 We will go slightly out of sync with what is been going on in the HSS class. What I plan to do this morning is to the split up into groups of 6 we will do towards the end of the class, right. What we will do is review some public speaking tips and after we have given you those tips and hopefully some sheets, do we have copies of those sheets, okay fine. We will give it to you next time but you will cover it in the class. Some simple public speaking tips after which I want to spend 20 minutes recording the people who have not been recorded yet and then we want to break you up into groups of 6 and get the process started which will take us till the end of semester, okay. And what we will do is that each week in class we will be working with smaller groups, I think you have to turn that down, we will be working with smaller groups. So we will have the class divided up into 2 parts, okay. So after Midsom we will have you divided into smaller groups and we will have half the class on Tuesday and half the class on Thursday with the belief that a lot of the work is going on outside class, right, planning and discussions and reading and stuff like that. There is this whole issue of this PP-NP grade which is at the end and this PP grade will only be given to all those who have got 80% attendance here and they have actually taken part in the group activity that means we want them to stand here at the end of the semester and do their presentation. There is going to be a 5 to 6 minute TED talk that you guys will work towards and we are hoping that each person of the group will have a chance to say their say if you like in that presentation. So it is up to you how you want to structure everything, right. So in the process of doing this TED talk it is if you like a kind of a seminar, a mini seminar if you like and it also prepares you for everything else that you have to do at the end of the semester, right and we hope it is going to be very helpful. Now an interesting exercise the proofreading that you guys did in the last class, right, we proofread those documents ourselves, right. We proofread all those documents ourselves and we found that if you guys have found about 660 errors if we total it we found about 1100 errors. So we found twice as many errors as you folks have discovered. Now why is this exercise useful to make you a bit more humble about accepting the fact that the documents that you write do need some work, right and what should be submitted as a seminar report or an MTP report should not be your first draft. You should get your friends to read it because it is typical, it is very typical for us also, right. When we write anything somebody else will find much more errors than I will because I have made the mistakes how do I know I have made it, right or what happens typically quite normally is that you write something there are some mistakes but you are not looking for mistakes when you read the script you are looking for logical strands and stuff like that. So you do not notice these mistakes after some time, right and in fact you will notice also if you have to move house you must have moved hostel rooms and stuff like that there is some price the possession that you kept in the corner of your room, right which you omit taking with you when you move house or move room because it is been there for so long that it looks like part of the room that you do not even think that you know. So that is what happens if you see something often enough you do not notice it, okay. So do make sure that whenever you write anything somebody else also reads it because you might have lots of assumptions in your mind that you do not realize, right and it will help if somebody else points out things about your writing to you, okay. So I have got them as slides, okay. So Prakash helped us prepare the public speaking notes. So I will talk for a bit and then he should come and give his pitch. So in the TED talk let me just introduce you to what we have in mind, right. You guys are going to change the world, okay. You must believe that otherwise there is no point being here and wasting your time, okay. Given that think of some ideas around say a nation building theme, some kind of social innovation, some kind of technology innovation. You all must be having some ambition of say starting a company or starting an enterprise or doing something, helping something, right or whatever you have. And think of the audience that you want to pitch it to. The audience could be some angel investors, they could be some venture capitalists, they could be some benevolent industrialists who wants to fund these kind of things, Bill Gates or whoever it is, right. Or it might be just an MHRD project like we are doing projects for NME ICT which is national mission for education using ICT, right. And the way we got the money is that we had a dream, right and we went to them and said that look here is our dream and here is the numbers to do with this dream and this is what we promise to deliver in 2 years time. That's how the projects started and we just gave them our proposal and got the funds and there is huge bandwagon is going here, right. Professor Fatak's projects, Professor Modgalyar, our Iyantra project and stuff like that, there is a lot of things going on, okay. So decide what you want to achieve and decide who you want to pitch it to and do the, start doing the research, right. We want you to do some research and not just pick off the top of your hat. Even if you got some wild way out ideas which are entertaining and stuff like that, do some research to make us believe that what you're saying might actually work, okay. And you can be as wild as you want, right. It's not an issue, okay. And part of all this will be your presentation skills. So like in a TED talk, you'll have a presentation. You'll be standing up here and speaking and you'll be queuing yourself for whichever way you want. So what we'll do is that after the mid sem, we'll start giving you doses of the kind of equipment that you need to be able to build an effective presentation, like say one class on body language, one class on visual communication, right. How to structure a presentation, how to present it, how to use the colors and fonts and stuff like that. People are not sensitized enough to those kind of things, okay. And the audience, if you like, will be enacted by you folks too. So we'll be forming you into groups also which will act as the evaluating audience, if you like. You could be say a bunch of baboos in MHRD. You could be say an industrialist who's going to sponsor the project. You're going to be say a bunch of politicians who are going to review the proposal which has been put by. So we don't know what to expect from you folks. We hope that you'll bring some passion to it. So whatever you feel strongly about, we're willing to listen to that, right. So this will have to be decided in your groups of six, okay. And we'll also be as faculty, we'll also be a part of this entire process, right. So let me get this now a discussion. There was a feedback that many of you would like to speak more effectively in front of an audience, right. So we've done some research and Professor Vedya has come up with a sheet which he won't give you this time. He's been coy about it. He'll give it to you next time, right. So we'll give you this material in handouts and we'll put it up on the, on module also, right, okay. So public speaking comes naturally to only very few people, right. Typically it is something that you learn over a period of time. Nobody's a great communicator at the very beginning. It helps for you to take part in school activities like say debating and poetry reading and elucution and stuff like that. But if you've not done that, then you can learn some points with which you can actually speak in public effectively, right. And lot of these are very common sense things. You'll see it all around you in speakers amongst your faculty who are speaking to you and stuff like that, okay. And you have things like you need to practice. You practice in front of your friends, in front of small gatherings and stuff like that. And there's this whole notion of stage fright and anxiety which you get. And there are techniques with which to overcome that, right. You have this fear of failure, right. You have sweaty palms and stuff like that. It's perfectly natural, right. Which over a period of time as you practice it enough, just it doesn't happen anymore, right. Then you can talk to an audience as though it's one to one. It's just a question of practice over a period of time. So you just need to do it more. And one of the important things that happens on the course is through your seminars and your MTP presentations and your presentations in the lab and stuff like that, you get prepared for all this, right. One of the reasons incidentally I put my daughter for learning classical dance is because they learn to face an audience. Because while you're a kid and growing up, you learn to face an audience and articulate your thoughts and talk to them and not feel intimidated, right. So hopefully later on it will be much easier for her, right. Plus they learn grace and learn to use their body and you know all that, all that kind of stuff. So I feel all these things are useful and they do help as you go along. Many people feel that the audience is very critical of them, scrutinizing them, waiting for them to make mistakes and stuff like that, right. And it's a very natural impression when you stand here to feel that. But actually it's not like that. The audience wants a nice talk and they want you to speak nicely and they want everything to go well. They're actually helping you, they want you to do well. So don't, don't belittle yourself and, and, and feel that what I'm saying has no value and stuff like that because that's not the case. And that's why we like to initially help you in this kind of environment in a small group. We'll break the class up into half. In smaller groups we'll work because it's not a hostile, it's not a hostile environment, right. And it helps in a small group, friendly group to be sort of brought out and overcome this in confidence and, and stuff like that. And the important thing, you should hear this TED talk, which a few people have summarized on, on, on body language. Who's the one who did that body language talk? Very interesting, very interesting. Body language, right? It's quite interesting. They say that your body language reflects your state of mind. That means if you're frightful, nervous, afraid, you become small, right? And you cross your legs and cross your arms and stuff like that. How many of you are doing that right now? But if you're confident, you kind of uncross any open things like that. And if you're even more confident, you're like this, right? You talk with hands like this and so on. So you'll notice how dancers are trained to kind of move their hands out and stuff like that and cover a lot of space, okay? So the more expansive you are, the more confident you look and you appear. And more important than that, when you start doing this, you feel more confident. And the signal that you're sending is a confident one with the result that people treat you with respect and you become even more confident. It's quite interesting that reality is not something that is out there, which you're a victim of. This is quite a deep insight I had about five years ago. Reality is not something out there and you're a victim of it. Reality is actually like a movie that you're actually projecting on the world out there, right? You're projecting reality. If I want to believe that you're bad, I start thinking that you're bad. You might not be bad. I start thinking that you're bad, then my behavior will become as though you're bad and as a result, you'll react to that, right? And you'll behave in a way that, see, I told you he's bad, right? And then it kind of just reinforces itself, right? Similarly, if I want to believe that you're good, I'll start believing that you're good. And even if you're a little bit bad, when I behave nicely to you, you'll also behave nicely, as you see, he's a good man, good, right? Similarly, in an audience, the audience is not here to screw you, basically. The audience is here to help you. And if you treat them in that way, you'll feel less afraid, okay? So just keep these things in mind and it's quite normal to be nervous. And as Prakash dug out this very nice quote, I showed it to my wife this morning who's a doctor and she found it really cute. And she often gives the presentations, she's a radiologist. Butterflies in the stomach is normal, they should fly in formation, right? It's okay to be a bit nervous, because that's what makes your mind a bit more focused and alert, right? But it should be in order, right? And your engagement with an audience is like an energy burst, which needs to be kind of projected in the right way. And to overcome these kind of nervousness that you get, right? It's useful to have group discussions and have this kind of environment where you are actually presenting more and more to people. Some people say sing, or some people say practice with a small and friendly audience and so on. And so maybe Prakash would like to present this with. He'll read from a script, but you have everything here also. So what we'll do is that for the next, say, ten minutes we'll continue this. And then for the next 15 minutes, we'd like to have more of the recordings. In the recordings, we invite you to respond to these notes. Take note of this and use this in your presentation. So we want to see over a period of time whether these kind of things have made a difference, right? And by the way, your proof readings, which you've done, we put it into an Excel spreadsheet, the scores. And we also are computing number of errors per word count in the documents. We'll do this exercise again at the end of the course. And we hope that there will be a shift in the error distribution. That means you'll find more errors, or maybe you'll make less errors, okay? So that's the intention. So would you like to? Thank you, Kavi, and welcome everybody. So the first thing which we saw in this, that the stumbling block for public speaking is stage fright, which all of you have experienced. Some of you might be still having it. So in surveys, it has been found that if you ask people to list their phobias or their fears, and you take a statistics out of that, that what is it that people fear, like some people fear spiders, some people fear height, some people fear water, and of course, many people fear death. So it might be thought that most people will be fearing death. But that is not true because we take death for granted. Statistically, most people have stage fright. It is their number one fear. So we are not alone if we have stage fright. Even accomplished speakers have butterflies in their stomach. They learn to overcome them. And once you get in charge of that energy burst, which is there, then it works for you, and you can project it on the audience. In the Roman times, when the Romans were not Christians, they used to persecute Christians. So they had charred one Christian father, and he was punished to fight with a lion. So you would know what the consequence would be. So he was brought into the ring, the lion was brought, and before the fight started, the father uttered something in the ear of the lion. So the lion thought for a bit, then went back to his cage. So they brought another lion. The father again talked into his ear something. That lion also went away. So after three lions went back, the emperor said, I am pardoning you. But you tell me, what did you tell the lions? He said, I just told the lions that you will be expected to speak a few words after dinner. And the lions were frightened of that. So you can imagine that stage fright is with everybody. So once we have overcome that, for our speech, we have to first prepare a speech. Speech is not only what you deliver, but there is a background work which you have to prepare just like you have to prepare for writing. So once you know that you are going to give a speech, you start as early as possible. As soon as you are intimated that you will have to give a speech for this much time on this topic. You start early, start jotting down what you would like to speak. Don't wait till the last moment. And at least three things you list out for your speech that how you will begin your speech, what will be the main core of the speech and how you will end it. So while writing, you should write down the rough script and this script should not be like spoken language because public speaking is somewhere in between formal writing and ordinary conversation. So your language should be such. It should not be too heavy. It should not have compound sentences, complex sentences, but it should not be conversational. It should be slightly more formal than conversational and you will have to write it out. First you might write out as ordinary speech, but then you formalize the language and so that it appears dignified. Then suppose you have written out the script like a drama script. Don't read it out. This is a mistake many people do, they stuff their PowerPoint slides with lot of lines. You must have seen in many presentations and then they start reading out. Now what happens is silent reading that is without vocalizing is much faster than reading it aloud with voice. So you are reading it aloud from your slides. While the audience is reading silently and the audience will be ahead of you. So it will reach the end of the PowerPoint slide while you are in the third line. And after that the audience stops attending. You are still reading and the audience is not attentive. So even if you have PowerPoint slides they should be only summary type. They should not be whole script written down and presented one after another. And as far as possible don't repeat what is said on the slide. You say something else like you tell an anecdote which you don't put on the slide then the audience will pay attention. So even if you write everything out, don't present it to the audience. You present only a summary of that and you expand it on that. Then the next thing is don't memorize your speech. In school illocation competitions they are given a written script and the children memorize everything including how they will move their hands etc. And people think that that is public speaking. And that doesn't apply to adults because that is mugged up speech. And adults cannot mug up speeches because we are thinkers. Children really don't know the content of what they are speaking. But we are aware of the content and we cannot do this. Unless you are acting in a drama or something you cannot memorize your speech. So what happens if you memorize Dale Carnegie in his book on public speaking has given an anecdote that there was a conference of insurance agents in New York. And the star performers were being given rewards and they were supposed to speak. So one such insurance agent he had prepared his speech including how he will move his hands etc. and written down everything and memorized everything. So he came to the stage and started that in my part of the project I did and he blanked out. This is the risk of memorizing that if you lose track anywhere you can't catch it again because you are not memorized with concepts you are just memorized like a sound file. So he stopped he took two steps back again started in my part of the project I did again he blanked out again he took two steps back. Before he did the third time we should realize that it was an open stage and he said no back wall. So third time he said this and backed out he fell down and vanished. So people started laughing uncontrollably and they thought this was all planned though it was not planned. So this is what can happen if you memorize your speech. So don't memorize the speech after you have written down the speech and finalized it reduce it to an abstract and you take the abstract and expand that when you actually give the speech. Then whatever is your speech you reduce it to key points which should not be too many ideal is to have one page like you must have seen in all my classes that everything can be reduced to one page. Everything that is in this lecture is in this one page and we will be putting a version of this on the net also. These slides are also based on this one page so you reduce it to one page then unlike I am doing just now you cannot read out like this. So what you do is you take postcard size cardboard which are called 4 inch by 6 inch or about a 6 size like pocket diary of this size because this you can hold in your hand like this and hold at arm's length that is without people without this abstracting people's view of you you can hold it like this and read. So on this you write your points in very large font and with good spacing that from a distance you can read your points. So you write out your this one page maybe it will make 10 cards like this so put it on 10 cards and write on one side only otherwise you will not know which side you are reading write on one side only and number the cards so that you do not go in a wrong sequence and you carry these cards with you and then as soon as the card is over you keep it aside so that it otherwise it will come like a deck of cards the same card might come again you discard it. So this is the way you won't lose track while giving a speech even if momentarily you forget something the next cue will tell you that what is your next point. So these cue cards have to be short they should not be full speech written out on a deck of cards and they should not be so short that there are only 3 points on that. There should be about 8 to 10 cards which say 4 to 5 lines that will cover a normal speech. Then when you have studied and prepared your material you do not exhaust all your material in your write up or in your notes you keep something in reserve because in speech you are supposed to be on the offensive and the audience will try to corner you. So when they ask questions or ask for clarifications you can't say this is all I had to say and I have told you everything then you will be exposed you should keep some things in reserve and when somebody ask for a clarification then only you disclose that then they will get a feeling that you have more things up your sleeve and this is not everything that you had. So don't disclose everything in your speech you keep something for question and answers then after you have prepared your speech you arrive early early means how early if you are going to a new place and you are unfamiliar with the place then you should go the previous evening because previous evening there will be no event there probably and you will be able to survey the hall or whatever is the venue. So you find out everything where are the exits where are the entrances how is the rostrum etcetera what is the sound system or what are the visual aids and wet the equipment means check everything out just before the event if you start checking then people get disturbed. So wet the equipment and if possible you set it up the previous evening if the hall is under your control and leave it with those settings so that in the morning when you come as soon as you switch on everything is in order in the morning you don't come and start searching for cables and connecting. So wet the equipment and during before the actual lecture you come earlier when the audience has started arriving and at that time the hall won't be crowded so you enter the hall is not on the dice and mingle with the audience and try to get introduced to some people etcetera try to get some people's names because when you start your lecture during that you can mention that by the way I met so and so etcetera so people will think that you are familiar with the audience you are not an external stick on speaker so you should connect with the audience and people whom you have met when you are actually speaking you can identify their faces otherwise other faces you can't identify. So while making eye contact you can select those people because you at least know few people in the audience which otherwise you won't know so you mingle with the audience and somebody will normally introduce you so the master of ceremonies has to introduce many people and he can't know everybody so he expects that the person being introduced will provide a short data about himself so this you provide yourself that what you want to be told about you and whatever the introducer has told you don't repeat in your speech if you talk about yourself in your speech you talk something else otherwise they will make out that you had only given these lines to the introducer and he didn't really know you as soon as suppose there are many speakers and they are they are normally sitting either on the dais or in front once your name is announced you will have to get up and go there etcetera you might think that as when you actually start speaking in the mic then your time start that not true as soon as your name is announced you are on stage even if physically you are not on stage the audience is thinking that you are on stage so from that point onwards your behavior should be such that it should impress people so for example some people are in such a hurry like in a price distribution etcetera as soon as their name is announced they start running in a price distribution maybe there are hundred prices so you have to run but in a speaking assignments you don't have to rush you walk slowly and confidently and if you act confidently you will feel confident if you act differently you will feel different it is self-fulfilling prophecy so you should act confident when you are going on stage then to overcome stage fright or whatever tension you get you have to practice relaxation there are three simple exercises given here each has to be done three times so this exercises you don't come on the stage and then do the exercises otherwise it will be ridiculous that's why you take time for walking from your seat to the dais so while you start walking you do these exercises so by the time you are on stage you are already relaxed so the first exercise is you clench your fists and hold them for three to five seconds and then release if you do this three times your body will get relaxed your tense muscles will get relaxed similarly you take deep breath that is you take full breath and then exhale slowly so if you do this three times then also you will relax third thing is count three so count three not as one to three but one one thousand two two thousand three three thousand you count so slowly you count these three times in your mind and you get set for speaking so this while you are walking from your seat to the dais you should do these exercises and you are ready physically next when you are on stage also you don't immediately take up the mic and start speaking so you buy some time because audience expect that there will be some introductory the audience also has to get familiarized with your face and your manner which takes time if you start speaking immediately they don't have time for this so you can buy time for adjusting the mic drinking water if available and arranging your papers or arranging your setup with laptop etc these for the audience to get time to get familiarized with you and for you to relax next is during the actual speech now you don't talk to the front wall or talk to the front desk but you talk to the audience and the audience will know this only if you make eye contact with the audience so for that you have already got introduced to some people so you look at them and look for say five seconds as if you are talking to that person then you look at another person as if you are talking to that person so the audience will get a feeling that you are actually covering the whole audience and you want everybody to listen to you so you pan your head over the audience so that everybody you see everybody you can get feedback also that is whether people are uneasy and the audience also gets a feeling that the speaker is paying attention to you then start start slowly because it's like starting a car in first gear or something that audience also has to start listening slowly so you start slowly and with a low pitch if you start in a high pitch audience will get bored in no time you start in a low pitch that also helps for relaxation and that also puts the audience in a relaxed mood if you talk in a high pitch audience becomes tense and use abdominal voice means don't talk from the top breath or you take deep breath and use that then you don't have to take many pauses while you speak otherwise if you are using shallow breathing then every now and then you will be breathing and people can make out the breath sound also so use abdominal voice and normally if you inhale well the abdominal voice is good enough for a whole sentence by which time there is a full stop and you can take a breath within a sentence you shouldn't have to wait for breathing then speed of public speaking in normal conversation we tend to speak very fast like even on a telephone if you are listening to somebody talking on the mobile and you are hearing only one side then you get fed up that how somebody can talk so fast you are not hearing the other side also in fact here also you are hearing only one side because you are not talking back so compared to conversational speed the speed of a formal speech should be slower because the audience has a variation in their understanding all people are not smart enough some people have slow slow understanding and unless you cover them you won't cover the whole audience so while it might sound slow to yourself that you are speaking too slowly these are right speed for the audience because audience expects slow speech it doesn't know what you are going to speak you know it because you have written it you have practiced it so you think you can deliver it fast but the audience is not aware of what you are going to speak you speak slowly and whatever sounds slow for you is right speed for the audience then while giving a public speech you should give attention to your articulation and pronunciation articulation is production of individual sounds like go and go which can get confused because they are phonetically similar that is articulation that is individual sounds and pronunciation is full words where you have articulation of many syllables taken together so that they sound together so both articulation and pronunciation had to be more explicit compared to normal speech normally you can get get away with slurred speech also the opposite person will make out in conversation in a speech they can't make out if you speak indistinctly people will find it difficult to understand you speak slowly and explicitly and compared to normal conversation which can be monotonous here you should use stress and intonation because that is what gives information to the audience like we saw about commas that commas are there so that it helps people understand what you are written here commas are replaced by short gaps in speech in addition on words you can use stress and intonation to stress important words which you can do in writing in writing you don't really highlight so many words and this is especially when you are giving speech to an unknown audience that don't finish your speech and say now I will take question and answer by that time many people don't have any questions and they want to walk out so normally you reserve your last point and before that you say I'll take questions so then audience still doesn't know what to expect the speech is still going on so you answer the questions and then deliver your last point now the last point today is finish in time if you delay your speech then everybody get delayed because there may be many speeches but if you finish early everybody will thank you there are the speaker who couldn't keep time and you are going on and on and at the end he said that I apologize but I don't have a watch somebody said from the audience you don't have a watch but there is a calendar on the wall okay so now I'll take questions so if you have any questions you can put them otherwise regarding gestures in drama it is said that you can mug up your part and when you are perfected that you find that you have one extra pair of hands because actors don't know what to do with her with their hands you certainly find that you don't know what to do with your hands the same thing happens with speaking that some people keep them at the back some people keep like this etc. but if you keep your hands like this then it seems that you are a close person that you are not open to new ideas why if your body is open then people feel that you are an open minded person so you should move your hands naturally means you don't read up a book and say that for this you move it this way etc. and don't move don't keep the arms stiff and move only your hands but move your whole hand right from the shoulder then it up then you appear bigger and you appear more natural secondly while speaking you tend to make mistakes like even I have made mistakes while talking just now I have realized but unless the mistakes are serious and likely to lead to misunderstanding don't correct them like even in singing that is a rule that if you make a mistake in playing or singing don't play that phrase again then people who had not understood the mistake will also understand the mistake if play it again why if you have made a mistake you just go over it and continue many people won't have noticed so don't audience expects speakers to make mistakes and you are just one of the speakers so even if you make mistakes in natural speaking people will take it for granted I will just give one clarification which that we have tabulated your submissions and who corrected it and how many errors were found the errors he mentioned that is say 600 for these regarding only 50 distinct submissions we took 50 submissions which are which each has a different topic because some of them are repeats we had total 75 submissions which were corrected but the remaining 25 were duplicates so those we have not corrected so far these are 50 distinct subjects so the 600 errors is total of all 50 found by the local proof readers that comes to average about 12 errors per submission and the thousand which we have found 1050 are additional errors these present include the first 600 errors in addition to 600 errors there are 10050 extra error that is about 20 per submission so now you can make out that what is the gap remaining after two check one or two checkings yeah in the inertia and which is not your own composition you have just heard the talk and you have transcribed it so all the ideas are even the sentence formation is directly from the speech so that indicates that we have to practice and improve