 Thanks, Jeff, and thanks for calling me an expert. It's from you. That's kind of pleasing. Anyway, I'll be briefly talking here about Europe's lost frontiers from the road sensing side of things, looking at 3D seismic and also 2D. Apologies, this will be a whistle-stop tour due to the time constraints, but hopefully this will give you an understanding of what we've done and some of the processes we've done to achieve this. First thing. Sorry. Sorry, it's going. First thing is that, obviously, we have a series of targets we have to meet. And the first, this is obviously to use the legacy 2D and 3D reflection data to achieve a high degree of coverage to not obviously achieve the best possible mapping we can. We can't obviously cover everything, but we try to cover as much as we can with the data that is publicly available to us. We also want to provide an interpretation from the regional down to the human scale. And this is quite important, and this will be part of the topic of this talk, is stepping down in scales from the big to the small. We also need to provide material that will be used, that will allow our other colleagues to extract, for example, DNA or archaeo-environmental material from the sediments, and we need to locate those sediments. And the other thing, obviously, the main goal of this is to provide data on the landscape that can be plowed back into simulation. You can see one of Phil's little simulations in the bottom there. So the background, obviously, very briefly, as archaeologists, maps have dominated our thinking of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic in Doggerland. Obviously, we need accurate maps to guide us to archaeology. We need to locate where people are living and understand how that exists. And that's true for both the Paleolithic and the Mesolithic. One of the critical aims, obviously, this part of the project is to improve the maps that we have, expand them, investigate new areas and see what extent they might need revision. Now, there have been some geological surveys in this area. For example, Britaus being a major one, looking at the glacial, and the glacial processes that go on. And some of their size is actually very interesting. But obviously, that's targeted for deeper sediments, older sediments, and not really for the Holocene. Obviously, Vince has touched on the Humber REC, again, funded by the ALSF, and a very good thing which allowed us to look in detail. But again, we have gaps in those lines, so we can't join things up. There have been some very small detailed surveys for Andy Emery and Anderson, excuse my pronunciation. But both of those, again, using energy data, have picked up the Lake Pleistocene, some of the Holocene, but again, they're little windows into the landscape. And we need a big joined-up picture to understand the archaeology and doggalands as a whole. So obviously, as Vince just showed you, these are some of the datasets we've used. And as you can see, there's an awful lot of them. Obviously, very, very useful 2D data, but obviously has gaps between lines. And 3D data, the blue blocks you see there. Obviously, it covers quite a large amount of landscaping. Hopefully, as I'll show later, we've covered a lot of this landscape in quite some detail which will allow us to actually refine our understanding. So the 3D dataset, primary one is PGS's SNS dataset, which is shown here in the red. We have used this in the past, but this new dataset we've used has been expanded to new areas. There's additional datasets that have been bolted on, so it's a lot bigger, some 10, 15% bigger than the original North Sea and later the American survey that we did. We've also had access as well to the blue outlined area, which is the CNS data, and that is totally new to us in archaeology. That has allowed us to not only explore the North Eastern side of doggaland, but also move up, and this dataset, it doesn't show it here, but goes all the way to the Norwegian trench. So it allows us to explore a whole of what might have been doggaland in the Paleolithic and the Mesolithic. So we've got a very useful set of data that covers this area in 2D, but obviously there are other areas, and as you can see here, some of the other datasets we've gained from other geological surveys and oil companies that allow us to cover the areas which aren't covered by 3D in some detail, and allow us to map features, obviously they're profiles, and that obviously means there's some interpolation between the lines, but it does allow us to gain at least a better understanding of some of the features within that landscape. So, one of the things we obviously want to look at is the 3D data, and as you can see, the 3D data produces a wonderful map view of the landscape, both temporally and spatially. As you can see here, for example, the little paleo channel in blue, this is a very late Pleistocene, early Holocene channel, as you can see meandering down from the doggabank, probably following the course of an old glacial meltwater channel, which has then been reused, but as we go slightly shallow and further up in time, so towards the end of the doggabank, we can see, for example, the area of inundation, the coastline there, which is drawn in in green, and this is on the gray image, and you can see a later channel, the cross-cutting the older channel, so the drainage pattern has changed to reflect the change in the coastline and the inundation. So we can actually start seeing the landscape in detail, understanding some of the processes, some of the things that have gone on spatially within that landscape. And hopefully, yeah. So one of the things we can do is obviously map the opposite GIS, and as you can see, this is now the revised GIS, it's covering a lot further in the landscape and showing a lot more interesting things. As you can see, there are some areas we still have where there is no data, or for example, there is data, but it is not yet publicly available, so we can't gain access to it. And I've drawn them on there just to show you, once those become available, it will be very, very useful to be able to join things up, but even with these small holes in the data, and they are relatively small holes, we can actually start joining up features, having very long channel systems, which we can start understanding the nature of the landscape, it's connectedness, and the connectedness of the environments within the landscape, which is really important. Now, those simple GIS shapefiles will actually hide some complexity beneath them. When you look at some of these features, and for example, this is one of the big channel features at the bottom of the doggabank, which is previously not being noticed, they actually are made up of many different phases, many different times, and obviously, you can't reflect all of that in the GIS shapefile. However, how we've actually recorded the GIS shapefiles does allow us to understand the evolution of the landscape and how everything connects together, and that's really important, because obviously, it is a very complex landscape. If you look at the bottom image, just the raw output from one of these seismic time slices, it is quite a complex picture. And although you can just about, you can obviously make out the big palliative channel, you don't, it's very hard sometimes to understand how all these things connect and how they all relate to each other. And so having GIS interpretation files is really important, allowing us to break that all down and make it understandable. Now, obviously, we've looked at a big regional landscape, and we've mapped that all and produced wonderful images and a lot of new areas which have never been mapped before, have been mapped. But we archeologically, we want to drop down in the landscape from a more regional to a more local scale. And therefore, obviously, as Vince has mentioned in collaboration with Vliss, we have actually gone out and taken a parametric echo sound and looked at some of these selective features in more detail. And through looking at these, we have a variety of seismic fashies which we've seen come up that allow us to understand the study era a little bit better. For example, just to let people know SRF stands for Southern River Fashies, that Southern River being the location where we have basically made a type site of these different types of fashies which allow us to expand the interpretation out over other areas. Most interesting of these are those that relate to the emergence of the landscape and these being, for example, Southern River Valley III related to flood plain deposits, Southern River Valley IV, which are the main palliative channel deposits, but also Southern River Valley V, which are related to sand and gravel deposits at the base of some of these channels. And also more importantly, Southern River Valley VI type, which are basically fashies which relate to the inundation and intertidal deposits within some of these channels which are very, very good for preserving certain types of features. So once we've got all these fashies and data maps within the landscape, obviously we want to produce surfaces for the archeological modelers. And so one of the things, one of the problems we have obviously, as you've seen with many of the 2D areas and things like that is we have some gaps between the data. And so the data is therefore combined, as you see the colored image, which is rather garishly red-green, we combine some of the seismic pick data, obviously the bathymetry data to produce a surface which is a combined combination of the two, which allows us to at least produce an approximation in most of the landscape of a continuous land surface. Obviously the bathymetry isn't perfect in those areas where we don't have full D3D seismic data, we have to rely a little bit on that. That has a problem obviously that the bathymetry is a part of both erosion and deposition, but at least it is a reasonable proxy and allows us to actually produce a model for surface for modeling. This contiguous surface is obviously very, very good for archeological modeling and Philip will talk about this slightly later, but obviously it does make some very good graphics as well. Now, what are the benefits of that unified surface? Is obviously we can actually explore the effects of sea level rise, for example, models taken by Sarah Bradley and Sheffield and can be applied to this. And so we can actually model the rise of sea level and see the effects on the land surface, on the landscape. And we can actually understand, for example, how inundation breaks up the landscape, where inundation occurs and how it affects the features in that landscape. So you can see here through these various slides, going from the Lake Polyolithic, through to the early Mesolithic, through to just before Storahiga and into the Neolithic, how the landscape starts breaking up, how it affects the features until eventually the Neolithic, virtually none of the features actually available and there's just a little rump of land sitting off East Anglia and off the coast of the Netherlands. So the coastlines are quite important and they allow us to understand the correlation between the map features and the coastlines and they allow us to test the coherency of the picture through the Mesolithic and throughout the Paleolithic and see some where there are areas, mainly because of the bathymetry. Now this has allowed us to gain a lot of new insights. So the North, one of the things we have seen and because we have the CNS data that goes much further to North and stretches up to the Norwegian trench, as we can see that the landscape is a lot, extends to North, a lot smaller that it does than we previously thought. That doesn't mean necessarily there aren't, isn't the late Paleolithic coastlines to the North in Scotland, they do exist, but more excitingly, they're perhaps close to the coastline and shallower than we previously thought. That's really, really interesting, but it also means, for example, that the landscape to the North, the Northern coastal doggaland is also very, very stable and very, very important. So we've gained all these new insights and that's really interesting, but it does mean we're gonna have to change some of our maps. For example, this is one idea for Splash Cross in 2009 and you can see the change just applying some of these new thoughts of the occupiable land, that's a place where people could have lived in 2021 and there's quite a big change in that. Now, it's important to think what would happen around the world if we applied that and I haven't done that yet, but it is something to be done and I know that it's something that will be discussed later in this talk by James about the impacts of some of these things. When we start applying these potential methodologies, it could have some very big impacts into our understanding of human occupation and movement through the landscape worldwide, which is quite interesting. So obviously, I've mentioned the Lake Paleolithic and certainly for the doggaland at least, we have some very new insights. One of the big ones being the coastal stability of the Northern coastline of doggaland and the doggabank. Certainly from about 21,000 killer years BP, to almost the submerged doggaland, that coastline stays relatively stable. Also very interestingly, many of the paleo channels you see here are reused or modified. So they exist throughout various periods of history and they have an imprint in the landscape which continues on into the mezzalithic. There are also some more unstable features. For example, the out of the lake in its outflow and whilst it's a rapidly changing feature, it does have real significance to understanding our landscape. And so there's some real, this provides a real new opportunity to start investigating and doing some really new significant research into the Lake Paleolithic, which we couldn't do before. Previously, we'd kind of guess where the coastlines are. Now we have a fair idea of where we are. We're kind of at the beginning of the North Sea Paleo Landscape Project back in 2007, thinking of where we go with mezzalithic. In the Paleolithic, we now have at least some idea of where to start. And so that's really important and offers a new spring ball for research there. Obviously in the mezzalithic, there are some major changes. And again, we can see the importance of the paleo channel networks within here, the connectedness of the landscapes and the connectedness between what is currently in the modern landscape. We also have very interesting the three axes of flooding. Previously, we kind of had a theory, you know the landscape was inundated from the North. Now we have three axes with the out of the silver pits, the Channel River in the South and the El, which allow water into this landscape from three main directions. And that's really significant. It allows us to start thinking about the impacts on the mezzalithic occupants in this landscape and how that impact differed around the North Sea and Dogelan Basin. Now the Southern embayment is quite interesting. Now I'm at work by Michael de Klerk in Belgium from some of the cores down from the Belgian continental shelf which started showing this. And this has been confirmed and supported by this cause in Southern River and Brown Bank that the inundation in this area has started relatively much earlier than we thought. And that's quite interesting because obviously it provides a whole new environment of resources, of travel and access into the landscape which in the early mezzalithic we perhaps weren't quite as aware of as we thought we might be. And it also has some interesting implications obviously whilst the area that's flooded isn't available for occupation it perhaps the landscape around it, the edges and the coastlines would have been more attractive and may, for occupation and may have actually explained some of the distribution of the finds we find in some of these dredge finds. So that's looking very broadly at regional landscape we'll drill down now perhaps into a more local look. Obviously one of the things as Vince has shown we need to support obviously environmental coring we need to target down and find these caches on material in the landscape. And we'll take here the Southern River as an example just to show you how that was achieved. Now the Southern River is a large the large green river here as you can see with all the dots in the center just it cuts through several different glacial marines formed by the last glaciation pushing basically sediment, dumping sediment as it expanded and retreated through various stages. There are, it is only one of several other channels in that region which run down to a coastline shown in black here. They all penetrate the glacial marines and follow some of them follow the paths of late glacial meltwater channels. Other ones are cut later, but by and large these are glacial, sorry, fluvio-glacial channels that have been reused in later periods and used into the whole scene as active channels. So we've taken pro active profiles across this you can see here seismic line across the data. And as we can see from the models and seismic flashes we built up we can understand that looking at that particular parallel channel that is rather full of SRF6 the intertidal deposits and when we core it and you can see on the cores up there you can see lovely laminated sermons all the way through. So that's good because it allows us to validate. So we're predicting what the sediment caches are within that feature we see we can assess its environmental and archeological potential. And then when we go and core it that gives us a better idea of what we're gonna get out of it. And that's really important. For example, previous survey we've been involved in many years ago when we just used 2D coring and so on which is mapping the seabed we only got about 48% success rate of getting material we needed archeologically. Now when we use the ELF server we use 3D refined by 2D so we have a picture of a landscape and we know where the position of the core in that landscape and we know where it is in the feature we can know what the sediment is is and we got a much better success rate between 90 and 82% and that's really significant. There's a big up thing. It also of course means for our Palimba and Atlas and other work DNA where people work a lot more work but that's a good thing and it's a good recovery and compared to the slide Vince showed earlier for example of just taking cores pretty much randomly it's a much more significant achievement and given the difficulties of taking survey in this area and recovering material obviously any kind of step forward in that way is a good thing. Now obviously we're archeologists and recovering and mapping landscape recovering sediments and that's all very nice and very, very useful and it allows us to tell us about the resources in the landscape the DNA for example, marine mammals and other critters in the landscape as well as plants and of course the polypaleology telling us about plants the geology can tell us about Flint resources and freshwater resources with a landscape but we want to see the people and like Terry Jones there in Monty Python how not to be seen we have people hiding behind bushes and trees we don't see the people from the things in the landscape and we can't really ask them to stand up to know where they are. So we obviously need to start using some of the higher resolution stuff and start drilling down and so obviously the techniques we have done allow us to start looking into this landscape in more detail. Now obviously talking about the fine will be covered by I think by James and several other people later but by actually using these techniques of looking at the landscape and here you can see the 3D surface of the landscape the paleo channel, the estuary we can start predicting where people would have lived in that landscape and then targeting high resolution survey over that and then obviously we can then go to recovery. So that's a real benefit in actually allowing us to understand the various different stages of actually working down from the big down to the small and actually starting making recovery. So we're now getting to the stage where instead of guessing and relying on chance finds for locating archaeology we can actually do specific targeted work actually know in the landscape where things are, look at the environment look at where the resources are and then start targeting using our archaeological knowledge where we can actually find things and evidence of people and that's a really big step forward and where we hope to be in the future and go forward in and that's gonna be a big area of research certainly in the future. So some conclusions for you and then we'll move on to questions. Really what the work has been has been very successful in providing a much more comprehensive map of the emergent and land holiday landscape that's been pretty achieved in the past. We've looked certainly at the South in great detail. The CNS data has allowed us to look further north and actually confirm what many other people have thought about huge great glaces and that they're actually perhaps they're not good places to live. And so as archaeologists we now have to start really thinking about the late polyelithic and mesolithic landscape in terms of that coastline that northern doggabank coastline and obviously thinking as well for tastes like Scotland you know, late polyelithic coastlines being a lot closer to the shoreline and that's really important and really more means really exciting in terms of new frontiers of research allows us to actually start predicting and looking for areas where we can actually start prospecting for archaeology which is quite interesting. And obviously on the mesolithic front allows us a whole new understanding of the connectedness of the landscape the different resources environment within that landscape and how they all joined together and how Britain and Europe through its various forms is connected in many different ways and how that linkage as the sea level rose and the indentation occurred was broken up. Obviously we have new insights into the multiple regional scales working up from the large scale down to the small scale and we can now have a kind of methodology where we can step down in different various stages to the small scale and we're able to do that because we understand the larger landscape. And because we understand that larger landscape obviously we can then an understanding where we might find in environmental material we can now start prospecting in a much more directed manner for DNA, for polyenvironmental and obviously for archaeological material. And again that's very significant when you're working in the marine zone the costs and the difficulties and dangers of working in the area make that kind of approach very very important. It also, as I say, allows for significant new research back into the Blake Paleolithic but also into the Mesolithic. And as we move forward we'll be able to understand the new material and the new sites that we discover in the future in a much more holistic fashion. So thank you to all these people without all these industrial partners without all these academic partners this wouldn't have been possible. And I'd like to thank many, many, many of people who without whose help this just wouldn't have been able to be achieved. Thank you very much. Thank you, Simon. And thank you for being ahead of time, in fact. Really interesting paper. And I can see I'm going to have to redraw my maps of the Doggerland shelf. And we have some questions in the chat box. You can probably see them, but I shall read them out. Our first, I think we can deal with all of them. Our first question is from John Adams who's saying, are there any indications of settlements of possible thought on water channels? So obviously that is the next stage of research as we've drilled down. There at the moment we are just at the stage where we're starting to look for those things. And I'll just show you the southern river find. We are at that stage where we can start looking for that kind of thing. There are indicate some indications that perhaps there may be areas which are more interesting in the landscape and more useful environment. But we are yet we have still need more research and we still need more funding to actually get down and actually explore those kind of areas much more. So it's a yes, there are indications, but we need, as you say, we have the technology. We have the ability now to do that. And we've proved it's possible. It's now time to step up and actually do more of this to actually do that. So yes. Okay, thank you. Moving on to the next question. Trevor Faulkner asks, what age is meant by late Paleolithic? Is it early Holocene? So late Paleolithic in this case is late Pleistocene. So we are talking everything. Well, in late Paleolithic terms, up to the 10,500 Kiluranum BP. So before that in time. So we're talking back, you know, 21,000 Kiluranums and maybe a little bit further back in time. So the Holocene generally, and this is very, I know Jeff will probably disagree with this, but generally the Holocene is the Mesolithic. If you think of the start of the Holocene, start the Mesolithic in very, very over simplistic terms, that you can think of it that way. So that kind of boundary kind of reflects the late Paleolithic Mesolithic boundary. Okay, yes. These are rather arbitrary labels and arbitrary boundaries in different places. Okay, Jerry Gillies asks about the fourth bank complex, a large island group in your recent maps. And is that something you're looking into? That's something we will look into. Obviously lost frontiers, as you probably saw with the original diagram that Vince showed up. The core area is that Northern Doggo bank boundary down to the bottom of the channel. Obviously that fourth bank complex falls just outside that. So obviously that is something we hope to look to in future research, but unfortunately with the scope and the limited funds that we have available, fortunately that's something we couldn't look into as part of this project, but it is something we hope to look to in the future, for sure. Okay, always a good answer to the future. Definitely. Now, we have Stina, I hope I've pronounced that right, Hilda Brandt is asking, could you just quite a technical question I think? Yes. I want to find a seismic data. Right, okay. Well, this is quite complicated because obviously there are lots of different sources of seismic data. For example, the 3D seismic data was taken with air gun, been spacing of 12 and a half meters. But obviously, for example, the parametric echo sounder is a lot higher frequency and we're talking of resolutions of decimeters. So obviously there are, as I talked about in the talk, being nested, moving down in scales of size, there is a broad landscape scale set of data, obviously working on air gun and things like that, moving down to higher resolution data sets, such as the pairs which are working much higher frequency and much more area, but working obviously in a much smaller bin spacing and much tighter resolution. So hopefully that kind of answers it, but basically the answer is a lot of seismic data and a lot of different types. Okay, well, I'm sure that could be pursued in more detail. Now, there's another question here from Katrina Yul Anderson. Time frame for discovery of submerged settlements and direct human rendments. I think the question here is about, I'm not quite sure whether this means when do you expect to discover such things or what age of material do you expect to discover? Probably the first one, I think. Yeah, I suspect is obviously a question of funding and I can't unfortunately predict the government's mind on whether it feels generous or not, but we have the technology and techniques to do it now. And so certainly for the far shore areas, it's a possibility. That said, there obviously are places near shore, which for example, Bald McClifford, Gary Mumba, who have actually discovered near shore sites very, very close to the shoreline in the Solent. So these kinds of sites do exist and the fact they exist very close to shoreline tells us that actually they're probably gonna exist much further out and now we have the techniques to find them. So I would hope it wouldn't be too long before we find these things. On the time scale, well, as I've talked about, certainly for the mesolithic periods and I would say definitely from the Paleolithic period as well. Obviously in the deep Paleolithic, we can go much further back, but for certainly I think there's possibility for finding things very close, relatively close to surface in some areas for the Lake Paleolithic. So that's 21,000 to the 11,000 Kiluranum time zone. I think there's possibilities there as well for sure. Okay, thank you. I think we'll just take one more question. I think you've partly answered the final question, but Mark Bateman asked this rather interesting question about the data gap between sites that we have on dry land, present-day dry land and more distant offshore data that you have. What about the near shore zone? You mentioned that briefly in relation to boldness. So there is obviously things like boldness and there is actually new technologies. For example, the parametric echo sound that we used and Tina Missian over in Belgium now uses that similar device into very, very shallow water. So we now actually have technologies where we can start joining up those two zones. We are still, I'd say in early days, but the technology and the techniques do exist now to start connecting that up. And it's really a question of, I think, getting down and doing the work and actually joining those up in the key areas, which I think is the way forward.