk in German. Thank you. Good job. Alright, so my name is Michael Volmer and I did my PhD in German and I grew up in Germany. And I moved to Arizona to work with Professor Volgai for a couple of years. And now I'm low-level of dermatine because it affects everything. It's actually where Puka was discovered. So it's something that I do. Alright, so I would like to talk about something. An example of the two of you that things are sometimes more complicated than you might think. Okay, so I'm going to talk about asteroids and comets. So on the left you have a picture of a random asteroid. On the right you have a picture of how it ice on it. What's the difference between the two? Close it. Kind of low. Alright. What's the difference? So comets have a tip and they have a problem. So there are those beautiful things you see in the sky every once in a while. Beautiful display. And asteroids are actually just punctures. Because they're too small and they're too far away to resolve them. So you don't see anything. You don't see the shape. You don't see the surface of the asteroid. They're just too small and too far away. Comets have this activity. They're active. And this activity is due to ice supplementing on the surface. Isos are due to gas. And that gas drags dust with it. And that's why they show this nice activity. Asteroids are inactive. They're just rocky bodies. There's not a lot of ice on these objects. If you look a little bit closer at those two objects, here are two different examples. This is near an asteroid, the Palo, which was visited by the Japanese high-up lucid spacecraft a while ago. This is Convict 67B Choryumov-Garros-Energo, visited by the Rosetta spacecraft. And especially because of the sun, you don't really see jets coming off the surface here. So that makes a difference between the two. They look kind of similar. They're rocky surfaces. They have boulders on the surface. The size scale in this case is a little bit different. This is 150 meters or so from here to there. And this guy is a kilometer too large. Here's an actual comet. Okay. So they look kind of similar. But the big difference is, of course, comets are active asteroids are not active. There are other differences between asteroids and comets. So here we have top U on the solar system. This is the sun with the yellow dot. If you look on the solar system from the top, you see that asteroids, they have kind of circular orbits. We call this, they have both eccentricities. That's the orbital parameter that defines the elevation of an orbit. And also, all those asteroid orbits are in one plane, which we call the Euclidian. This is where the planets move. The most asteroids move in the same plane. Comets are different. They have very elevated orbits. They have high eccentricities. So many comets, they go all the way out to the solar system when they come back to the sun. So that's the big difference of the asteroids. And another difference is that the inclinations in comets are a lot higher too. So the inclinations means the angle between the orbit, of the comet, of the object, and the equilibrium plane. So again, asteroids are all in the equilibrium plane. Comets are in the equilibrium plane. All right. Asteroids and comets are two different planes. That's it. Thank you very much. Thank you. All right. There's a little bit more to it. So if you look at the dynamics again, this is an equation. It's a little bit complicated. Just ignore it. So this equation defines the tisorin parameter, with respect to two-figuring. So it's just an equation. You put in the orbital elements of your asteroid, the synium and your axis, which is the average distance of the object to the sun. And it's interested in the information of your object you're looking at and the synium and your axis of the figure. And when you get out of this, it's just a number. And this is a plot of this number, the tisorin parameter, and the amelian distance. So the amelian distance is the longest distance, the widest distance your object can have from the sun. So how far away does it get from the sun? Dr. Rick here. Thank you. And what we see here, lots of asteroids, and they have this weird distribution in the amelian tisorin parameter space. If you look at the comets, they show up in a different place. So all the comets are up here. Asteroids are mostly down here. So again, they're two different things. Comets usually have tisorin parameter less than three. Asteroids have tisorin parameter greater than three. That's it. All right, now things get complicated. So a while ago, people started discovering asteroids, optics that were previously discovered as asteroids, with tiny little puzzle balls around them. Like here, a little tail pointing away from the sun. This guy has a pretty nice long tail. This guy is actually bringing up in smaller pieces. There's some plussiness around that too. That's a weird imaging from a spacecraft that actually appears in the sun. There's some plussiness, plussiness, there's a tail, and more stuff here. All right, white hair, those are just comets, right? Well, not really. So we'll go back to this plot here. We go back to this plot here. Here we have a different one. Okay, and we plot those optics that I just showed to you. You see that they actually show up in the asteroid space, not in the comets. If they were up here, there's just comets. But they're actually down here, so they're asteroids. Dynamically, they're asteroids, but they look like comets. So what's going on? Are they asteroids or are they comets? Actually, they are most likely of asteroid origin. They are asteroids, but they show activity for some reasons. And people are allowed to figure out why is that? What are those mechanisms that let the activity remove objects? So in the case of Sula in 2010, A2, people, well, they looked into different reasons that might trigger bad activity, and they found the impact on what was likely here. A good case is 2010, A, it's only hard to see for a year. If you google this guy and you find nice images, the head of this structure here, this tail, it's actually formed like a cross. And what happened is that two asteroids collided. So you have a collision of two asteroids that formed this cross-like structure and you have a tail pointing away from the direct on the sun because the solar radiation pressure is pushing there and it does the way from the impact side. There are other mechanisms. So spin-up is another thing that triggers activity. So this guy here, it's kind of appreciate that you can't see it. It actually has five tails. It's going this way, this way, this way, this way, I wonder. And you can actually model that if you have an object that rotates fast enough, you can have surface or boulders on the surface of this object getting ejected into space. So you're spinning fast enough and the things go pop and they're by, they're gone, and they follow this, these trans tails. And you can actually model those are observations with the Hubble Space Telescope. You can model that the tails, they change as a function of time and give you to explain what they have learned with the telescope. This is another example. There's actually a binary asteroid that chose activity and this guy here, too, it actually disrupted. So it just blew up into smaller parts and they all drifted apart. And the activity that you see around is actually dust that is left over from this destruction. Supplemention is what we see in comets. Here, ices, they supplement, that triggers or beats their activity, a coma in the tail. So this is actually the most important thing. And this guy, this is pretty special. What's going on here? The tunnel gets really close to the sun. Like a tenth of a distance that year it passed through the sun. So that is pretty close to where it passed through. And what happens is that most likely you have the surface tracking from the heat of the sun and then stuff gets detected and it forces a tiny little tail. And you only see this activity in this case where the after is really, really close to the sun. All right. We have active asteroids in there, right? They show activity every once in a while. So we can go this way. We can go from asteroid to comet, or comet-like periods. So what? Why is that interesting? Well, active asteroids are extreme objects. They have properties that are real extreme because they spin fast like they're close to the sun. They have a lot of ices on their surface that cause sublimation, stuff like that. So if we understand those active asteroids, we can better understand the average asteroid. So we can learn a lot about the mechanisms that are going on in asteroids from those active asteroids. Can you go the other way? Did you have a comet? Did it look like an asteroid? Is this a thing? Yes, it is. Well, let's go back to this plot here. Again, we have the comets up here. We have asteroids here. The red dots are the active asteroids. All the comets are up here. If we subtract the comets, you can see there's a tiny little tail from the asteroid clouds that the cloud that skips into here. If the sun or the sky would be so bright, you can see tiny little speckles up here. So there are tiny little dots up here, asteroids in the dynamic space where usually you have comets. Asteroids and comet-like orbits. So one object that was discovered 35 years ago was the asteroid Duncan. It is located here on this plot. You can see. Duncan was discovered and people immediately realized that it has the orbit of the comet. They looked at it with a telescope. They couldn't see any activity in this object. So it's an asteroid, but it was in a comet-like orbit. They were kind of puzzled, because they couldn't explain what it looks like in a comet dynamically, but it doesn't show anything to it. What's going on? During my PhD thesis, space calls took to look at this object, and we actually found some activity in the infrared, but we never found activity in the optical until a couple of weeks ago. So ever since, for the last five years or so, I've been looking at this object every once in a while. And now we found activity in the optical. So you have the object here, and then there's a coma, and a tail pointing away from the sun. That's pretty cool. And it took me only five years. Okay, so, Dunkherb is not only a dead comet, but there are people who call it a dead comet, or an inactive comet, it's a dormant comet. It sleeps most of the time if it gets close to the sun. It can still show activity, which tells us that there are still ices, there are ices or volatiles in this object that can supplement it. If it gets hot enough, if it's right now, Dunkherb is really close to the sun. Okay, so we can go this way, we can go that way, dormant comet. Again, so what? So, it is not clear what happens to the comets when they get old. Either they disrupt, if you remember comet Isom, they got really close to the sun, and then it disrupted, it just didn't come back. It just disappeared. So this is one possible fate, and another possible fate might be activated every once in a while. So this is a potential fate for comets. And it tells us, in the case of puncturity, because it still activates every once in a while that they can still harbor ices. So there might be ices in the subsurface in the depth of this object. So the puncture there is a diameter of 19 kilometers, which is a pretty big problem. And you just have to go like 10 or 14 meters into the surface and have water rise in there. And of course this has implications for the origin of water. Because you still don't really know where the water we have on this planet comes from. So the common comets might be one of the sources for this water. All right. This is my final message, what I want you to take on. There is something, some people call the asteroid comet and there are some objects that are in between. But having it here is sometimes like a comet, sometimes it's an asteroid. It's not a clear distinction as people like probably years ago. It's not as easy. All right. Since we were talking about L-16, how can L-16 help for these ices? So I know of their big, sorry, right now about 20 active asteroids are known in one form of comet, but I am monitoring 150 garland comets. 30 nights per year. I calculated that this number for this talk and it shocked me that I spent 30 nights a year on a telescope. So if there's L-16, you can do it for me. You can do it for me. You can do it for me. You can do it for me. You can do it for me. You can do it for me. Which is a cool thing. It's taking a lot of work. Okay. And by doing that, L-16 will improve our understanding of the small body populations, asteroid, comets, active asteroids, everything that is out there. And that's it. Thank you very much. What is the most exotic material detected in an asteroid or comet? It's not kryptonite. No, there's not really a lot of exotic stuff out there. So there's all these exotic stuff out there. So there's alcohol that was discovered in the comet comet. That's pretty exotic. I'm looking at there's some reddish stuff we call what is it? Columns. So you have what is it? Methane. That's exposed to high-energy radiation that turns into some reddish new stuff. That's why our source is the objects and the objects are reddish. What do you say to me? You know what I mean? I just imagine it's green. Okay. So for the tissering parameter do I use the tissering parameter with respect to Jupiter? There are questions. There's a lot of tannins involved there. Don't you know that in most of those asteroids that in the height of the asteroids in the asteroid population they are short period comets. So you have long period comets that basically come from the outer solar system they go around the sun and they disappear again short period comets they come back every years and they disappear again. And all of those comets are out to Jupiter gravitationally. So Jupiter catches them when they're going in and then their orbits are basically governed by Jupiter. So that's why we're using the parameter with respect to Jupiter but you can also type all in for Neptune and some other planets. Yes? Retrograde asteroids? Okay. You were talking about retrograde asteroids. What was the answer to the question? The question is how do we have any anything in our orbit or in Mars orbit? So there are retrograde asteroids. To create retrograde asteroids that's complicated. How do you do that? Any idea of the next? You're smart. All right. So I just heard that they must come from the orb cloud. They might. Okay. They might come from the orb cloud. So I guess what happens is you have something coming in from far away. It gets returned by Jupiter and then it ends up on the orbit of the orb. Or it already has an angular velocity in the major one in the orbit. Yeah. It's already messed up when it comes in. Is the LXST are you going to be able to say find me in this particular asteroid in all of your photos? Great question. I think we're in the time and it's gone. Will LXST discover asteroids Yes. That's actually one of the reasons why it's being built. So LXST covers this huge patch on the sky and it has pretty smart algorithms to find objects that are moving between images. So what it does is it takes a picture of the sky and one patch of the sky and the next one comes back and it's the same patch of the sky again. Then what they do is they subtract last night's picture and they see things moving. So if they have something moving it appears on two different positions on the image. All the stars go away but they see the moving things. And that those positions get let out and then the algorithms to fit orbits to that. So the answer is yes. Don't find the LXST. That's your question.