 So at this point I'm going to I would like to introduce dr. Christine Drennan I'm very excited that she's with us here this morning and Here she is associate professor of sociology and anthropology director Irvin studies at Trinity University And how many of you came just because of Christine? Yeah, I looked like yeah somebody in the back you meet you meet you but I'm gonna read what's on her Little web bio from Trinity because I love this part Christine Drennan as quickly as she could join the Trinity faculty in 2002 So she made it to San Antonio as quickly as she could and within months became engaged in addressing San Antonio's challenges An associate professor of sociology and anthropology with expertise in urban geography and community development Drennan seeks to give her students and all of the rest of us San Antonians an Intense appreciation for where they come from both historically and geographically and help them engage in their individual communities She says once they leave Trinity, but in our communities today Her students often work alongside her in urban research projects throughout the city I can't say enough about Christine and what she has done for San Antonio I wish there was a way to map that and all of The presentations that you've done along the way and all the domino effects and impact that has had So I want to invite you forward But I want to invite you forward in gratitude and in thanks So if we can applause at the beginning plot at the beginning for the work. She's already done Thanks, Anne and whoa. I'm a walker. I have the nervous energy when I speak So I'm just gonna be all over the place Good morning, and thank you for having me and for having Molly and And I this this could be really the really fun morning Let's get off the picture. The picture makes me nervous But this is what this is what I speak about is is all the economic segregation in the city And as a geographer I've been trained as a geographer the question is always well Yes, you know we see all these statistics and let me show you those show you those statistics In the last couple of years and you've probably seen this, you know just in the newspaper on that on on the radio is that Several think tanks around the country have identified San Antonio as one of the most economically segregated cities in the country, right? So we've got the economic innovation group. They're out of DC 2016 and they keep repeating this study every year so the findings are the same is it? Equality scores run from a low in this little tiny town in Arizona to a high of that number We don't know what that number means, but in San Antonio, Texas, right? So they're running just big data sets and they've determined that we are we are amongst the top five I would say of the economically segregated cities in the country other think tanks have followed along Trying to redo a lot of that research and try to understand some of these dynamics The San Antonio Express News picks that up as they should and they and they write if you're born into a more prosperous part of the San Antonio community He has a significantly better chance at achieving professionally and educationally If you are growing up in a one of our more distressed neighborhoods are almost destined for life in poverty And this and and and these are intergenerational questions that we're looking at So the question is really got to be why why why is this happened? How has this happened? They go on and they write for the past 50 years 78207 district 5 has been defined by poverty inequality and a sheer lack of opportunity 50 years Technically, it's three or four generations, right? So these areas are stuck and they're not getting better And we need to understand in order to figure this out and to do anything about it I deeply deeply feel that we need to understand how we got there In order to fix it Just some vocabulary right just so that everywhere all clear where we are We're not the poorest city in the country. Actually, that's McCallan. We're number 26 We're not the most unequal. That's actually Miami. We're number 54 But we're the most that there were the most segregated Which means that there's a spatial component to our inequality So if you make it a whole bunch of money, and I just make a little tiny bit of money I live way over here and you live over there and that's got tremendous implications Because a lot of the services that we receive we receive through where we live They're they're spatially distributed our libraries our school our health care our food is all most of those things come to us from where we live So our spatial segregation right this thing that you know where we're number one top of the list Actually matters quite a bit Just that this is just a picture of it just and just this is my first warning is that I'm a geographer by training But also kind of I think was born that way. I map everything So you're gonna see you're gonna see so many maps. You're not gonna just you can't even look at them anymore But that's how I make sense of the world. So this you know, so you're looking at Bear County here and Color even if you can't read the key. I just use color to to signify Quantities so a darker colors more color higher quantities and in this case just income right if our average income in the city of San Antonio is about $54,000 The lighter colors mean that's mean we're way below that the darker colors means we're way above and in the middle That's right right around right around the 54s But as you can see we have a lot of really light color and we have a lot of really dark color But we don't have a lot of middle and that's the concern here and They're not interspersed right if the lights and the darks were interspersed then the then the kids would be going to school together We would be grocery shopping together. We would be going to the same clinics together, but we don't Right because we're they're not interspersed. They're specialized That this one is just this is like me being fancy with maps this and all this shows is that in the blue areas Those are areas that are significantly above the mean and the brown are significantly below So just trying to get a handle on this this idea of segregation, right? So so what so what so yes lots of people in Washington DC have given us a statistic? We've turned around we've repeated it in the newspaper. We have lots of light We're like there's like lots of conversations about this, but we're trying to figure out like okay The first question is so what? Right. I'm you know, I'm middle-class. I have a job. I have a benefits fits package I'm almost six feet tall. I'm white. All right. So what I'm you know I'm doing fine, and that's a really honest honest statement I'm fine. Does this impact me other than ethically and I'm not gonna go through all of that for you Because I think you know that you feel that you work that that that is your message But for sometimes when I speak about this I do go through the whole litany and all of the literature that says yes, so what this is really important It impacts our economic development. It impacts are as a community Impacts our economic development, which means it impacts our incomes It impacts are the whole idea of social mobility in San Antonio meaning can well my kids grow up to do Would be as successful as I it impacts our crime rates it impacts our social cohesion It impacts our tolerance and our idea idea of social tolerance Which we know in the entire United States is threatened right now is that we don't understand one another anymore We don't when we see a young person who dresses differently and has a different Speech pattern we're afraid because we're not we're not around it enough And this is why our segregation does matter But again, I'm not gonna go on into that as much because I think you get that But what I am gonna go into is okay We've been labeled this We know it matters. How did this happen, right? That's my question How did it happen and there are lots and lots of ideas about that you open the newspaper you listen to the radio every day You will hear all of these different ideas one of them We like to live with our own kind you hear that but there's racism Classism exploitation corruption deindustrialization the biggest one right now out there really I think in the public sphere is Individual choice is it's is that a lot of people make good decisions and some people make bad decisions? And that puts them in certain categories with certain Opportunity you know levels of opportunity right all of these the reason I even bring that up is because if we do the research and we gather the Gather the information and the data and really do a really nice analysis of it Any one of those leads to different policy implications And if we're gonna try to create policy and move against this every single one of those would put us in a different place So and I'm not gonna present on those I'm gonna present a different argument right now And my argument is that I got to do with oh with property because everything in the United States have to do with property The right that is protected in the Constitution was the right to own property It was not civil rights civil rights were added in the 1960s wasn't even it wasn't even the right to the franchise That's only been expanded gradually through the years It was the right to property and it is still the most protected right that we have I cherish my own property But it's it's this that it's this and I'm hopefully over the next well a couple hundred slides I will also convince you that that's where we are so here we go Right and this is what I'm this is this is what I'm going to show what I want to show you is that we have built a Landscape from the bottom up right so we've created a landscape in the early 20th century a landscape of neighborhoods Right and we cherish our neighborhoods We're we were proud of the fact that we are a city of neighborhoods And then we continued through the mid 20th century we invested in that landscape then we institutionalized it and I'll show you what I mean and Right now in the early 21st century. We're in the process of reinvesting But every time we do we go through one of those phases. We don't undo the old stuff Right, so from year to year and this is exaggerating because I don't but fashion changes right and in some of us Probably not us but people like will give their whole wardrobe over to the goodwill and they'll go out and buy new clothes Right because fashion changed. We don't do that with the landscape. We don't do that with housing We don't do that with property just because with times have changed We don't go back in and reconfigure our neighborhoods. They're still there So all of these years of policy they pile up and that's what I want to show you right now So phase one part one creation, right? We're going way back creation Really old map can't see it. Well because of the lighting Um, but oh really old map of bear county and if you if you look at it really carefully You can see the old six by six mile square, right? Which was the old the old original city boundaries centered on the cathedral Six by six mile square and in there and if the lights weren't so bright, I don't know if they can do anything about that um You'd see that even the street patterns going in it's kind of it's kind of interesting And then and the and the outsides in the county land. It's those huge big strips of property Oh yay big strips of property that um, that's old ranch land that's been subdivided, right? So it's so that's very very rural. So i'm actually going to zoom right in into the inner city because that's where this story begins Another old map just to the inner city. That's that's the old six by six mile square Right just and those are the streets you and I recognize it doesn't give the highways in it yet because it's old But there they are right so our streets our street pattern our grid patterns old and these the red boxes our neighborhoods and this is again early 20th century and what a friend of mine and I do is Is and don't catch us on a boring day But when what we do and we love this is that we go to the we go to the county courthouse And we look up the old deeds of when the old when the neighborhoods were originally platted And it's a very similar process to today a developer buys a piece of land old ranch land agricultural land They go to the county and they said i'm going to subdivide this land right they get all the permits They follow the regulations they put in a subdivision fabulous same process now It's digitized then it wasn't But and so these red boxes are all the neighborhoods that we have found in the old historic documents That we can trace their origins, right? So it's like it's it's these kind and and the The marketing around these was the same as today, right? You go and you go to the edge of town and you see the big billboards that say kb homes, right marketing for new developments It's the same. So this is Bg irish subdivisions in san Antonio and this gentleman is is building all of these subdivisions And he was incredibly prolific in his building Um, but so so i want to look at these right i want to look at these neighborhoods I want to and i'm we're gonna i'm going to just take you in And look at some of them and look at when they were developed and how they were developed Right, here we go north southeast and west north Beacon hill A neighborhood that's well represented over here district one great fabulous old neighborhood right before this is before 10 I don't have a pointer, but beacon hill is up in the northwest part of the old city, right? Um, there it is today and just you know just to make the point that you know that the other map was really old But this is new still there still the same houses, right? There's the housing stock in beacon hill fantastic We love this appreciating Um, there's a new there's there's a new appreciation for this kind of housing stock So prices values are going way up All right, this is the deed and i'm not going to be able to read it either But i'm going to try this is the deed to the house every house has got a deed right You probably have your deed near in your file cabinet somewhere And it's what it says is there's a lot of legal language in there as far as where exactly this property is located in in league in the legal addresses And then it says how much these houses can be worth as this neighborhood is built because they're trying to you Build some uniformity into these neighborhoods. Um, so these were 1500 dollars the houses back in the 1920s and beacon hill Had to be worth at least 1500 dollars Um, it's often about setbacks, right? There's no tents Right, there are no trailers. You can't live in the backyard Um, and then and then finally it says and again, I don't know nobody with tuberculosis But also nobody with nobody of negro or mexican descent May ever live in this neighborhood Right going back North haven another neighborhood right near beacon hill north haven is again in that northwest quadrant of the old city This is the housing. It's a little bit smaller But again, it's a housing that we cherish today It's pretty unique and again in north haven all of these deed restrictions and then in in In north haven this one I can read. No, let's these Any sale or lease of this property or or properties there of to any mexican or any person of negro blood Should immediately cause this house to revert to the grand tour All right, so these houses were these these neighborhoods were heavily restricted for who could live there That's north. Let's go south south I'm going to go south to harlandale harlandale fabulous old neighborhood, right Um a working class neighborhood today. There it is going in that's the original plat the original plat's are beautiful They're all hand drawn Um, and there's all the all the houses going in there. They are today. There's been some urban renewal So there's some newer stuff down there also But in harlandale same thing here's all but here's the lease and it says right here. There it is right there Right no part of this no part of this property. She'll ever be sold leased or rented to negroes or mexicans Let's see Let's go east right east. I'm going to go to the east side of downtown. There it is Dignity hill one of our most coveted neighborhoods today Right, there it is today. I'll plant it out some of the housing stock fantastically beautiful, right? It was allowed to deteriorate But in 1940 it also was deed restricted This is the this is some data from the 1940 census 1940 census allows me to go house by house to figure out who lived there Right and so then that's exactly what I've done in here and I've coded it The blue is the african-american the red is mexican-american the brown the light brown is is anglo-american New bruntfuls avenue. You can see that right there was a divining line between a heavily restricted dignoity hill and a non restricted Neighborhood just to the east and the point of this is see to see how well these things were working They really were sorting us They're sorting us out racially Right by who can live where? All right, that's east. Let's go west west is prospect hill The classic neighborhood on the west side. It's a little bit further west again. No pointer great old housing stock Right and the same thing same thing even on the west side in prospect hill Right and this one this one says no house less than thousand dollars and a lot of the same housing restriction So my point on that north southeast west is these neighborhoods were going in in the 1920s 1930s 1940s They're heavily deed restricted. So my question then Right What's going on in here? What's going on in the middle? Right, so I showed you north southeast and west as these new neighborhoods were going in but my question is What's going on in the middle then right because look that land that that middle stuff You see it without the red boxes. What's going on in there was my question So here they are right here's some of those areas along the creeks and things And I'll get back to that in a second little these and these these also have a history They're different though. They're smaller smaller little developments Right not of the scale that I saw in the other ones. They're like this was an entire development one block These deeds no restrictions. No sign of any restrictions whatsoever, right? These neighborhoods developed by a different developer on a different scale Were not restricted Right, this is what they look like today Right a very different kind of infrastructure Different private infrastructure different public infrastructure The houses are smaller because the lots the plots were smaller when they were originally planted subdivided The plots were smaller Then the streets were smaller and there wasn't the room for infrastructure, right? So there's no sidewalks. There's no space for a sidewalk Right, the street lighting is just like hanging out in the street. The street doesn't have any drainage This is some of our real inner city neighborhoods and these were not restricted so what we're doing Is we actually end up funneling a lot of our population the non-white population is funneled into these neighborhoods Again that 1940 census and this is fun the 1940 census for these areas Says that who's living here and i'm trying to code it is african american mexican american chinese english italian People from louisiana and oklahoma and some russians, right? So that's who that's who's ending up in these real inner city west side neighborhoods, right? There's no yet. Yes the The oklahomans in louisiana might have been may have been anglo, but they were still Still pushed into some of our our deeply inner city neighborhoods Same thing right just to make the point just to show you that these old records All of these little developments were much at various different scale And and when we look at it there we go again. Look at those those pieces of property Right, this is a difference the different thing that's going on here and there's the street Right and that is a street. It's not an alley. That's a street on the west side district district one or district five I'm not sure but again, you know if we look at the housing socket We look at the public infrastructure that we're looking at something very very different All right, there's the housing All right garden dale. This is just I think this might be my last example because this is this one's Very important to remember There's your housing again housing that sits just about on the street We know the drainage patterns in this area when that street starts to flood it's going in that house, right? So so so during this time frame as those neighborhoods I was showing you as those neighborhoods develop their deed restricted which pushed our non-white population And we've always had a significant non-white population today. We are majority minority majority. I don't ever remember the order of the words Um, but even even back here. We had a significant non-white population and they are pushed into some parts of the city The other parts aren't they're not they're not they're not welcome Right, um, and this is really if you can see this. I'm not sure if you can because of the room The really one I want to show you is that to the north This is some area on the west side and maybe for those that are close So the north is is an area that was heavily deed restricted, right to the south of that street That was where this restriction stopped the south of that street was not restricted deed restricted This is today, right? Can you see the difference somebody close? Can you see the difference between the north and the south of that street? words Give me a word Yes, cramped. Yes, but but even if we look at the houses, they're cramped. It's dense It's a little bit chaotic because what you got going on in these areas is people would go in and subdivide their own property Like oh my my son turned 18. He got married. I'm going to subdivide my property and build another house for him Fabulous, right? But and then they and then they patch in they patched into the utilities Right and saws and cps still finds this stuff underground, right? But that's what was going on for generations in this part of town 1948 that's declared unconstitutional, right by shelly versus kramer They say no no no no no no no more of that stuff, right? But By now we're in phase two right investment Right and now we're now that stuff that I was just telling you that was a relationship between you and your developer And you and your neighbors by the 1930s the federal government's taken off and they're getting involved in this stuff And a lot of this was about pulling us out of the great depression Banks wouldn't lend a penny to anybody the building trades were stuck and stopped And frankland on the rules about once we get the building trades going again, and he needs the banks to start lending He's also got veterans veterans just pouring back in and there's nothing to live in right and that's going to be that's going to be unrest So he says banks Banks, please start lending banks say no, we're not going to do it and he said okay What what about here's a deal for you right? If I guarantee if I the united states government guarantee your mortgage Guarantee a mortgage if somebody forecloses on you will you start lending again and banks said We will if it's not that risky, right? We we get that we love that Right, that's an fha mortgage today mortgage insurance, right? But what about but but but the but the bank said but tell us where And and the federal government goes fine. We'll tell you where we will go to the neighborhoods and we will go And this is when the suburbs were built and there they are they're pretty But we'll go into every city in the country Right and they use local appraisers to do this and they will they looked at the housing And they looked at the people living in the housing And if the housing was of a of a good quality and the people living in the housing were white It was coated green That was the signal to the united to to the united states government and to the banks That this was a safe investment right go lend money invest in this neighborhood mortgages rehabs, whatever There's the housing right in some of Montevista Some of the housing up around wood lawn is is was coated green If a neighborhood had had a good housing stock, but he had some room for infill Right and I'll show you what I mean, but it was still a white demographic. They coated it blue It was still deemed a healthy a healthy risk, right? You could still loan in that area You're probably going to get paid back right and this these are our beacon hills Right, so there's the housing stock again. It's a housing stock that we really cherish today There was also some infill the litter little little houses that got tucked into those neighborhoods That that were considered infill. They've aged really well Right and so these were our blue neighborhoods If a neighborhood he had housing stock that was beginning to deteriorate And there might have been a very slight non-white presence on the edge The neighborhood was coated yellow Right and that again was a signal to the banks now we're getting into some risk, right? And so here are our yellow neighborhoods There's the housing right still a housing that that that we appreciate But the banks were like, nah, you know, this is this these aren't safe And then finally if a housing stock it was was in the process of deterioration Which housing does without investment And this is a non-white population. It was the neighborhoods were coated red They were redlined by the federal government And that was a signal to the banks that these are risky investments Maybe you don't want to go there, right? And so so and we know what this housing stock looks like because these are the housing That I was talking about just a minute ago that was built Back when back when there were no deed restrictions in these areas now some really nice significant housing gets caught up in this Because it's close by All right, so we got and this is a house in in our prospect hill Putting all that stuff together so far all those those neighborhoods that I told you that were deed restricted originally They were restricted against anybody non-white. They were open for a white population They're they're blue and green Right, so they're they're then deemed by the federal government safe investments And I'll show you in a little bit how much money starts to flow into them Those areas that were not restricted at the beginning that were available for non-whites They're coated yellow and red Right, so we've got a couple of things going on. We're developing a very racialized landscape But we're also denying all all of those neighborhoods any kind of investment whatsoever Right, so not only are we are we segregating spatially Segregating by race. We're also segregating now by class and we're making that in the process In the meantime as we're doing all of that if that's not enough We start to grow Right, there's the original city limits. There's by 1940 There's by 1950 there's by 1960 new development Was what was was not risky, right? So it was green lined But most of that new development was not available for a non-white population Right, so we're growing And no and those and those neighborhoods do get this kind of investment, but again, they're highly racialized That stuff That stuff also is over 1968 president johnson Removes all of that racist language from federal housing policies through the first federal The this is his fair housing act part of the civil rights bundle, right that he passes in the 1960s Um, but now I want to talk so so that's these are these layers that i'm talking about, right Layer three institutionalization So So I said on top of that once now i'm going to say it again on top of all of that We begin to form the school districts, right now if you can see this Then i'm not sure if everybody can but we complain daily about how many school districts we had until 1950 We had over 60. So that's got lines in it. I don't know if you can see them Um, but we had over 60 school districts. They were mostly rural. These were the csts the common school districts They reported to the county so the county would meet as the county commissioners They would end that meeting then they would and then they would reconvene immediately as the school commissioners Right and they would make the decisions about the csts San Antonio school district was always an isd. That was state law as a municipality They were an independent school district meaning they could raise taxes and they had their own board of trustees, right? Um, really 1920s 1930s east coast movement to start to consolidate this We're an industrializing country. We need kids who are literate and math and you know, no I don't know what the equivalent for math is but math people um, and So they needed to go to school all day. They needed to go school all year They needed teachers who are professionals. They needed administrators who are professionals, right? Let's get it out from underneath the political process So school districts start to consolidate in in in you know in order to be efficient in order to be more professional This is an interesting process, right? So let me see. There they are. There's a better there's a better map There's the red lines on top of this because I want you to watch this process We go to that So the big school districts, right like the north sides the northeast, right our big successful school districts to the north side The little school districts within there literally started making phone calls to one another. This was an easy process They made phone calls and they said do you want to consolidate? And so some of those like there's one of them up there called lock hill selma district There's like all names that you would recognize And they said well, they said, you know, tell us tell us what you're worth How many kids you got how much property tax can you raise? Tell us what you're worth and then they decided it was a financial it was a financial decision Right and so so our big districts form out of that process, right? And they're very diverse And and and they're actually quite successful north side northeast Right and even east central over here to the east and some of the south side, but notice in the inner city San Antonio San Antonio school district. This is why it's so oddly shaped right the one right in the middle They consolidate with three they consolidate with los angeles heights school district white and hot wells and that's why san antonio is also oddly shaped But notice this one Can I do it? See the one just west of san antonio What is it? Edgewood Edgewood, Edgewood's famous So edgewood also Makes the phone call they make the phone call to north side And they say do you want to consolidate in north side? Well says well, what are you worth? How many kids you got what are you worth? What's your property taxes? How much can you raise? In north side says no No, thank you And then they call san antonio school district And they said and san antonio school district says basically the same show us your balance sheet What are you worth and san antonio never calls back and this is in the school board minutes So edgewood has to decide they decide we're going to go we're going to go it alone We can't we nobody will consolidate with us So we're going to become an independent school district of our own so that we can raise taxes From the property that we have within our school district boundaries. We will elect our own officials and all of that Elma heights right san antonio the school district calls up to elma heights And elma height says the same thing they say What are you worth? Right and elma height says no, thank you, right and elma heights goes goes its own way they go on their own Today edgewood school district is one of the poorest school districts in the entire country They're the only school district that was able to get a education financing financing case to the supreme court Because they are so poor right and they struggle to this day Right. This is the institutionalization of that landscape because this is where our kids go to school This is our social mobility as far as how successful we are What opportunities are we prepared for and we get stuck in this right when we buy a house The first thing somebody does is they ask you how many kids do you have? Right and then they try to and they try to direct you into different school districts Right. So what have we done by the 1950s? We'd created a highly differentiated social geography through deed restrictions through red lining through the schools themselves under incredibly exploitative and racist circumstances and processes And then it was the 1960s and we got enlightened And we decided no more of that right no more. We're not doing that anymore. Yay us right So we brought equality Yay, we brought equality civil rights to this landscape, right? We brought global standards Everybody gets to be treated the same now Fabulous love that everybody gets to be treated equally equal rights We brought global standards and applied them on top Of that landscape. What do I mean? Let's treat every child the same Right. That's a standardized curriculum. So that looks like Well, first it looks like brown versus bored, but then it looks like our robin hood And then ticks tax tax tax and star. I just remember those from my kids. I don't I think they go older But um, but so let's we're going to fund them all the same Right every every child gets the same amount of money and every child gets the same curriculum taught in the same way Number two public investment rough proportionality and I should reverse those because we have 10 Equally populated city council districts a equality Right and we divide the city budget by 10 And then and then divvy it out everybody gets the same fabulous But what happens when I do that on top of a landscape that I already created that I didn't throw away like old shoes Um, that was but it was created that to be incredibly unequal, right? What happens? What happens the cumulative effect of that Of our enlightenment is is the maintenance of the status quo, right? Everybody now just stays stays in place Um, and it's this and and this now is where the city conversation is about inequity Because yes, we're treating people equal, but we're starting in a very very different place So and that's what we're what we refer to as inequity, right? Quality inequity are very different Equity is about needs Right. So when we can still see this in the landscape, so those old areas I think they're yeah where the old red and yellow lines are still poor surprise surprise, right? Yeah, everybody's treated the same, but they've remained poor We haven't been able to alleviate this this and I'll just talked about this really quick Is that this is today housing values housing values west side in an area where you can find red yellow blue and green Lines right in the red. Those are little pieces of property and it's looking at how their How their value is going up, right? Because because our houses are savings account That's where I save my money. It's silly to put it into a real savings account You put it into your house and then you plan on selling your house someday In the in the old red lined areas The brown means those area those houses are appreciating two and a half standard deviations Below the rate that the rest of the county is appreciating. That's what the brown signals the blue Signals that those houses are appreciating at two and a half standard deviations above the rest of the county Right. So so when they were blue they were deed restricted then they were red lined and green lined today They're appreciating at this wonderful rate So people are are generating wealth through their through their home ownership in the old red lined areas We're slipping backwards, right? They're still losing Today, right phase four current phase reinvestment. We're reinvesting we discovered this right san Antonio says Hey Our downtown is not where it should be and we so we we formed this thing And it's called the icrip the inner city reinvestment infill policy Formed in the late 2000s and it was intended to promote growth Target targeted in the inner city because our downtown was was deteriorating People didn't go there, right in in the 2000s and before And so so the city came up with this policy, which at the time was brilliant Let's let's let's wave a lot of those big fees and encourage Incent new development downtown Right this that that that area is exactly the area that had been red lined and yellow lines, right So this so and so this is what's happening This is in manky park Old fourplex, right? It would be affordable to moat to a working class family Somebody making win minimum wage working for the city and maybe making a living wage actually working for the city Old fourplexes they rented for like eight nine hundred dollars manky park great location. Yay. We love that These are all these are all being torn down through this incentive policies And these are being built and these are worth five hundred six hundred thousand dollars So this means that we're losing a lot of our affordable housing stock and we're replacing it with very expensive housing And this is what's happening in some of those old areas that had been neglected investment for so long Um, just looking at some recent data. This is mortgage data Right, this is available through the federal government and it's mortgage data and the dots signify How many mortgages? And in any form for a new house for a rehab for anything were made in that census tract in that little neighborhood in 2014 Look at the size of the dots in the red areas the blue areas and the newer areas compared to the red in the red in the yellow areas You see what I mean Little tiny dots. We've got a big dot in south town. Yes But what that means is how much how much mortgage money investment money capital Is flowing into our old neighborhoods Relative to our new neighborhoods very very little still to this day The rate of denial of a mortgage for the inner city neighborhoods is very very high compared to our other areas There as if I look at all of the mortgages made in bear county in 2016 you can see where they are Right, there's still to the north our inner city neighborhoods teeny tiny dots Right, that means that's investment. That's not just me spending money out of my pocket. That's real investment Can I buy a house? Can I can I fix up a house? Um, and finally And I wish that this was blown in but I wanted you to see the scale. This is the west side creeks restoration project Yes, we're finally fixing up those creeks that the that the army corps of engineers Concreted in right san Pedro creek. It's going to be fantastically beautiful Um, the sound it's they're going to look like the like the san Antonio river But that's the map for there's the west side creeks restoration projects. These are public projects county and city Um, and some bonds some other kinds of money Uh, but what's gonna what's happening right along those right now is this right? The soap works is uh, is is an apartment complex right downtown right along right along the san Pedro creek And there's the creek project right there. That's what it looks like when you look through the fence It's going to be so pretty But this apartment complex is right on the banks of the san Pedro creek Right now it's been there for a very long time. It was an old soap factory Uh, right now it is a little bit run down It is but it houses people who are making below a living wage a lot of people on fixed income A new a new management company has bought it from houston and the rents have gone up over a hundred dollars in in a month And people are scared and they're holding community meetings and they're scared because they don't know where they're going to go So that so these are some of our this is our reinvestment Right, so we're not necessarily reinvesting in those old areas that were that were denied investment since the beginning of the 20th century Instead we're reinvesting in these kinds of things that are not necessarily benefiting those Who lost out in the beginning There's the soap works apartments today so For the past 50 years 78207 has been defied by poverty inequality and a sheer lack of opportunity And pardon my language But that I just you know, I just kind of I get All caught up in this when it's when you see that the next time just go well, no shit Right, we did that we built that that was intentional. That was a labor reserve Right, we built that intentionally so people wouldn't get ahead Of course, they're of course, it's still poor. We've never invested We didn't allow them to invest because we didn't allow them to borrow against their house or get a mortgage or fix it up, right So this is the this is the story that the city is involved with right now when you read when you read They use the term the equity lens And it really is and you know, we built a landscape that was highly uneven And and then we brought equality to it, but it just maintained the status quo And so now we're having conversations. We'll see how we do these are brand new conversations About what does equity mean? Well equity looks at at the needs The needs that are in these different areas and since this we need to we need to respond to to equity To to needs not just spread it out all around equally Right, so so really to close. I don't know who said this, but there's nothing more unequal Than the equal treatment of unequal people and that's what we've been doing We've created inequality and then we said then we decided to treat everybody the same And look where we are, right? We have we're we are we've been now like tagged as the most segregated city in the country And well when you look at the roots of it that was very intentional and we haven't done a lot to get out of it Right, so just to close my question is, you know, if we don't start moving on it and thinking about it What happens will our city grow? Or just for some of us, right just for the charmed few those of us for whom it works And and and you know, and maybe we'll just move farther away We can move to the edge and then it's not our problem So thank you for your time. I know that Anne had questions You