 The big question was to try to understand the physics fundamental physics behind the information storage capacity of a black hole Now the point is that black holes are The limit of the information storage per given size So if I want to send you a message in a given in a box of a given size Then I can keep putting their information bits until this message becomes a black hole collapse into a black hole This is the limit because if I try to put more then this message will just increase I will get a bigger black hole. So black holes are the biggest limit of information storage per given size So you can think of a black hole as a sequence as a very long message a sequence of zeros and ones and The longest message per size again But the another amazing property which is highly on trivial for a black hole is that to go from message to message In other words to rearrange the message. It is the cheapest system. Okay. This is incredible. Okay, so in other words thinking the following way Think about the book, right? So to create a book It may cost some energy and actually the book itself may be very heavy. Okay Then in this book you store information because you write But you can write one message then you can erase it and go to a different message, right? This procedure of going from a message to message Okay, re-ranging the or bits of inform a cubits of information. It always costs energy So the black hole is the cheapest so the black hole is cheapest in rearranging the message Okay, so in other words black hole of the given size of the given mass Has huge number of copies. Okay, which differ by this Inner message. Okay, so it's very hard to distinguish them classically. You have to wait very long time This this is the price to pay for a big message and for a cheap message But nevertheless, this is the black holes are the really incredible from the point of view of the how cheap it is to rearrange the zeros and ones And so the idea was to understand physics behind this Maybe in terms of some general phenomena and then see how unique black holes are in this respect Whether there are other systems of nature that can process information in the same way Okay, let me describe the method right now. We are theoretical physicists and we are we also the field is fundamental physics now and the the the the topic that we are trying to Tackle understand Essentially, we are moving in dark, right? So we have Certain well-established facts. We are trying to understand. What's the underlying fundamental physics behind these facts? So we are trying to understand black hole information storage in terms of some phenomenon of nature. Okay Then the way it works you get an idea and the idea is that this phenomenon of nature is quantum criticality of Black hole constituents of Gravitons. Okay. Now once you have this idea Then methodology is the following first you try to understand consequences of this idea and Secondly, you try to kill the idea Actually, the two are connected because you can have once you derive consequences You can see that these consequences contradict to some obvious facts. Then you are killing the idea Or you try to kill the idea in a different way. So basically this goes in parallel So in the same time you're trying to develop the idea from idea you want to develop it into a theory Okay, something into that you can work with Calculate something predict something and simultaneously think about the loop holes. Okay, what could be that could kill this idea So that's the methodology What is new in in our research is that we have understood the physics behind fundamental physics behind black hole information processing and Capacity information storage capacity in terms of very general phenomenon of nature and this phenomenon of nature is so-called quantum criticality in this particular case of attractive bosons of attractive particles of Bosé Einstein type systems. This is the key find so this is this means that we have a microscopic theory Okay, based on this idea the central idea How black holes work as quantum computers? This is the key now this quantum criticality Is this precisely what is responsible for appearance of the cheap quibis which were total mystery before okay? No before this was completely even for us and for everyone unimaginable How can you have a system with so cheap? Quantum qubits, okay, I mean qubits are quantum qubits, of course information bits quantum bits and Now we understand this in terms of this quantum criticality now What is quantum criticality quantum criticality is the transition a space transition? Between different regimes of the system Okay, you can compare it with with the with the group of people or country or any any system with many many constituents can exhibit this type of transition from one regime to the other and at the transition point Certain things become very peculiar and unusual and things that are unimaginable in when system is in the stable equilibrium Become possible when system is at the transition point and this is very similar to This this comparison if you have a big country stable country Normally, it's not easy to change hierarchies people have to work very hard to go up in the hierarchy But when kind of country is in the transition point revolution or something like that then to change hierarchies becomes very cheap energetically cheap and this is also the common property of systems of nature So it's not just about countries, but this is also true in Generic there is a big class of systems including black holes Which are at this transition point and that's why they have cheap qubits appearing. So this is the key and this is new This finding has relevance in at least in two directions, okay now first We are working in fundamental physics and we are trying to understand nature The point is that we cannot understand nature of elementary particles now nature We want to understand that very high energies at short distances And we want to understand what are the laws of nature and at very high energies. Let's say, right This is impossible without understanding black holes. Why because Gravity is an interaction, which is universal and gravity is an interaction which is becoming strong with energy So high as the energy in particle collisions Gravity becomes more important if you want to build a more and more powerful microscope gravity will inevitably play more and more important role in this process And most powerful bar microscope that you can build is There is a limit to it Because finds one later you cannot resolve distances shorter than the plank length And you try to construct a microscope, which is more powerful. It will collapse into a black hole It's the same thing. Okay. So in other words, the black holes are the end point Of any high energy particle collision. Okay, this is commonly accepted this view But then this is telling you immediately that without understanding black hole quantum physics or black holes Fundamental physics of black holes. We cannot understand nature Because there will be region high energy region Domain of nature that we will not be able to describe without being able to describe black holes Quantum mechanically So therefore, you see it's absolutely important for virtually every problem that every question that you want to pose in high energy Particle physics will bring you finally to the understanding of black holes And therefore, this is the key. This is one important thing It's also has implication in cosmology. Why? Because Universe we come from big bank and loss of physics in the early universe We are high energy loss of physics because back in the past universe was hot elementary particles were very energetic And again The for understanding history of the universe We have to understand physics at high energies and again, we cannot do it without understanding black holes So in other words how universe stores information, for example Okay, this is we cannot understand without understanding this type of physics Okay, so this is as far as fundamental importance is concerned But there are also implications because this opens up a new direction of the research Why because now we understand the black holes are not unique In the way they process information There are other systems which exhibit quantum criticality and these systems you can manufacture in laboratory And they essentially are doing computation according the same rules that black holes are doing Now this is very important because firstly demystifies black holes Okay, because now we understand that you can have systems that you can manufacture Moreover, you can study black hole physics by observing these systems So you can borrow computational skills from black holes realize them in real labs laboratories But also backwards you can read certain phenomena in laboratories, which were not suspecting before Existed and now we can say oh, there is a new phenomena Maybe let me go go back and look in the astrophysics in astrophysics Maybe black holes exhibit similar type of phenomena and let me look for it So it works in both ways opens a sort of a new direction of research in which you can sort of use the same phenomena of nature Okay, but in different systems and some of the systems are much more accessible and this is very exciting The question is how to continue this research So we are thinking in few directions One is of course fundamental research. So we should we must understand better and better Work out this theory in more details Try to understand how physics of black hole quantum computing works both in gravitational systems as well as in condensed matter systems Generically in the systems with quantum criticality as I said This is one theoretical research direction. It has many sub directions another direction is to To try to manufacture these type of systems in laboratory And make direct observations on critical systems from the point of view black hole based quantum computing This is very exciting. Of course here. We need a methodical physicist. We need the help from our experimental colleagues. So we are Discussing with with them Trying to understand what would be the right systems of nature in which we can do this type of experiments There are few candidate systems that we are thinking about in particular cold atoms Because it seems that in cold atoms we can manufacture The systems which with attraction and with criticality so we can sort of repeat the same physics that Takes place in the black hole quantum computing And this is very exciting research essential experimental And there is third direction in which we try to understand What can be seen in the sky? In real black holes What are the predictions from this inner structure that could be observed by astrophysical observations? Okay, so that this is another very interesting question again. Yeah, we need help from our Observer astro astro observers from our colleagues that are doing astrophysical observations This will be really very exciting to see a Trace of or a signature of black hole quantum hair in in in astrophysical observations Okay, we are in the process of studying trying to understand what could what could be seen And yet another direction is uh cosmological So try to apply these ideas to cosmology And see just in the same way as black hole encodes quantum computational messages, okay Whether the universe itself, which is very much like black hole early universe How the early universe was storing quantum information, okay And whether one can read out some of this information, which is now stored in fabric of the space time That's yet another direction. So it's very exciting