 And who is there, soldier, sailor, marine, or airman, American, South Vietnamese, Australian, or New Zealander, already knows this well. The unit assembled in formation here, somewhere in Vietnam, is representative of all. I have a letter addressed to all personnel of this command from the commanding general. During our tour in the Republic of Vietnam, we have all seen what communism can do to a struggling nation in our world community. It is therefore most important that we conduct our affairs with the people of the Republic of Vietnam in a manner that will show the Vietnamese citizen that we are his friends, and that we are here to assist him in the improvement as well as the security of his country. It is then with great pride that I note the fine work done by the soldiers of this command during the recent operation. It is with pleasure that I say a job well done. These men have just emerged from many long days of combat during which they faced and fought the Viet Cong, drove him from areas which he had heretofore controlled, opened roads for travel which he had dominated, and thereby contributed substantially to the turning of the tide in Vietnam. Yet it is not for their military accomplishments alone, important though they are, that they are commended by the commander. It is for other activities, more subtle, less easy to grasp and define. Yet every bit is indispensable to the final decision in the war that is being fought in Vietnam today, a war unique in the long history of armed conflict between men and nations. Some of the images of men at war don't change much across the generations. The ragged soldier who stood with Washington at Valley Forge seems to us almost to be a part of our own time. So immediate and meaningful is the symbol he presents. The tragic figures of the men in blue and gray who fought the Civil War that decided our course as a nation are not just misty historical shapes. They are familiar to us as part of our national experience. Now these are photographs taken by Army cameraman of the war in Vietnam. But because the scenes of all wars are so much the same, they evoke memories in many of us of other battles and other times. There are men who can look at this picture and remember with a sharp tug that dissolves the years what it was like in those brief lulls between the battles of two decades ago. And others will think of Korea and the blistering summer heat of that war. For those who were there, this could be from any one of a dozen campaigns in the Pacific. Here's a shot of men and tanks moving out together to close with the enemy. And here's one of the warriors searching for spiritual strength. Images of men in combat which could be as much a part of the recent past as the present. But for all the similarities, there are differences too. Some of these are physical. Many of the techniques of war, for instance, change as technology advances. In Vietnam, the helicopter dramatizes that technological revolution. The fighting men there employ this machine to defeat problems of distance and terrain in a way that would have seemed incredible to the men who had to storm the murderous mountains of Korea. And probably no servicemen who has had to fight through Vietnam's monsoons will ever believe there was anything like it in any other war at any time. But most of all to the men who are there, the distinctively urgent facts about Vietnam are the kind of war the enemy is fighting and the special problems of the people. Not that the tragedy of uprooted people is new to the soldier. It's not. He's been forced to witness this ugly manifestation of war many times before. And he has helped whenever he can, as he is doing in Vietnam today, to alleviate the problems and the suffering of the people among whom he moves and lives and fights. But there's a difference in Vietnam, a big difference. And it revolves around the people. And it is this difference that makes the war there unique in the experience of the American soldier. Although this story we bring you today is basically a story of the soldier in Vietnam, it is broader than that. It is the story of all our servicemen defending against aggression in that far off land. And more, it is the story of the special task which all of them have, of helping to build a nation at the grassroots level among the people in the villages. This is the battleground in Vietnam, the varied and changing face of the land. But this too is the battlefield, the villages and the hamlets which dot the countryside, the communities across the land where four-fifths of the people live. And it is in this battlefield that the issue of victory or defeat will ultimately be decided. The reason is rooted in the special nature of the war that is being fought here. For this is a war whose objective is to win the hearts and the minds of the people. To understand why this is so, it is necessary to contrast this war with those we have fought in the past. Take Korea, for example. As in all the wars before it, it had a battle line. When the war was going against us, the battle line pushed in on us. But when we were on the offensive, the movement of the battle line described the progress of our victory. In this normal kind of military situation, the other side of that line was known to be enemy territory. And tragically it was, it was a fact to be accepted that cities and towns lying in areas controlled by the enemy often had to suffer the cost of victory's advance. The war in Vietnam is different, although our forces do engage in conventional combat with well-organized North Vietnamese military units who support the Viet Cong guerrillas. The enemy is active over most of the countryside, and rarely is there a conventional battle line. The job of the fighting men here is to search the enemy out wherever he hides, however he travels and supplies his forces. To seek him along all the avenues through which he infiltrates the Republic of Vietnam, carrying the weapons of his aggression, their job is to find him. But because the enemy over here is fighting basically an unconventional war, he does not rely on holding terrain, but more importantly, the people. The foundation of unconventional war rests on the need for their support. In this kind of struggle, whoever has the people wins the war. So it becomes the task of our troops to deny the enemy the popular support he has to have in order to survive. More than that, our troops must enlist that popular support behind their own effort and behind the government of the Republic of Vietnam. It is that government whose cause the American soldier represents to the people through whose villages he travels and fights. So the issue turns on the people in their villages and hamlets, and these become the ultimate battlefield of the war as our side and the enemy both endeavor to win their support. As the war thus ebbs and flows through their lives in villages, the people themselves have little control over that constant movement, nor ironically is the grave issue of the war. The threat to freedom which communist aggression poses always clear to the people whose support will determine the ultimate decision. Their lives are lived at the edge of fundamental experiences, and it is the fundamentals with which they are concerned, poverty, hunger, disease, and a deep yearning to live in peace and without fear, for they have known the trials of war now for many long years. Their allegiance will go inevitably to the side which most clearly demonstrates a sympathetic interest in those fundamental problems. The winning of their support then takes other weapons beyond those in our arsenal of firepower. It takes the intangible weapons of compassion and goodwill. In the early phase of the war, the Viet Cong proved themselves adept at using those weapons simply by persuading the people that they were their friends and protectors who would help to bring them a better life. The real objectives of communism were always underplayed or obscured entirely. They're still doing that as much as they can, but one factor has changed the direction of the war significantly. The big buildup of American forces, the countryside started to loosen, and as that has happened, the enemy has turned more and more to the use of terror and murder as a way of maintaining his grip on the people, hoping to intimidate them into support as the voluntary support weakens. It has been his greatest mistake, for although it can have immediate effect, its long-term result can only work against him. Enemy's mistakes, of course, work to our advantage, but there is an obvious and urgent lesson never to duplicate those mistakes. Not to be sure that there is any danger of our forces ever using terrorism as a weapon, but the people in the villages might not always be able to distinguish the difference between the calculated cruelty of communist forces and fire which rains on them and their families from an American rifle or an American plane. These special demands of this special war place a particular responsibility on every American in Vietnam. Commanders at all levels are obliged to consider the psychological as well as the military objectives of each operation. And because the circumstances call for an exercise of restraint beyond that normally required on the battlefield, they must strike a balance between the force essential to accomplish their mission and the necessity of inflicting as few casualties as possible on the civilian population. Now this does not mean that the rules of safety and security can ever be relaxed. Every commander must always be able to accomplish his mission with the least loss to his own troops and the fewest possible restrictions on his planning and his freedom to fire and maneuver. Nor does it mean that men going into battle should ever place their own lives or those of their buddies in jeopardy through excessive caution. Every man must take with him into combat the certain knowledge that he has the inherent right always to defend himself against hostile action wherever and whenever it occurs. But this special responsibility does mean that firepower of all kinds has to be employed with care taken in so far as is humanly possible to avoid unnecessary damage to the lives and property of the civilian population. For the blunt truth is that death or injury to helpless civilians, even when it is unavoidable works against us. This knowledge is simply one of the conditions of war which must be accepted. Responsibility extends all the way along the chain of command on every level and in every service. And it very specifically includes the man on the ground must face his personal responsibility through the sights of his personal weapon for this man's job carries him into the very heart of this unique battlefield. Precautions to eliminate needless casualties are taken whenever possible such as broadcasts or leaflets to warn civilians of impending airstrikes or operations always of course with due regard given to the security and success of the mission. The villages have to be entered. They have to be searched and made safe. This remains an inescapable duty of war. But with careful plans made and executed with every precaution taken it can be within the bounds of safety. And with every man aware of his own increased responsibility it is done with the least possible damage and danger. Operations planned in coordination with the country's province or district chiefs help smooth the path the rest of the way. For they can explain better than anyone else at least in the beginning that the Americans are here as friends. As friends, that's how our forces come into the villages of Vietnam. How they must come. Friendship is one of the most basic gifts a man can offer. It is built on the desire really to know people. The soldier has a special opportunity to try to understand what Vietnam and its people are like. Vietnam is an old country with a recorded history that goes back more than 2000 years. Its traditions and its customs are ancient and deeply cherished. The Vietnamese himself, humble peasant though he may be is the inheritor of this old tradition. And anyone who would claim his friendship must understand that about him. He looks on the world in a very set way defined and shaped by a long tradition. A world that lies always close to the soil and the elements. His village is more than his home. It is his universe and he seldom if ever leaves it. The values which shape his code of behavior are his most precious possessions and they are honored ones. Dignity, self-control, respect for elders. His family is all important to him. All his family, not only those immediately close to him but distant relatives as well. Those living, those dead and those in generations yet to come. Regard for the family is at the center of his religion. The majority of villages in Vietnam are Buddhist, many like this one are Catholics and were Protestant. Whichever it is, the place of worship in the village is the focal point of community life. Knowing these things about the Vietnamese people and understanding the importance they have in their lives help our troops to establish the friendship that is so crucial to their mission. Beyond endeavoring to know and understand the Vietnamese there is much more for the soldier to do. With which the American fighting man establishes rapport with the children in the lands through which he travels is an enduring part of his legend. There is no mystery about it. For the hungry language of childhood is universal. And men at war have known for generations that candy and chewing gum bring smiles and warm the hearts of children in any land. But there is more to this legend than candy and gifts. And every man knows it who has watched happiness brighten the eye of a child as the result of his own effort. Always happen quickly. Even a child's friendship is sometimes slow to come. And how much more true this is of people who have known bitterly only the brutality of war and warriors and who can escape only behind thick walls of silence and suspicion. Their friendship is not obtained easily. But with patience and effort it can be won. A civic action plan supports every military operation. Not because we believe that friendship has a price which we can pay with giveaways and handouts. But because we thus have the opportunity to show in a definite tangible way that our interests really lie with the people and their problems. And sometimes clothing supplied by the various aid agencies are often as important to take on combat operations as any other kind of cargo. They are not likely given, nor are they likely received. Always on the edge of want, whose days blend into a continuing challenge to rest enough from the earth to still their children's hunger. Such gifts are deeply important. And the gesture of giving becomes deeply meaningful. To people whose lives are shouted and haunted by disease, who must suffer pain and illness because no help for suffering is available to them, whose health and well-being are doomed to the harsh conditions of a harsh life. To such a people, the attentions of a military medical team are powerful symbols indeed of a desire for friendship, even soap in a community which has none and therefore is vulnerable to the ravages that such a simple item can prevent becomes a weapon with almost magic powers. Every military unit has the capability of helping to improve a community in some way. Simple construction material, for instance, and a little paint and a few hours work can pay rich and lasting dividends. Particularly work done side by side with the people themselves. For the Vietnamese people are both proud and industrious. They welcome the assistance of our forces and together they can accomplish much. A new roof for the community meeting center, a place for the children to go to school, a new face for the house of worship, a well, a bridge. These can work for us with wonderful effect. Helping the people to gather in their precious rice crop and protect it from the yet-cone, as these Marines are doing, can be as important as any military engagement. For all of this is evidence which will stand as lasting reminders that the Americans who came this way as allies of their government came as friends. Establishing friendships in the villages of Vietnam can also produce tangible results. Intelligence information, for instance, which can save the lives of American troops. The war our forces wage in Vietnam today is slow and hard and grinding. From the storehouse of our nation's power, they are bringing to it the might with which they can eventually destroy the enemy's strength. From reservoirs of compassion and generosity, they bring a spirit and a demonstration of friendship. And these, too, become weapons. As powerful as any other in this war, which is a contest for the hearts and the minds of the people of Vietnam. They are weapons that will touch and stir the hopes of those through whose villages the fighting men travel. And when they pass on, we'll leave it to positive warm feelings behind. And so they move on. Through village after village, hopefully leaving new friends as they travel on. Now, that doesn't mean that each village is secured forever when they leave. I don't know, the war isn't that simple. But their job is to continue pressing the war until the enemy they fight is convinced his aggression will not pay. And hand in hand with their fighting, the soldiers in Vietnam must carry on their crucial task of helping to build a nation all the way to the heart and soul of the smallest hamlet.