 Rwy'n dechrau i chi, Helen, i hynny a'r dットon â'r gwaes. Ffrens a'r colegau, mae'n enthai gael i hyn yn ychydig a'r digwydd o'r gwaith'r niwn, a oedd bynnag yn y peth o sens playlistau o Paddymwys a'r museum dd にd. A bod ni hefyd yn ychydig i fynd yn ei tynnu'n meddygaid o'r cymaint o'r llanol a'r dda i'r gwaith yn yma. Gallech chi am yr unig ar y gyfer, neu'n mynd i'w holl yn ffordd. Mae'r profesi Chalice Dwyrech Prudence i unedig ysgol Cyddiadau Cyflawniol i'r Cyfrifodol yn y Llyfrgell honno ar y Cyfrifodol Siŵnol Rhunigol. Mae'r cyfrifodol hir i'w wneud yma i'w chyfodol o'r gwaith yn cyflawniol mewn gwahaniaeth. Alice was a highly intelligent, feistig scholar who was never happier than when working with young lawyers on human rights issues. She had an international and regional reputation and I was always rather amused that wherever I went in China, Vietnam or Indonesia, I would always be asked, do you know Alice? They didn't even have to mention her surname. We all knew who Alice was wherever we went in that region and it's been a great honour for me to be able to speak in her memory today in this lecture. May I also of course recognise Valmy Friedlich. It's a great pleasure for me to meet you. And of course to know that the foundation has been set up quite specifically to deal with bigotry and to promote its study and avoidance. And bigotry is not a very nice word. In fact, it's not a word that I would really have used in common times, but it seems it's reached a level of notoriety that we can now go back to talking about it again. But it is crucial and it was very interesting and I'll return to this thing that the reason Section 18C of the Race Discrimination Act was not ultimately amended or repealed was because the Australian public knew that we need that provision to prevent the level of racial insult and abuse that does sadly happen still in our community. So bravo to the foundation and thank you for the support you and your husband have given to ensuring that we continue to see bigotry when it's there and to speak up about it. So thank you. Well I've been asked today to speak about human rights in contemporary Australia and it's a large subject stimulated by our celebration of the 800th anniversary of the ceiling of Magna Carta on this day, the 15th of June, 1215 on the river meadows of Runnymede in England. The Charter of Liberties, or Magna Carta as it later became known, was drafted by Stephen Langton, the Archbishop of Canterbury in an effort to end the conflict between the king and his barons. Notably King John was probably illiterate and he didn't sign the document, rather he attached his seal to it, both the king and his barons then swore oaths before a crowd of hundreds, the king to abide by the terms of Magna Carta and the baron to give fealty to the king. But within nine weeks of sealing the Magna Carta it was annulled by Pope Innocent III, civil war soon broke out and within a year or so the king was dead. How was it that this Latin inscribed sheepskin parchment became anything more than a minor footnote in English history? Why is Magna Carta today recognised as the foundational document of English constitutional law and the symbol of liberty and freedom throughout the English speaking world? Well, I believe that the answer lies in two seminal ideas that underlie Magna Carta. First, the sovereign or in today's parlance executive government is subject to the law. It was the articulation of the idea that the king like his barons was subject to the law of the land that explains the enduring power of Magna Carta. The second important idea was chapter 14 of the 1215 document in which the king agreed to obtain the common council of the kingdom if he was to have any taxes. He agreed that we will cause to be summoned the archbishops, bishops, abbots, earls and greater barons and all of those holding us in chief for a fixed date, namely after the expiry of 40 days and to a fixed place when the summons has been made the business shall proceed. Well, this clause was later struck out as important but doubtful, but the damage was done. In short, Magna Carta was a revolution. It was described in the earliest contemporary account in the Chronicle of Melrose Abbey as follows. A new state of things has begun in England such a strange affair as had never before heard for the body wish to rule the head the people desired to be masters over the king. While Parliament, evolving from this slender idea of a common council, took many centuries to evolve, the idea of a common council to advise the king was sown. And it's about the vital role our parliaments play with a state, territory or federal in protecting our ancient democratic liberties and rights that I'd like to speak to you today. Over the last three years as president of the Human Rights Commission, I've become increasingly concerned about the decline in the effectiveness of Parliament and the diminution of the role of the judiciary and the corresponding increase in executive discretion all too often exercised without independent scrutiny. For our democracy rests upon three institutions, the executive, government, parliament and the judiciary. If the separation of these powers is distorted, democracy is at risk. Power must be exercised according to the rule of law, the majority cannot abuse the rights of the minority. But let me begin by taking you back to an event that has fascinated me since I was a young student at law school. Let's go back to 1535 and the trial for sedition and treason of Sir Thomas Moore. His trial was for refusing to take the oath acknowledging the supremacy of King Henry VIII. The evidence reduced against Sir Thomas concerned a conversation that he was alleged to have had with the Solicitor General Richard Rich and the conversation went a little like this. Sir Thomas asked, suppose that Parliament enacted a law stating God is not God. Would this be a valid law? Wisely, the Solicitor General said, no it would not. Sir Thomas Moore then said Parliament can make a king but it cannot declare the king to be above God. A dangerous comment to make knowing that his monarch sought a new wife. It took ten minutes for the jury to find Sir Thomas guilty of sedition and treason and his head was separated from his shoulders at the Tower of London shortly after. Were a conviction for treason to be made today, he probably have lost his citizenship. Sir Thomas made a point that has always fascinated me. What are the proper limits on the power of Parliament? This is a question that remains a live one for contemporary Australian democracy. Over the last 14 years or so, the major political parties have agreed with each other to pass laws that threaten some of the most fundamental rights and freedoms that we've inherited from our common law tradition. Indeed, respective governments have been remarkably successful in persuading parliaments to pass laws that are contrary, even explicitly contrary to common law rights and to the international human rights regime to which Australia is a party. Particularly since the 9-11 attacks in 2001 on the United States, Australian parliaments have passed scores of laws that infringe our common law freedoms of speech, association and movement, the right to a fair trial and the prohibition on arbitrary detention. These new laws undermine a healthy robust democracy, especially when they grant discretionary powers to executive governments in the absence of meaningful scrutiny by our courts. What then are the safeguards of democratic liberties if Parliament itself is compliant and complicit in expanding executive power to the detriment of the judiciary and all Australians? What are the options for democracy when both major parties in government and opposition agree upon laws that violate our fundamental freedoms under common law and bridge our obligations at international law? In considering these questions, we need to be clear about what we mean by the rule of law. Some might say it means those laws that are passed by Parliament and are valid under the constitution. The argument being that the sovereignty of the people is exercised through their elected parliamentary representatives and legislation and is thus the law of the land so long as it doesn't breach constitutional constraints. But the question I have is what if there are few constitutional constraints and Parliament passes laws that violate our liberties? I'll come back to those questions a little later, but for the moment let us recall some of the many promises made by the King in Magna Carta to abide by long recognised laws and freedoms at that time. In other words, Magna Carta didn't invent these laws and freedoms. They had existed and they were being enforced upon a King who refused to abide by them. Buried in the middle of this Latin document dealing with the rights of widows on the deaths of their husbands or the standard measure of a glass of wine or ale or the breadth of a piece of cloth are these clauses. No free man shall be taken or imprisoned or stripped of his rights or possessions or exiled or deprived of his standing in any way except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. To no one will we sell, to no one deny or delay, right or justice. These words are the defining statements of the rule of law and of the limits on the arbitrary power of the state. They ring through the centuries and remain the bedrock for principles of justice that we continue to struggle to protect in the second decade of the 21st century. But let me go back again to the 17th century where Magna Carta was employed to very good effect by this man, Sir Edward Cook. I was always annoyed as a law student that the word cook should be pronounced coke but anyway it's one of those nuances of a law degree that one learns to recognise. But Sir Edward Cook was England's first Lord Chancellor and he employed the Magna Carta in his legal battle with King James I of England. Sir Edward placed his own contemporary spin on Magna Carta to reject the idea of the divine right of kings and to subject the sovereign to laws passed by parliament. His petition of right in 1628 informed in turn the United States Fifth and Sixth Amendments and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948. An inspirational document and one that I think as Australians we should be so proud that our doc HV Everett made such a significant contribution to. You may recall that not only would he one of the eight representatives of nations to draft the Universal Declaration but he was the president of the General Assembly when it passed the General Assembly without a single negative vote. And I think he was a pretty feisty strong man but he knew what was needed for that post war period and he succeeded with Eleanor Roosevelt in getting that extraordinary document through that underlies all of our modern human rights. Well Magna Carta today is honoured as an historical and political symbol rather than as a directly applicable source of legal rights and freedoms. And indeed the Chief Justice of our High Court Robert French recently observed rather dryly Magna Carta has given many a plaintiff false hope in litigation before the courts. Yes he's right it's true that little remains on our statute books today of the liberties set out in Magna Carta. Liberties that reflected long established Anglo-Saxon and Angovian laws. Magna Carta is often dismissed by many as an overrated political myth. But once the historical revisionists have done their worst it remains true that Magna Carta means more than it says. The myth has a potency as a universal acknowledgement of the principles that the sovereign is not above the law that sovereign he lies with the people through Parliament. In short and to go back to that great document of precedent the castle it's all about the vibes. Other legacies of Magna Carta that contribute to our legacies, or liberties rather, include the right to a fair trial and access to justice, habeas corpus, the idea that punishment should fit the crime, that court should sit regularly in one place, that laws should be written and made public, that widows should have their inheritance and not be forced to remarry. In summary today the Magna Carta represents the idea of protection of the individual against arbitrary power. Appealed to Magna Carta is often legally and historically inaccurate but they continue to be made today because of that vibe, because of the iconic status. The Occupy London protest at St Paul's courtyard was for example justified in court on the basis of Magna Carta, but it should be noted that the master of the roles gave the argument very short shrift. So it's not the technical provisions of Magna Carta that are important, it's its symbolic power that informs my concern that the supremacy of the law over the executive is under threat in Australia's contemporary democracy. Before looking at some examples of the many laws that now diminish our freedoms it should be acknowledged as axiomatic that human rights and freedoms are really absolute and they must be balanced with each other including of course concerns for public and national security. The validity of laws that on their face breach liberties depends on whether they're necessary and proportionate to achieve a legitimate end. This legal test is of course very easy for a lawyer to state but very difficult to apply in practice and you'll all recall that the High Court of Australia split through three on the question whether the letters written by Mr Monus to the families of Australian soldiers killed in Afghanistan were protected by the implied right to political communication. So the proper limits on the right to freedom of speech or freedom of political communication to be strictly accurate has yet to be resolved even on an issue as significant as that our High Court was not able to reach a conclusion. There are two major examples that I'd like to discuss in the context of executive overreach and the first is arbitrary and indefinite detention and may I repeat these words of the Magna Cata, no free man is to be imprisoned except by the lawful judgement of his equals or the law of the land. But over recent years respective parliaments have granted governments the power to detain indefinitely various classes of persons including most notably refugees and asylum seekers along with those less well known who have infectious diseases who are subject to mandatory admission to drug and alcohol rehabilitation facilities or who are mentally ill. Few of those detained under such laws have meaningful access to legal advice or regular independent judicial or administrative review. Australian jurisprudence on the validity of executive detention was developed by the High Court in Lym's case more than 20 years ago. The central rule is that if detention is for a legitimate non punitive and essentially administrative purpose it will be valid. So detention of those unfit to plead because of mental illness of accused persons before their trial or of aliens prior to deportation or the grant of a visa can be valid so long as the aim is not penal or punitive. The Australian Human Rights Commission is particularly concerned by the growing instances of detention in prisons of those with cognitive disabilities for lengthy periods without releasing them into more appropriate facilities and in the absence of regular review by an independent tribunal. In a recent complaint to the commission we found that four Aboriginal men with intellectual and cognitive disabilities had been held for many years in a maximum security prison in the Northern Territory. Each complainant had been found unfit to stand trial on the grounds of mental disability. In respect to two of them had they received a maximum sentence on a proper conviction of the charges they would have received no more than 12 months in prison but instead they were held without conviction for four and a half years and six years respectively. The commission found that the failure by the Commonwealth was a violation of the right not to be detained arbitrarily under the international covenant on civil and political rights, a provision that of course that matches the important provisions in the Magna Carta. And I think you'll understand that the obligation of the Human Rights Commission is to assess and hold the government to account for compliance with the international human rights treaties to which we're a party. Sadly such detention disproportionately impacts Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, a problem that's exacerbated even further by the recent adoption in the Northern Territory of paperless arrest powers which permit detention for four hours without being brought to a court for offences that in many cases do not attract the sanction of imprisonment. Such detentions have dramatically increased the rate of detention of Aboriginal Australians. I understand an additional 700 detentions have taken place since that law was introduced last year but even more tragically as you may know an Aboriginal man died on the basis of that paperless arrest last week. 25 years after the Royal Commission's report into Aboriginal deaths in custody. There will of course be instances where detention at the discretion of the executive is justified in the interests of community safety. A detainee might be violent or dangerous or reasonably likely to commit sexual offences. But conviction and imprisonment for a serious crime does not of itself justify continued detention at the discretion of the government once the sentence has been served. And at the commission we've considered many cases in which this is the situation where the government allows a sentence to be served and then immediately rearrests or redetains the individual and holds them without charge and without trial in many many cases for years. Despite of course a High Court ruling in cable over 20 years ago that preventive detention orders for those more likely than not to commit a serious crime of violence was unconstitutional. Detention powers of the executive have also been expanded to detain asylum seekers and refugees indefinitely. Powers that were found to be valid by the High Court in Alcateb in 2007 in a judgment of four judges in the majority. Most egregiously those with ASO adverse security assessments are detained indefinitely many including children for years without meaningful access to legal advice or independent review. Today nearly 2,000 people including 127 children remain in closed detention in mainland Australia and about a thousand males remain on Manus Island and 700 people on Nauru including 95 children. Most have been held for well over a year many for years in conditions that have been criticised by the United Nations as breaching the torture convention. Never before has Australia been charged with a breach of that convention. I suggest that this level of detention has become as prolonged and indefinite has become punitive and as punitive detention is for the judiciary. I believe it may well be beyond power. But the second major example of executive overreach that I'd like to raise with you today concerns the spate of counter-terrorism laws that have been introduced in the last few months. The strength of the rule of law I suggest is more truly tested when security is threatened than in times of tranquility or peace. When Australia is threatened by terrorism the need to protect our traditional liberties assumes an even greater urgency. Many laws introduced with unseemly hast in the two weeks before Christmas and in the name of national security go well beyond what might be deemed to be proportionate creating a chilling effect on freedom of speech and the press and breaching our rights to privacy. The data retention laws you will all be aware of are particularly curious. While metadata is significantly more intrusive into the lives of citizens than access to mere content a warrant is required for content but not for metadata. As metadata will be collected in respect to many of the 23 million Australians but those involved in terrorism are very few it might be said that the act employs a sledgehammer to crack a nut. It's also curious that executive government can apply for a journalist information warrant to compel the surrender of a journalist's metadata to identify the sources that such a warrant is not necessary in respect of anyone else. Lawyers it seems do not have the special privileges that are extended to journalists and I'm sure there are many of you in this room who would wonder why that privilege is not extended to you as well. And it's of course ironic that in the last week or so the United States Congress has just passed a new law replacing the Patriot Act with the Freedom Act which restricts for the first time I understand in American history the powers of its intelligence and security agencies with regard to the collection storage and access to metadata. Of course many politicians support the rule of law that phrase slips easily from their lips they support the freedom of speech but they're breathtakingly inconsistent in doing so. While the government argued for the repeal or amendment of section 18c of the Racial Discrimination Act on the basis that it was necessary to protect freedom of speech the same government made a 180 degree turn with new counterterrorism crimes of advocacy and penalties of the disclosure of protected information. A new offence has been created of advocating terrorism that is so imprecise in scope that it may well cover opposing the Assad regime in Syria for example. Last week the attorney announced further legislation to create a social media monitoring capability he justifies this new law on the ground that it's necessary to detect terrorist propaganda as one of the biggest challenges facing Australia today. If proportionality is the test I wonder what new laws and fundings will be forthcoming to address domestic violence. Almost two women a week killed by their partners or former partners and an estimated 43 women have been killed this year alone. Other rights are threatened frequently. Freedom of movement is threatened in which new laws declare the Mosul district in Iraq and Al Rakhir province in Syria as areas in which no Australian may enter. And if we do there's a 10 year prison sentence unless you have a valid excuse the evidentiary burden for proving lying on the accused so the burden has shifted to the accused to demonstrate that they're in a region for good reason. Asia officers have now been given total immunity from civil and criminal prosecutions while they're engaged in special intelligence operation. Anybody who discloses information about a special intelligence operation will be subject to a mandatory 5 to 10 year penalty. Now there are many problems but one of them that concerns me is that judges no longer have that power to determine individually whether the sentence should be imposed. But Parliament imposes the sentence and the judge loses that traditional judicial power. Anti-biking laws threaten our freedom to association. The principle against self-incrimination has been eroded and may even in future legislation of being introduced as a bill may take it away entirely. And the judicial powers with regard to individual circumstances have been taken away. One that is of particular concern to me and to my colleagues at the commission is that references to the refugees convention in the Migration Act have now been taken away entirely and replaced by the minister's understanding of the meaning of refugee and the powers that this legal status imports. The Migration and Maritime Powers Act explicitly authorises the acts of government officers where those acts violate international law or fail to meet due process laws. I know of no other instance anywhere in the world of another nation's law that states that the law is to apply regardless of international law or of its own domestic administrative law principles of natural justice. Well, these are just a few examples and I'm afraid I go into law school mode and giving you far too many examples and I don't want to weary you too much. But what I'm saying is this is the tip of the iceberg. There are many more in the pipeline that have attracted very little attention. There's one bill that's been introduced recently to maintain good order of immigration detentions that gives guards enforcement powers that are greater than those available to the Australian federal police. And those guards will be immune for all practical purposes from prosecution in the courts. Social Services Legislation Amendment Bill introduced this year removes the financial support for forensic patients with a mental illness if they've been charged with a serious criminal offence, regardless of whether they're ever convicted of those offences, making it even more difficult for them to adjust as they return to society. But finally we come to the yet to be defined proposal that those accused of being jihadists fighting against Australian interests will be stripped of their citizenship if they're potentially dual nationals. Well Magna Carter of course has something to say about this. It provided that no man is to be outlawed or exiled except by the law of the land. It's clear that all nations have a sovereign right to determine who is to have citizenship. Australia may quite rightly decide that those fighting against it, contrary to law, should lose their citizenship. This proposal is not new. It follows a bill that was introduced last year that gives the Minister even wider powers to revoke citizenship for fraud or misrepresentation or whether ministers satisfied that a person is not a good character or without trial or conviction. To deny citizenship is a very serious matter. It's a human right to have a nationality and citizenship cannot under international treaty law render a person's status. But assuming that the government's proposal is confined to dual nationals there remain significant problems. First I believe this sanction strikes at the heart of Australia as a largely migrant nation. Over half the nation has or can claim dual nationality. Secondly it's by no means clear that the state of second nationality will agree to grant citizenship if Australia has withdrawn it on the grounds of terrorist activities. Why would a third country grant citizenship for a person who's essentially Australia's responsibility? Thirdly it appears that the determination to strip away citizenship will be made at the discretion of one minister or maybe three ministers. Either way it will be contrary to the separation of powers doctrine that underlies our democracy. Executive government cannot both make the laws and judge compliance with them. It's imperative that any ministerial role arise only once the judicial process and conviction has taken place according to the usual rules of evidence. Possibly a middle ground could be found for a temporary restraint on some citizenship rights pending a proper judicial determination. But for the moment it seems the debate is between the subjective satisfaction of a minister versus an evidence based determination of a judge. Each of these examples of the willingness of parliament to pass laws that breach democratic freedoms taken individually might be justified on the grounds of necessity and proportionality. But viewed together I believe they are more than the sum of their parts. They suggest an overreach of power or as Senator Cory Bernardi calls it, power creep. I don't usually cite Senator Cory Bernardi. But he's right on this occasion. Because he too understands a declining willingness of parliament to defend core freedoms. We're aware of the exclusion of judges from interpreting laws according to the common law principles of legality and the presumption that parliament intends to comply with international law. Respective parliaments have failed to exercise their traditional self-restraint and I believe that self-restraint has been exercised over many decades in this building. But unfortunately the volume of laws that currently infringe our freedoms, estimated by Professor George Williams to be over 350 laws currently on the books, introduced for the most part since 9-11. Suggest prioritising government power has become a routine part of the legislative process. As he observes the enactment of anti-democratic laws has become so accepted that they elicit little community or media responses. I believe that parliamentary restraint is especially important in Australia where we have an exceptionalist approach to the protection of human rights. Australia has been a good international citizen for the most part, playing an active role in negotiating the human rights treaties that form part of the international regime. However, as I've said earlier, these treaties do not apply in Australia because they have not been introduced into our domestic law by parliament. And they in particular concern the international covenants on civil and political rights which reflects many of the provisions of the Magna Carta and convention of course on the rights of the child. A constitution protects freedom of religion, the right to compensation for the acquisition of property and the right to vote. And the High Court has implied a right of political communication. But there's very little else, as is well known. Unlike every other common law country in the world, Australia has no Bill of Rights and compounding our isolation from international jurisprudence, the Asia Pacific has no regional human rights treaty and no regional court to build a regional consensus. But it might be thought we can always rely on our courts to protect our common law rights. Laws passed by parliament are not to be construed as abracating our common law rights, except with clear words. Our courts have, where possible, employed the principle of legality to adopt a restrictive interpretation of legislation to protect our freedoms. But sadly in practice this has not proved to be as effective a protection as one might have hoped. Because laws today are drafted with such precision or are so constantly amended that ambiguities are very hard to find. And a good example of this is the Malaysia solution case that the High Court considered under the Riberus of the Migration Act. And it found that the Malaysia solution was invalid because the minister could not send asylum seekers to Malaysia as the nation had not ratified the refugees convention. That put an end, we thought, to the Malaysia solution. The government then returned to parliament to delete the offending clause and parliament agreed to do so. So the problem is that if the language of a statute is unambiguous, the courts can't apply the common law presumptions about freedoms. And that is why, in part, that I believe that it is more important than ever that our democratic system through parliament meets its obligations as a check on executive government. Over the last 800 years judges have asserted the rule of law against the executive and Sir Edward Cook's struggle for the supremacy of parliament continues to play out today between the High Court of Australia and our government. Time and again the High Court has limited executive discretion by reference to statutory principles but time and again the government is successful in asking parliament to tighten up legislation to permit what was hitherto illegal. But there are two recent and very encouraging decisions of the High Court. One late last year was plaintiff S4. The High Court decided unanimously that the executive discretion to detain was limited to two purposes, deportation or a decision to allow the plaintiff to apply for a visa. The court qualified the power to detain finding that the Migration Act does not authorise the detention of a refugee or asylum seeker at the unconstrained discretion of the minister. It found that an alien is not an outlaw and that the minister must make a decision one way or the other as soon as is practicable. This didn't get much publicity at the time but it's actually a vitally important decision of our High Court unanimously as I say. Because it means that the minister cannot sit on these matters leaving people to rest in detention for many years. But the second decision is in some ways even more astonishing because our Chief Justice issued a writ of mandamus against the Minister for Immigration, a very rare phenomenon under Australian law. The minister in effect did not comply with that writ of mandamus and it went back to the High Court of Australia which then decided unanimously again to order the minister to comply with the writ of mandamus and that meant that the minister had to decide either to grant a visa to someone who'd already been determined to be a refugee but had been held in closed detention for three years or to deport him. So we have an extraordinary precedent in which our courts will stand up but the point that has to be remembered is that the court can only do what is allowed within the terms of the Migration Act but the court will do what it can when it can. So in conclusion what is to be done to protect democratic rights and freedoms in Australia or celebrations of Magna Carta this year could reignite calls for some sort of Bill of Rights. Had we such an articulation of rights today it would give greater scope for the courts to assess the validity of legislation against human rights benchmarks. It would be possible to challenge the indefinite detention of the mentally ill of asylum seekers and refugees, to challenge the overreach of counter-terrorism laws and to challenge disproportionate restrictions on speech and association but a Bill of Rights remains highly improbable in the current environment. Other options that have strengthened scrutiny by the joint parliamentary committee on human rights which has been in existence for the last four years or so and has remarkably across party lines achieved consensus reports and I was most encouraged by the appointment of that committee but sadly its reports are generally not or do not have a significant effect on the willingness of parliament to pass bills that they might challenge. Of course I would like to mention the role of the Australian Human Rights Commission as an independent statutory body that provides an access to justice to 21,000 separate complaints a year across Australia 70% of which we settle by conciliation. But one of the most important and effective safeguards of our human rights is the expectation of Australians, the cultural expectations that our freedoms will be protected. While most Australians are highly unlikely to be able to describe the doctrine of the separation of powers among executive parliament and judiciary but they're very quick to assert their freedoms under the rubric of a fair go, a phrase that is as close to a Bill of Rights in this country as we're likely to get. It is this cultural expectation that keeps our freedoms alive today as was amply illustrated by the overwhelming community response to preserve 18C, the Racial Discrimination Act. Promoting a community culture that respects human rights also of course depends on the education of young Australians so that they can better understand and value constitutional protections for democracy and the rule of law. And I'd like if you may to take just a few minutes to show you a video that was launched today and that has been produced by the team at the Human Rights Commission and he pettits here with us so she led that team. And this video will go out to all the schools and all the students to give some idea of what it is that Magna Cart is all about. It's an 800 year old document written on dried animal skin in England on the other side of the world in a language we no longer use that most people couldn't read even back then. So why is Magna Carta important to us in Australia today? Because it was the starting point for some of our most important human rights things it's easy to take for granted. For instance, before Magna Carta, life was pretty cruisy. If you were a king you could get away with all kinds of things, including your own armies, invading other countries whenever you fancied and taxing people to pay for wars without even asking. Now there were laws in those days but some rulers believed they had absolute power and simply ignored them. That changed in 1215 when a group of land owning barons finally had enough of King John's behaviour. They decided the king governed by their consent not just because he was king. So they got together and forced the king to agree to limit his powers by signing Magna Carta. It was the beginning of fairer rights for the people. The king also agreed he couldn't just add new taxes. Free men had to be represented by a common council to be taxed, which started the evolution of democracy. It also meant the king was no longer top dog, because above him now was the law. Or at least that was the idea. Kings and queens had a lot of trouble getting used to not being in charge. But over the next few hundred years people power in the form of parliament grew to be much stronger. In its Bill of Rights of 1689 the English Parliament formally decided it was the job of government to represent the people and protect their rights. These ideas came to Australia in English law. We know today if someone is accused of a crime they have the right to a fair trial. And they must be proven guilty before they can be punished. Before Magna Carta justice wasn't always applied fairly. Remember King John? He was pretty good at filling up the prisons. But under Magna Carta it was no longer up to him to decide whether someone had done wrong. It said, no free man shall be seized or imprisoned, except by the lawful judgement of his equals or by the law of the land. Now you had to have a reason to lock someone up. And later people decided you also had a right to argue your case in front of a court. But in 1215 no free man didn't mean everyone because in those days most people weren't free. They were poor peasants who served the lords. It took till the 16, 17 and 1800s before all men were free in western countries. And most women waited until the 20th century. In 1948 after the atrocities of World War II the nations of the world created the universal declaration of human rights. For the first time the whole world recognised that everyone, it didn't matter who you were, had the right to enjoy freedom of speech, freedom of religion and freedom from fear and want. It has been described as the international Magna Carta for all mankind. So this faded old piece of animal skin has played a big part in shaping the democratic society we have in Australia today. But many people around the world are still denied their rights and freedoms. This reminds us human rights shouldn't be taken for granted. And until they are, the long story of human rights and freedoms that began with Magna Carta will continue. That video is then followed up by teaching tools that you can go into certain issues and get more information and teachers can develop a curriculum from it. But we really hope that that will be a way of ensuring that our young people are better informed about what Magna Carta does and what our own democratic freedoms mean today, not just as an historical issue. Finally, in conclusion, can I observe that present company, of course accepted, human rights lawyers and activists are not necessarily deserving of sainthood. On delving into Sir Edward Cook's life, I found that he kidnapped his 14-year-old daughter from the protection of his wife. He married her off to a rich and influential gentleman. He eventually fell foul of his king and served time in the Tower of London, but he survived a living peace until dying in his own bed aged 80. I hope that despite challenging the power of the executive, as an Australian national and an English migrant, I can keep my passport close, escape statelessness to retire and smell the roses. Thank you all very much.