 That was a very good introduction by Andre and I would strongly encourage anybody listening to this live or recording to go back to the first session that was on tomatoes. In terms of insects that are similarities, especially when you're talking about sting bugs and caterpillars. They also get on aphids and white flies they get on tomatoes they get on on cucumber bits so watch those and some of this information may look repetitive, but it's intentionally done so so make sure you familiarize yourself. And especially take good pictures when you're confused. Take good pictures and send it to David or Andre or me and we try to diagnose insects constantly so, or any problem whatsoever. But I have my information online, you can find me on numerous publications I did post some zoom links. Some aces.edu blog links in the chat. We have the IPM newsletter don't forget to sign up for that you can read more about Andre's research, David's articles and and IPM information through that newsletter. That's a statewide newsletter, as well as subscribing to what David is sending out so that's very critical to stay in touch with the extension office in your county wherever you are. Also, we just before logging in to this session. I was mentioning about the farming basics phone app. We are going to launch on the new version phase two within a month, hopefully, and that will have a lot of resources for producers and gardeners. For example, there will be a, we have added the weeds section in there with pictures, but there's also links to our social media channels online course, everything will be on your fingertips. It's a very nice looking app. So if you have the farming basics phone app, you should get a notification or automatically. I would also like to mention that you know besides these resources just wanted to mention our funding sources. You know we are funded through large number of grants, and those are very critical to our success and our team success, and especially our specialty crops block grants from department for agriculture so just wanted to thank everybody that supports this research and the industry. That helps. Did that change David on your screen. Yes, sir. Okay, so again those are your resources. We are going to start our Alabama virtual farm tours tomorrow and Harley Willis coordinates that project. So you have to subscribe to the extension commercial hot page to see it and then our monthly webinars go on so these this vegetable school in is in addition to the monthly webinars so lots of learning opportunities guys so don't miss out. Watch the recordings on the digital archive. So just wanted to also tell you that if you have the phone app, from a basic phone app you can access these videos. Through the phone app. And these are some of the videos that have one is more recent that talks about the three levels of best management. It's almost a 10 minute overview of all the best management systems, especially from sustainable ag perspective. So just to check out these videos and then there's also a trap crop video. There's actually two of those online those are slightly old but they're still relevant. And make sure you have the 2022 Southeast vegetable handbook if you're watching recordings. Make sure you have the latest years. We haven't used the old handbooks, especially with insecticide listings they change some years. And it could be pretty significant changes. We have also updated the organic vegetable IPM slide chart, which is a very basic tool, but a very critical tool for farmers and gardeners, especially if you're a beginning farmer these tools will be handy for you. If you need these, and we also have the urban farm IPM toolkit, if you need them please email me, and we'll try to mail this out or come to our extension meeting and get them yourself. So multiple ways you can get them but make sure you have the resources. Now jumping into the insect world. This is an introduction that Andre gave so you will see the connection. Of course, I know it's very critical to have healthy plants if you have a sick plant. It's a calling card for insects. So, just wanted to go through some of the common insects you'll see in Alabama the sequence of insects may differ from range from place to place. So, in many parts in Georgia sometimes they have more squash bugs than cucumber beetles and in Alabama we see more cucumber beetles in some years and and then of course squash bugs is kind of a mid season. But cucumber beetles probably are going to be our first past you'll see, and they will jump on to the plants, right when they're young, and they will start feeding on the leaves. There are multiple species, there are only two that you can see on your screen that's the spotted cucumber beetle with those spots on the top right of your screen, and then the striped cucumber beetle. And they will feed together, they both transmit bacterial world. They will fly as you try to approach them. So you have to kind of approach cautiously but if they will fly out of the canopy and settle down they take very short flights, and they settle down. So, they're easy to spot and they shattered the leaves. Like you see in the picture. They're multiple generations and they all spread the bacteria manually by chewing squash bugs that I think nobody likes. And that is another notorious past, especially because it has, it contributes to the transmission of yellow vine decline disease, and that yellow vine decline disease has increased in Alabama. And it kind of gets producers and gardeners off guard, because it shows up with the insect shows up mid season and then late in the season close to harvest your plants just quit. A tragic end to your the crop. So squash bugs are very effective vectors. I'm not sure how many squash bugs are needed to transmit the that disease I believe that's a bacterial disease, but not very many so you have to be on alert for squash bugs. David I'm still getting notifications on people coming in to the meetings hopefully you're able to see them. So, yeah, so squash bugs are a very common problem and they are very good at hiding. And that's a challenge, whether you are a conventional producer or you are home gardener or you're organic. Trying to get the chemicals or the products to where they're hiding is a challenge. And you can see the immature stage as well so the mature stage of more grace with those wing stubs on the back so two very common insects squash bugs are kind of mid season pests. And then they keep developing through many generations. Now I'm going to get into the borders because there is a border complex and it's very confusing sometimes to tell these apart, but I'll try to go a bit slow here and then speed up squash vine border is the kind of the early season border. The moth will start start flying around this time as soon as it gets warm outside and these day flying moths, you know typically moths fly at night but this is a day flying red color moth that looks like a wasp. So you may think it's very pretty and is dancing, but it's not really dancing it's laying eggs at the bottom of the plants. And it will lay these eggs and it's a very quick maneuver and she'll keep on laying eggs at the plant basis. The larva is kind of a creamish looking fat larva. It goes straight into the into the vine and it stays there throughout its life, except for pupation. So it will come out when it needs to pupate. You will easily see this infestation late in the season when you see the excrete or the feces coming out of the hole on the plant. So very classic old past very established past and people are usually able to tell this one, especially once the plant is infested. But here's the next one that becomes very confusing. This is called a pickle worm. And if you plant, like I do, if I make the mistake as a gardener, I plant late some of my Indian goats and pickle worms gets on them. So if you are planting late, or your succession planting and you have one of those plantings in the hot summer, then pickle worms becomes pretty heavy after a few generations. And these pickle worms they have different kind of greenish coloration, but they may or may not have the spots. So as the larva matures, they lose the spots actually, but they're kind of this greenish looking larva and many of them would be on one flower or in one fruit you may see several and they will extensively tunnel throughout the, throughout the cucumbers. All right. And then the last one that usually gets very confusing for many beginning farmers and experienced ones is this insect which is the melon worm. And the melon worm the easiest way to identify is to look for the caterpillars, there will be several on the leaves or on the fruits, and they have this two longitudinal lines on the back. So they're very visible from top. And the other thing is what if you have a bad infestation, you will see webbing on the leaves or the fruits. So none of the others produce any webbing. So that's a pretty classic indicator that you have melon worms. And again, that's a pest that likes the late planted crop, and they can devastate that crop. So, and again very difficult to control with organic insecticides. You just, it seems like if you plant too late, you have to fight the battle head on with these insects. So we'll talk about this a little bit more. And this is by the way on the blog article that I have linked to so hopefully you can click the link and see. There are several a fit species that can also get on the cucumber bits, especially the melon effort, which is on the bottom of the picture, bottom of the slide here in front of you. This is one of those that produces a late or winged adults. So the adults fly to their host. And once they settle down, they will lose those wings, and they start reading. And essentially if it's our cloning cloning machines they clone themselves. So they're very effective in generating large number of large numbers in a very short time. And they love it. Not too hot but mild weather. So mild cool summers with lots of rain is very good for a fits. So just kind of be on the watch out. I also have a picture of the if it mummies on your screen. That's on the right of your screen if you see them. Those are if it's infested with parasitoid. Leave them alone. Those are dead if it's their bodies are so swollen so that they're called mummies. But again, there are so many species and if it's get very confusing to identify. Try to take good pictures if you suspect it safe it take good steady pictures with your iPhone or whatever device you have and send send them. And some of the other past try to take multiple pictures from different angles, especially sting bugs or squash bugs. It gets tricky to tell them apart from some other other species. I know Andre mentioned about white flies. I'm no expert on white flies I usually don't get as much white flies we have a very low population in our research plots. So in Southeast part of the state where Andre has started some research. There is a heavy population of white flies and Georgia has these. I believe in six side resistance resistance white fly species that get really bad. And it's a constant battle for those farmers down there so be on the lookout. Those pictures are many times bigger but they're actually tiny insects. They almost look like dust particles when I, if you go through an infested field and walk through it. It seems like the dust particles go up this like a cloud of white dust, and then they settle back on the crop. You may have also seen them on ornamentals. It's a different species though but you if you have any experience you can tell what flies the worst part of what white flies is they transmit a number of viruses which once the plan gets a virus there's no going back. So insert control is your option to control the virus or shift to tolerant or resistant varieties if there any. So it's a it's a constant research in progress. And you have to be very cautious not to induce them with pesticides. That's one of the worst thing you can do is overuse insecticides and then get white flies. Then they're really difficult to control. So, but there are these two species that look slightly different. You can tell the silver leaf white fly which is on the right of the screen that's a major one that has that kind of holds its wings in V shape or like a roof of a house. And then the other one the greenhouse white flies more flattened, but they're both tiny insects, especially on the underside of leaves they will, they will survive on the side of leaves and lay eggs and those will hatch into nymphs. So be on the lookout of these and if you don't know about viruses, make sure you submit a sample they are very difficult to tell from just pictures. So make sure you send samples to your extension office or extension agent. And just because there are so many gardeners on this call. I thought I would show you what I do I'm a constant gardener for goats I go, I grow about eight different varieties of goats from India, and you can see some of them on here. It's a very complicated picture but I have a very basic trellis and one of the worst thing I've done is, and I'm telling you intentionally the mistakes you make is putting too many things at one spot and then you're choking the plant, because now you have hot spots where insects will just will flourish. There are lots of hiding spaces. So one of the things you need to look at is how you're growing it, how you're trellising and I love trellises, but this is not the best one I've built. So be on the, just know that it's very important to when you're a home gardener how you're cultivating and producing the crop. And even small farmers are doing it now and selling it to special markets. So there's a good bunch of stuff you can do. And interestingly, these insects we went through will also attack these exotic vegetables so they don't see any difference. And so here is pickle worm damage on ridge gourd. And you can see the ridge gourd on the picture on the top left. It's a wonderful fruit but it can be completely infested with pickle worms very frustrating. And here's Indian cucumber it's a very prolific variety that I grow. And, but it's, you can as you can tell it's eaten up with pickle worm damage that extensive tunneling. So it's really frustrating at times. So you have to learn to manage it. I know Andre mentioned about weather or the weather systems. I wanted to kind of tell you based on our monitoring and monitoring project for last 10 years. We have seen and recorded ups and down in in our weather patterns and seems like it's always shifting between drought and flood. So I'm not sure what's going to happen in 2022 but remember the flash drought and the and these the prolonged droughts so there's two types of drought. These are very damaging to our crops. The plants get stressed and the insects just attack. Insects also take advantage of the extra heat so they develop faster. And if you're a high tunnel producer with one of those covered areas. You have another challenge because you have longer crops and faster generation of insects that can breed inside the high tunnel. So just pay attention to the weather systems and plan your IPM strategy accordingly. Okay, so that's the point I'm trying to make and especially the flash drought did a major damage to my crop in 2019 on my tomatoes. So be on a lookout and monitor the weather and keep good records. None of this can happen if you're not taking good records. So again IPM integrated pest management you may have heard this 100 times, but all it is is it's a decision management system. It has many different steps, as you can see starts from the basic insect detection and monitoring, and then ends in making a treatment decision. Now doing nothing is also a decision. So it's okay not to do not to spray. And I always caution gardeners and farmers that be very very cautious of how you're spraying because you don't want to destroy your natural enemies. So I keep meticulous record for my research projects as well as my garden I have a journal that's almost 11 years of gardening in Alabama so you need to have good records and make a good decision based on your experience. You may read a lot of literature. Again go back to your experience on on what how much insects you can tolerate. And when we talk about control, again going back to that slide chart, I can see the slide chart on the right. But this is how I kind of want you to think about insect control or IPM, and I use this slide again and again and keep reminding people to think logically when you see insect problems. For example, the first level of the three levels of pest management. The first is called systems based practices, and I'll take you a little bit deeper into it. The second level is pest exclusion or manual removal. And then third, if needed, are insecticides, and depends on what is your choice, conventional or bi-rational insecticide which is the environment friendly versions. And I do research on both so I kind of enjoy the conversation on both sides. Again, be very careful about natural enemies, don't spray them directly, count them in, look at their activity and then make a decision. Also try to rotate insecticides, organic or conventional doesn't matter to prevent insecticide resistance. Another thing I will mention is those level one and level two are your pest prevention strategies, and those are what I'm going to emphasize today. And level three the insecticide is of course the therapeutic version so when everything else fails, you have to use insecticides as your last tool. So prevention versus therapeutic just remember and think through these very carefully as you do your gardening or production. And again, I always say that you know not everything is meant for everybody. So I kind of divided these three levels of pest management that you saw into these smaller packages, depending on who you are if you are an open field producer. And you want to be sustainable organic natural type person, then you can use trap crops and insecticides. If you're a high tunnel producer, we're doing a number of studies on the permanent pest exclusion system. And I have a picture on your screen, hopefully you can see it. And then if you're a small farmer market gardener, then you can use the temporary systems. And again, there's a lot of good literature now that you can read online. But please check back with me or an agent to when you are designing these systems because some of these systems like the pest exclusion system, they're wonderful but they can also backfire, and you can lose crop, especially under our hot humid conditions in Alabama. So pay close attention. That's why we do the research to tell you what not to do. So I have a list of not to do a long list of not to do so. Anyway, just kind of think through this. Again, you can, you know, in the archive you can look back at the video and go through it again. And I think Harley is going to post it in smaller segments so you'll be able to revise this slide. Just quickly talking about the trap cropping, which is a level one control method. And I have some good publication in Southern chair. That's the sustainable agriculture research and education program by USDA. It's a wonderful program for organic small farmers sustainable ag. So you can go to the library the National Library and dig up these articles in multiple languages. And also our blog articles that I have linked to, you can click on the top and change the language. So you can read these publications in many different languages. And if you have any problem just reach back out to us and we'll try to help you. But these publications are online, which is great. This is a very kind of a basic talk on trap cropping. And last week in the tomato session I talked about trap cropping in tomatoes, and that's the most advanced system that we have, because it has moved from student research to more demonstration as well. This is what you're going to watch now is more of a research phase with trap crime still trying to learn and understand and analyze data to tell you what's going on but we have been, we have tested many different crops as alternative hosts or attractive cropped beetles and squash bugs. And the one that we have found most effective that still stands out are these Hubbard squash, which is a winter squash with these gigantic fruits. So the fruits are almost the size of soccer ball. And the great thing is that's actually an edible squash. So, I tell farmers that you can actually sell this and recover your cost of trap cropping. A crop basically is a sacrificial crop, and you plant them on minimum number of rows so here you see them on the outside rows. And they're planted there, about two to three weeks ahead of the main crop. And the two varieties were found very effective as the baby blue and new England. And I'll show you some more other seed sources have changed. You see the seed sources on your screen. Those have changed over the years. So, again, try trying to find CD sometimes difficult also, as I have found out, you doing this for a long time now. And then you have the crops, the sorry, if I go back you have the yellow squash, which is your main crop in the middle so again, this is kind of our early beginning research into the system. And as I said, we have been trying to tell farmers to grow it. They can actually grow it and some have and you can cut open the fruit and show the nice yellow flash inside and a lot of the pop, you know, the ethnic population they love to see this because it resembles pumpkins in other countries so it's a very edible trap crop. And this is what the the insects do to the trap crops so on the left of your screen. So both all these pictures are the same day. And when you have a very bad outbreak of cucumber beetles as we saw in 2015, you can see the leaf feeding on the left. And of course, along with leaf feeding comes the material world, the disease that is transmitted. So the Hubbard really takes on establishes really quickly. And if it's not too wet it does really well. And if you provide a drip irrigation it really jumps out and starts growing it's a very fast growing plant. And these were planted on the outside rows, and it's protecting the yellow squash, the destiny yellow squash so you can see the same day pictures and the quality of those crops from the pictures that tells you what's going on. So, again, it's amazing to see Hubbard take on with be so attractive and will keep growing. If you want to see that squash bug female in action, you have to go to my YouTube video, and you'll be able to actually see that female laying eggs. And it's really remarkable she would not fly away she they stay on and lay eggs. And then they hatch into these names, which is on the second picture on the right so again tremendous numbers will build up on these Hubbard trap crop and they will not migrate into the main crop. And the whole point is, we're trying to reduce our spraying of the main crop and grow a crop that's as insecticide free as it can be. So and I'll show you some pictures of what we have done. Now this is not truly organic production system, because we do use some of the conventional fertilizers. In some years, like last year we had too much disease, we had to use fungicides to keep the plants alive, but we exclude the insecticide which is which can be very expensive. And this is what the squash bugs can do to Hubbard. You saw the good picture of the Hubbard here said deflated fruits, fruit of the Hubbard trap crop even after the vines are gone. It's still attractive and hundreds of these squash bugs will hover over and under these fruits. So, again, it's really remarkable to see this. And in the meantime, your yellow squash is still protected. And the idea is to get out of production and harvested timely, so that you don't have to kill use too much insecticide on your main crop. So that's the whole idea. This is long term savings. So just to show you some pretty complicated research here but what we're trying to do is we're trying to reduce the area in trap crop because the Hubbard takes up a lot of space. So our goal is to reduce the area and get maximum benefit. So what we have done is we've tried to shrink the Hubbard squash area to the minimum we can, and this is again after many, many years of observations we have developed this, and then putting the trap in both sides of the yellow squash. So this is a pretty sizable experiment on a big egg almost takes up a total of about one acre or a little bit more than that. But again, this is kind of a work in progress. And you can see the crops are two different types of varieties of trap crops. So it looks in reality. So you're looking at the yellow squash in the middle, and then look at that Hubbard beautiful crop of Hubbard. Again, if you stand there for too long. Those plants will go up your knees so they are they're like kudzu. They're amazing if you have a good year, and they function really well as a trap crop, and you can see how close they are in even with that. The closeness is important to the main crop. You go too far out. You lose the, the effectiveness. And this is what happened. I know this is a lot of data here but what I'm not trying to show is, if you have noticed the numbers of eggs on the Hubbard, the baby blue and New England, as long as you have good trap crop. They take on the abuse, and they have majority of the eggs and the adults. Go to the right of your screen. Those are the plants, especially the top one where the plants are right close to the trap crop, and that has much less egg load compared to the others. Now, as you go further away from the trap crop, your numbers go up again. So that's what I'm trying to tell you here is you the challenge with trap cropping is, you got to need space, you have to plant early and close to your to the crop that you're trying to protect, because it's so it's, it doesn't have a height differences of visual the insects are attracted to it visually. So you have to make the plants obvious. And then we did not do any insect treatment. This is 2020 but we use dinodiferon which is scorpion, one of the most expensive chemistry you can buy for squash bugs, and you can kill you can wipe out squash bugs like crazy. So very timely applications can help tremendously on farming scale. This is from 2018. So I have these slides mixed up but same thing, the further away you go from the main from the trap crop, you have more squash bugs. So the trap crop, a good functioning trap crop has tremendous benefits. And this time we use, if you look at the middle of the screen bottom and the red letters, it mentions by organic and interest. Those are your organic products. Again, we don't get a very good kill with organic products because squash bugs are very difficult to kill. You have to target the names to kill them. So with organic treatments, it's, it's difficult to kill them, but the trap crops still holds them in place. So you can, if you're organic you can get your harvest done and move on. So overall, just to show you, it seems like in, I don't have a recommendation on just one trap crop. For example, just like plan New England, I would say, try to plan both New England and baby blue, because some years we have stand issues. And so we try to use both the varieties of Hubbard together and get a good result. And then there's some other things I've mentioned, for example, in our trap cropping is like a, it's a pest prevention strategy, and it can also be used as a trap and kill strategy. So you can use organic products or chemicals, but target the names. And when the insects are small, low in numbers, if you have an outbreak, it's going to be very difficult. And weather has a huge influence on these insects. So remember, every year it seems to be different. So watch out for the populations and make your decision. Moving on. So just to show you some pictures now, going after the data, here's the pictures. So that's the wonderful inside flesh of the Hubbard squash. But, oh, that's my experience. But the Hubbard squash is a is a marketable trap crop. And you can see the insecticide free yellow squash. Last year, I actually tried watermelons. So I've tried different designs. And we grew watermelons alongside yellow squash and then you can see the trap crop. So I think the baby blue did not do well last year. I cannot explain why, but they did bear fruit, just different sizes. But you're looking at the insecticide free main crop there on your screen. So it's pretty impressive. What's going on and you can see some Facebook videos I've posted on the IPM channel. Just quickly about pest exclusion systems. Sorry, I'm going up, going a little bit faster so that I can finish on time but I will take questions. I'm talking about pest exclusion systems. I have some publications on high tunnel pest exclusion system. I'll show you a few slides very quickly, but exclusion systems I think offer a very good strategy to our farmers, especially if you are a small producer market gardener, trying to sell at the farmers markets. And this is worth trying. Depending on how much you want to invest, you can have good returns on investment and use this as a prevention strategy. So pest exclusion is again a pest prevention strategy. It's not essentially a control strategy. And the idea is very simple that you're trying to separate the insect from the plant and you stop giving access to the plant. And you can do it for short term, or you can do it for the entire season. Most of what I'm focusing on in some of the open field research I'm doing, it's the short term benefits. But again, careful design is very important. Like I said, some of these techniques, if you don't plan them right, they can backfire and become a problem. So planning and experience is very important. And just to show you some examples, this is the temporary pest exclusion system. I do have a blog article on it and I forgot to link it. I'll try to do it on on Facebook here in short while. But there is the two systems, the temporary system is the low cost cheaper version that you can do this many different designs and materials you can use the ones that I have tested. Most are the ones on your screen, it says under examples so super light insect barrier, agro fabric pro. There's also a covert and pro 19 and protect net protect net is perhaps the most expensive net I have tested. So that may not be very if it's very good product, but expensive so if you're a commercial farmer. Think about these as your investments, not as your next as your expense, because you're going to get a good, good product at the end of the good crop. And I know Andre has done some research on using exclusion systems for white flies using one of the fabric. But here's one that we tried on a small scale. In Central Alabama with you shaped hoops, just PVC pipes, and these were covered in the almost immediately after transplant. So we do not wait for the insect, because once the inside comes in, it's like really difficult. The other drawback of this system is, if you are growing, if you have been growing cucumbers for a long time in an area. You may actually trap the insects like squash wine bowlers I can think that live in the soil, and you if you put the netting on and seal it you can perhaps cause more problem. So that's something you have to decide, depending on your location. But then remove the netting. So once the blooming starts because you need the pollinators, and you don't want it to be hot because fruits can be bored. It's too hot. So remove the netting. Once the flowering starts, or as soon as the plants start to touch the netting. The idea is by then you will probably deflect a lot of your wine bowlers and not the other insects like aphids away from the crop. So, again, this is not a foolproof system. It's a work in progress, but I'm giving you some ideas to think of. We have done more research on this on the with tomatoes. I have much more research data on exclusion in tomatoes and copies or beans. One of the advantages of these is besides insect control is they can also raise the temperature. So if you are trying to plant early, like I know some tomato producers go early by covering it up with these. So if you have a lot of flowers but past exclusion material, you can raise the temperature and block the wind so there are some side benefits to it. Of course it's more work. And then you can also use beneficial insects and let them feed inside the netting so there's lots of benefits this is something we're doing with our high tunnel producers now that are trying exclusion systems. It's a permanent system. Now in the temporary system is called temporary because it's a short season, you do it for some time it's low cost, most of the fabric is low cost contrast with that this system this is the permanent system where you are using a shade cloth because it's cheapest, but there are other things you can use but the cheapest is shade cloth and using that to keep the bugs out of your high tunnels, because high tunnels already provide a structure, it's much easier to work with height in the temporary system, and you're looking at one of my earliest studies in 2014 on this hyperponic lettuce, and we were trying to stop. I know we're talking about you could bits but I just want to tell you the story. This was a bad army worm infestation in the high tunnel, and we were able to block 90% of the pests, the army worms using the netting around the high tunnel, so that was the humble beginning of of pest extrusion system and now we have a number of farmers almost 17 locations. Majority of them in Alabama but also Georgia and Florida, where farmers are doing this and we're doing demonstrations, and you're looking at some very fine producers. What we're looking at in the picture is using the 50% shade cloth, and we use these insect monitoring traps, and the ones you see on the ground are the one side that looks very dirty. Those are the ones that are from the open field. And the ones that were that are clean. Those are the traps that were inside the net tunnel so you can see the visual difference that how these traps are able to help us to quantify what we're stopping. But it's a significant drop in insect population, especially the large ones it will not work for aphids and some of the other white flies. But if you're trying to grow any cucurbits inside a high tunnel, you can give it a shot. This is a picture couple of years back. Yeah, 2020 army worms again last year was also a bad army worm year, but this picture was actually sent by one of the farmer who is participating in the exclusion study and and she was just horrified. When she saw these army worms trying to get in and they could not get in to the crop, and they're coming out of that grass, and she's surrounded by hand pasture she has livestock. So, again, tremendous lots of success stories on this technology and we still are working. We're working with Andre to look at some of the horticultural economic aspects of the pest exclusion system. We're also doing an economic analysis with Jesse Boswell to figure out the actual economics of this but the 17 locations we have none of the farmers have taken it down, because they see tremendous benefit of of start using the exclusion system. Again, this is not so much home gardeners. And now you're looking at an aggregate of last four years from 17 to 2020. Again, a tremendous drop in number of insects with with using exclusion system and it will slow down squash wine borders, and we have also seen it slow down squash bugs. It just takes them time to colonize because that fabric stops them or delays the infestation. So, again, giving some ideas as I close out. So overall again, this is a system very good for beginning farmers, and we are kind of learning from farmers directly by doing these studies on farm. Before COVID, they were cost effective. The cost of material has gone up recently post COVID so that's that's something we're dealing with the supply shortage issues. And again, this is not foolproof. You still have to deal with a feds white flies trips that go in. But with these producers with the exclusion system. Now it has opened the door for using biologicals. You can use natural enemies biologicals to to help you further. Overall, I know this is a bit busy slide but hopefully you can come back to it later, but I have tried to think through some of the some of the most common IPM recommendations for these insects, for example, you call Beatles level one and level two, you know those are the best prevention tactics. So using trap crops using cover crops cover crops seemingly confuse the Beatles weed control very important sanitation and weed control is very important in keeping with production. You have too much weeds you can have more of these white flies a feds and Beatles on those on those weeds and they will move on to your crop. I have a column on vine bowlers and melon worms. And again you're seeing sanitation is a very important cultural practice. And then I have a question mark on trap crop because I don't have consistent data. So bio insecticides very difficult to use bio insecticides for these vine bowlers melon worms. You may use some of the chemicals to like some of the synthetic party towards if you're conventional and use it like a lay by treatment so you have to spray ahead of the insect. And as the insect starts to come out and lay eggs and the female touches the plant and picks up the toxin she dies from it. So that's a lay by treatment, sort of, but very difficult to control these borders, you have to use varieties, look at varieties, manage your planting time, don't plant too late into the summer, because then you get eaten up with these wine borders and different products. And then give it give your best exclusion or try if you're going if you want to try these are fairly easy to get from Amazon.com article organics different websites. With that I'm going to close out I think I have maybe four, five minutes to take questions and look at the chat I see the chat moving here. I have coffee in my hand so I can still answer the questions, but I've written some of the highlights that you should remember, especially there's no shortcut to scouting. You have to scout the crops. There's nothing automatic about this. It's hard work and free work and protect natural enemies and try to integrate these different strategies. I did not talk about the insecticide part. And insecticides give me a call or look at the tomato session and we went into more details in that. So I didn't want didn't want to repeat myself, keep my own time. But with that, I am going to perhaps stop this.