 A very good evening everyone, welcome to the Hindi news analysis brought to you by Shankar Ayes Academy. Here are the list of news articles that are chosen for discussion today and the video is timestamped for your convenience. We have also provided the link to the PDF notes in the description box as well as in the comment section for your convenience. With that let's move on to the discussion. So let us discuss the topics that are very important from the preliminary perspective first followed by the detailed analysis of the other editorials and bigger topics. So let's take up this news article. This is from the Delhi edition of the Hindu. So this mentions about Odisha government's package for poor and in the substance of the article we have two schemes, two very important and the famous schemes that can be potential questions in preliminary. One is Kalia which we'll discuss in detail. Another one is Mukta scheme which is also called as Mukki Mantri Karma Tat Parna Abhyan. So this is nothing but a scheme for urban wage employment. You just have to remember this and this is a scheme from Odisha and another one is Kalia scheme that we'll see in detail. See Kalia scheme is expanded as Krushak assistance for livelihood and income augmentation and as we just saw it is by the Odisha government and the scheme is seen as a viable alternative for farm loan waivers because it provides a lot of income support to the farmers. So who are eligible to get this? They are small and marginal farmers, landless agricultural households, vulnerable agricultural households, landless agricultural laborers and sharecroppers. So they are the people who are eligible to avail the benefits of the scheme and it has various components covering various aspects. First it covers the cultivators. All the farmers will be provided about 10,000 of assistance split into two that is 5000 in Kareem and 5000 in Rabi season and spread over five cropping seasons between 2018-19 and 2021 and 2022. So we saw a very similar scheme in my previous discussion pertaining to a different state. So if at all you remember post it in the comment section. Now moving on with the discussion, this scheme also has provisions for crop loans of up to 50,000 to be provided in interest free and it also supports the landless agricultural households we saw it earlier with a financial aid of 12,500 and this 12,500 will be used for allied agricultural activities and besides this it also supports the elderly and insurance for cultivators and landless agricultural households are also provided. The Kaliya scheme gives a life insurance of about 2 lakh and additional of personal accident coverage of about 27 lakh for about 57 lakh households eligible households is being provided. So you can imagine how broad this scheme is. So with that information let's move on to the next article. This article is again from the Delhi edition. So Maharashtra is going to roll out a project that will check the hearing ability of the new born children. This initiative is in tandem with the National Deafness Prevention Program launched by the central government. So India's burden is about 63 million people that is about 6.3 percentage of Indian population suffer from hearing impairment and taking this into account this National Deafness Prevention Program was launched in the early 2000s and this was launched with the purpose of early identification, diagnosis and treatment of the year problems responsible for the hearing loss and this is being implemented by Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and here are the list of components that this program covers and note that earlier it was completely funded by the center and with the onset of the 12th five-year plan this funding pattern changed where the center and the state both together fund this program and let's move on to the next article. This article is from Hyderabad edition. See this talks about the increased risk of mosquito bone disease that is dengue and malaria following the monsoon season. So in that context we'll be knowing about dengue and malaria. Let's start with dengue. See this is a mosquito bone viral disease and female mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus transmits this disease. So these mosquitoes are also vectors of chicken, guinea and yellow fever zika virus and all and if you see dengue is widespread throughout the tropics with local variations in the risk influenced by rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and urbanization all these contributes to dengue and how does dengue manifest? Dengue causes a widespread spectrum of disease so it can be subclinical that is people may not even manifest symptoms or it can range to severe flu like symptoms as well. Although less common some people develop severe dengue and this is what leads to death in the individuals. So the most common symptoms are severe headache, fatigue, nausea, fever and also bleeding spots and dengue is caused by flaviviridae family and there are four distinct types which is dengue 1, 2, 3 and 4 and recovery from infection is believed to provide a lifelong immunity for those patients against that serotype only. However cross immunity to other serotypes after recovery is only partial or temporary. How do we understand this? For example someone is being infected with dengue 1 the person will be immune to dengue 1 for the rest of the life but the person will not be immune after some point of time for dengue 2 or dengue 3 or dengue 4 that is what we call as cross immunization across serotypes. So with that let's move on to the next disease that is malaria. See malaria is caused by plasmodium parasites these parasites spread to people through bite of female mosquitoes but here it is female anopheles mosquitoes and they are the malaria vectors and there are various species there are about five different species that causes malaria in humans but two species are very important that is plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax and if you see WHO says that in 2018 plasmodium falciparum accounted for about 99.7 percentage of the estimated malarial cases in WHO African region and 50 percentage of the cases in WHO Southeast Asian regions and plasmodium vivax is predominant parasite in the regions of America having about 75 percentage of the disease. So how does it transmit we just saw it is transmitted through female anopheles mosquito see one of the peculiar aspect of malarial parasite is that half of its life cycle will be inside the mosquito and half of its life cycle will be inside the human host specifically inside the liver and the IVCs okay. So due to this the malarial disease manifests as a acute febrile illness that is with fever in a nonimmune individual symptom usually appears for about 10 to 15 days after the bite and the first symptoms are fever, headache, chills and this can be mild and it could be difficult to even recognize as malaria and if not treated within 24 hours plasmodium falciparum malaria can progress into severe illness and it has a high mortality rate as well. Now in this context I would also like to remind you of the dry day campaign which we saw in my discussion previously when we were dealing with these small preliminary topics. So if at all you remember what was this dry day challenge about and which state initiated this dry day challenge posted in the comment section. So with that let's move on to the next part of our discussion. Now our next news discussion is going to be based on this editorial article. This article is written in the backdrop of the recent judgment made by the Delhi High Court related to the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act which is commonly called as UAPA wherein the High Court has made up sharp observations accusing the government of blurring the distinction between rightful dissent and terrorism. So on this background the author in this editorial explains how the Delhi High Court ruling is a way forward in finding a balance between civil rights and the anti-terror laws. So in this slide let us see about the judgment and also there are 11 points mentioned in the article. Here is the syllabus for your reference. First let us see about the case and its judgment in order to understand the article better. All right see three activists were booked under the UAPA in connection with the Delhi riots. The Delhi riots that broke out last year after the protest following the Citizenship Amendment Act. This protest act turned violent and subsequently arrests were made and note that they have been in jail these three people they have been in jail for over a year without trial for their alleged role in the Delhi riots or in other words these three people underwent many months of jail time without even being proven guilty of any crime. This is against civilized judicial system and recently Delhi High Court has granted bail in these activists and the author considers this judgment to be an important judicial push back to the authoritarian legal regime under UAPA. So on looking broadly okay we know India follows the adversarial system of criminal justice. What does it mean? It means that the prosecutor and the defendant they are two different parties they both try to cross-examine and prove their point right or in other words there are two sides to a dispute and both of them attempt to persuade the court that their version of event is true and each side is given an opportunity to scrutinize challenge and question the evidence produced by its opponents and eventually the final judgment is made which is made after rigorous cross examination by considering the evidence that is left standing and appears to be more persuasive right and remember that this cross examination is not a simple process and it involves multiple witnesses incriminating objects, texts of hand writing, voice samples and many other elements and all of this together constitutes the bulk of the criminal trial and as we are aware criminal trials in India consumes many many years and especially when it comes to these kind of high-profile cases there are chances for the trial to take many years due to the bulky records for example even in this Delhi rights case the witness numbers are in hundreds so you can imagine the amount of records that will be associated with this particular case is in this situation that the bail gains importance since it becomes the only safeguard and guarantee of the constitutional right to liberty because as we know if any individual couldn't succeed in attaining a bail then there is a lot of chances for them to remain as under trial in prison for so many years because Indian judicial v is a slow to grind so when a bail is considered at ordinary cases like those that does not involve ua pa or court takes into consideration a range of factors like accused flight risk ability to tamper evidence ability to influence a witness and as well as the gravity of the offense and it is in this situation section 43 d5 plays a negative influence on the proceedings so let us see how see we know ua pa is an act to provide for a more effective prevention all certain unlawful activities of individuals or associations for dealing with terrorist activities and as per the author though the law at its face is designed to check and address terrorism perhaps it is one of the most abused laws in India as well and having said that law to be an authoritarian legal regime the author here brings the section 43 d5 of the law to substantiate his claim let us see how see here is the snippet just go through it see this section of the act prevents the release of an accused person on bail provided the court feels that there are reasonable grounds for believing that the accusation against that person is prima facie true and this is done based on the case diary or the report made under section 173 of criminal procedure code so what is the section 173 173 report is the report made by the police officer on the completion of the investigation so let us understand it better so when it comes to the consideration of bail the section gives the utmost importance to evidence provided to one side only that is the case diary or the police report which has not gone through any cross examination and earlier we saw Indian judiciary is based on adversarial system that is that involves cross examination which is a very important component of justice delivery so without any cross examination the act makes it extremely difficult to grant a bail especially when the police elect to charge sheet an individual under a UAPM and according to author this section is actually forcing the court to make a judgment of guilt based on unchallenged story which has got the potential to deprive the individual of their freedom for years and this goes against the democratic polity which is committed to the rule of law correct so having these points in mind let us now look how the recent judgment can make a difference so as per the judgment UAPA is meant to deal with terrorist offenses and its application must be limited to acts that reasonably fall within the understanding of the term terrorism so therefore in order to convict a person under UAPA the charge sheet must reveal factual individualized and particular allegations that links the accused to a terrorist act and in the present case in hand the accusations against the activists involves only call for protest road blockages we know these are all not attempts of terrorism right and the judges couldn't find any act that attributed the terrorist to the act of terrorist offense and importantly inferences and hypotheticals drawn by the police do not count at the stage of granting bail so applying section 43d5 at this case proves wrong since the high court and as per the author the court judgment indicates a pathway towards finding a balance between citizens civil rights and anti-terrorism legislation such as UAPA and for your information following the high court judgment the Delhi police has also moved to the supreme court on Wednesday against the release so we can expect the supreme court also to take a stand that will reduce the misuse of UAPA against innocent citizens so we have come to the end of this editorial discussion with these take a wave point in mind let us move on to the next part of the discussion now let us take up this editorial see we all know the frontline warriors especially the medical community have been selfless in our fight against the COVID-19 pandemic but they are also losing a number of stars in this process most of these frontline workers have been fighting it only with basic protective gear like masks and gloves so this has exposed them to a great deal of risk and it is in such a situation that the relevance of disruptive technology and its application comes into focus these technologies help us to reduce the chances of hospital staff contracting the infection and this editorial is a discussion on that now let us learn about it here is the syllabus for your reference first let us understand what is disruptive technology see disruptive technology is the technology that affects the normal operation of a market or an industry it displaces a well-established product or a technology and creates a new industry or a market see a new technology can either be sustaining a disruptive okay let us understand the difference while sustaining technology depends on incremental improvement in an already existing technology disruptive technology on the other hand is completely new one see the earliest disruptive technology that we can recall is the invention of wheels and subsequently electricity is another disruptive technology right before electricity everything was done manually and after that a lot of automation happened and the recent disruptive technology examples include e-commerce online news sites right sharing apps gps systems and others now let's come back to the editorial see according to the editorial we have already started using disruptive technology and are fight against the pandemic for example some hospitals use robots for care of the covid-19 patients and there are hospitals in china that used 5g power temperature measurement devices to flag patients who have covid-19 symptoms and hospitals are also using smart bracelets and rings to measure heart rates and blood oxygen levels of the patients and even in india the sabai man Singh government hospital in jaipur held trials with humanoid robots to deliver medicines and food to the covid-19 patients admitted there so we have started to use disruptive technology and are fight against covid-19 pandemic already but still it is in a nascent stage only see according to the editorial new technologies like artificial intelligence autonomous systems blockchains cloud and quantum computing data analytics and 5g can improve the welfare of the societies and reduce the impact of the communicable disease so let's see how for example take blockchain blockchain technology we know is a distributed error system that promotes decentralization transparency and data integrity right and this blockchain technology can be used to create a complete index history of all the medical data patients and editorial talks about big data analytics as well big data can help improve the patient based services like early detection of diseases see big data analytics is the complex process of examining data to uncover information like hidden patterns correlations market trends customer preferences that can help organizations to make informed business decisions and the editorial also mentions that the artificial intelligence and internet of medical things can improve health care applications see internet of medical things is nothing but a connected infrastructure of medical devices software applications health systems and services and in addition to it the editorial also mentions the medical autonomous systems can improve health delivery to a great extent see medical autonomous systems are focused on supporting medical care delivery in dispersed in complex environments which takes the help of the futuristic technologies and cloud computing is another application facilitating collaboration and data exchanges between doctors departments and even institutions and medical providers to provide the best possible treatment and after discussing the potential of the disruptive technologies in the health care sector the editorial gives specific focus to the universal health coverage see what is universal health coverage it is the single most powerful concept that the public health has to offer it is a powerful social equalizer as well and the ultimate expression of fairness with respect to health that is everyone gets the right to remain healthy but implementation of UHC suffers from fragmentation of information which in turn results in poor health care delivery what is fragmentation of information a coordinated database is not available which in turn impacts the health care delivery and this issue can be overcome through the application of digital technologies but according to the editorial there is a prerequisite condition for the successful application of disruptive technologies in health care what is it the application of disruptive technologies should be based upon local knowledge see the local community plays an important role in pandemic fight for example during the Ebola outbreak in Africa and workflow outbreak in Indonesia the local communities played a huge role in controlling the outbreak so modern technology should be incorporated in tune with the local or traditional knowledge but there are some challenges in using the disruptive technologies in the health care sector for example many of the current institutional structural arrangements in the medical sector do not support the application of disruptive technologies so they have to be completely re-engineered and this can be expensive and time consuming also the applications like big data can be expensive for hospitals so this can increase the costs of the health care subsequently and there is also the issue of data security next and data privacy when it comes to digital technology so we have to overcome all these challenges in order to effectively apply disruptive technologies in the health care sector and the editorial finally concludes by saying that disruptive technology can play an important role in improving the health care sector provided the challenges are overcome early now have a look at this article this is regarding the political defection in India so it is an article that speaks regarding the enormous growth of a particular political party and the role of political defection in it so we are not going to get into the political aspect of this editorial but we are just going to discuss defection from the exam point of view all right here is the syllabus for your reference let us start this segment by knowing what is defection see defection is an act of changing party allegiance from the party on which the person has gotten elected to a different party earlier it has been an important cause for the formation as well as the breaking of the governments so the defection makes and breaks the government and we know the political defection have been very common in India for decades so in order to curb this menace the constitution the 52nd amendment act was enacted in 1985 and this is popularly called as the anti-defection law it was further amended and strengthened through the 91st constitution amendment act in 2003 and the 52nd amendment act amended article 101 102 190 and 191 of the constitution and these were regarding the vacation of seats and this qualification from membership of parliament and the state legislatures respectively so note that it applies for both the center and the state level legislatures all right and apart from this the amendment added a new schedule as well it is the 10th schedule to the constitution so it laid down the process by which the legislators may be disqualified on the grounds of defection and this disqualification is done by the presiding officer of the legislature which can be either a chairman or a speaker right so what are the main grounds for defection a member of a house belonging to any political party shall be disqualified for being a member of the house if the member has voluntarily given up the membership of a political party that is one ground another ground is when the member votes or abstains from voting in such house contrary to any direction given by the political party to which he or she belongs to right so first condition is when he gives up the membership and the second condition is where the voting is not done in consonance with the directions given by the party so this is in regard to those who are elected under a party ticket so we also have other members like independent members and nominated members independent members are those who have been elected to the legislature without a party support right so what is the case with them see independent members can also be disqualified if he or she joins the political party after being elected to the house right and the nominated member is also subject to this anti-defection law such that the person will be disqualified if she or he joins a political party after the expiry of six months from the date on which he takes the seat in the house all right but a member won't be disqualified if she or he have obtained prior permission of such political party and this implies that the legislator defined the party whip on any issue can lose his membership of the house and know that this is applicable to both the parliament as well as the state legislature now let us see the exceptions under the law see the exceptions mean the legislator may change their party without the risk of disqualification in some circumstances see the anti-defection law allows a party to merge with another party or form a new party but there is a condition that not less than two-third of the members of the legislature party concerned have agreed for such merger and in such a scenario neither the member who decides to merge nor the ones who stay with the original party will face disqualification so who decides on the question of disqualification so according to the 10 schedule it shall be the chairman or the speaker of the house and their decision is final and it cannot be challenged in the court says the constitution so this enormous power vested in the speaker has been a subject of controversy a lot of times they say that the amount of power vested in the speaker is too much that it is prone to misuse by the high office itself so this came under the scrutiny of the judiciary and 28 years ago in 1992 supreme court in the case kihathu holan whistle zai chelo said that the judicial review will be available for the role of speaker to be examined all right but it also said the role of courts will be very limited because the speaker or the chairman's position in the parliament is very superior that they are very competent to decide on such questions of defection but in case of any malifera intentions the court may interfere after the proceedings on these defections have been decided by the speaker so the judiciary can only review the final decision of the speaker and the court cannot interfere at any stage before the the defection proceedings are in process all right and further despite these amendments in the 1985 and the 1992 court intervention the defection continued to happen so in 2003 through the 91st constitutional amendment act the defection law was strengthened further so we'll just see three major takeaways from the amendment all right so the first one is a member disqualified under defection shall also be disqualified for being a minister in the house so the disqualified MP or MLA cannot be a minister as well all right that is first and the second the member disqualified on the grounds of defection shall also be disqualified for any remunerated political post under the government so this is the second and the third one the provision regarding one third was also deleted by the amendment earlier one third defection was allowed and the 91st amendment deleted that provision all right and this defection law has been making use very often so it has consistently been an important point of subject in our UPSC and the criticisms pertaining to the anti-defection law is also very important from the mains perspective all right so with this information in mind let's move on to the next segment of the discussion now let us take up this article this article is regarding micro plastics the southern bench of ngt said the alarming levels of micro plastics were detected in the ground water samples taken from the wells in Tamil Nadu and know that high levels of micro plastics were detected in dump yards where city waste is dumped without proper scientific disposal so in this context let us know more about micro plastics so what exactly is this micro plastic and their impacts micro plastics are as the name implies they are tiny plastic particles officially they are defined as plastics less than five millimeter in diameter and we all might have seen micro plastics on beaches micro plastics are visible as tiny multicolored plastic bits in the stand and these tiny plastic particles that result from both commercial product development and the breakdown of large particles and as a pollutant micro plastic can be harmful to the environment and the animal health see the following figure shows living organisms tangled in micro plastics see there are two categories of micro plastics all right first is primary and second one is secondary primary micro plastics are tiny particles designed for commercial use example are cosmetics as well as microfibers shed from clothing and fishing nets these are all primary and next to the secondary micro plastics they are the particles that result in the environment through breakdown of the larger plastic items this breakdown is due to physical processes environmental factors etc here we must also know about micro beats see it's a type of a micro plastic they are very tiny pieces of micro plastics manufactured from polyethylene plastics for example they are used in some cleansers toothpaste and all so what are the issues with micro plastics i'm moving on to the issues see these tiny particles easily pass through water filtration systems and they end up in oceans and the lakes thus they pose a potential threat to the aquatic life and if you see micro plastics do not readily break down also and they remind us harmless molecules they persist in the environment for hundreds and thousands of years so which can potentially harm the organisms for the years to come and know that in the ocean micro plastic pollution is often consumed by marine animals and some of this environmental pollution is from littering but much of it is a result of storm water and off winds that carry plastic into oceans and all and if you see the primary source of secondary plastic in the environment is this single use plastics that is if we use it and we throw it right those are the single use plastics see micro plastics have been detected in the marine organisms from plankton to whales in commercial food and even in drinking water and alarmingly standard water treatment facilities cannot remove that we saw that before right so to further complicated matters micro plastics in the ocean can bind with other harmful chemicals before being ingested by microorganisms thus this can potentially harm the ocean ecosystem right so with this information we conclude this discussion on micro plastics in this discussion we got to know what is a micro plastic what is a micro bead what are the effects of micro plastics on the ocean environment as well as the human environment so with that let's move on to the next part of the discussion now have a look at this news article right this news article discussion is based on the data released recently by the nso national statistical office and this data highlighted higher inflation rate prevailing in the economy which is seen as a major concern and keeping that in mind many policy experts and economists have started giving their suggestions to the government to control inflation and to improve the growth trajectory and with this information in mind let us know what the author has to say from this article he begins the article by quoting the current trend of inflation and the GDP growth trend and how the reforms alone are necessary or important or what more has to be done to improve the economy after the pandemic so he begins by the perception of the reforms that is in india since 1991 the term reforms has been used synonymously towards increased private sector participation or any policy that favors the private sector and the recent trends are also in favor of such a perception the recent initiatives like atman arba bharat abhyan significant lowering of corporate tax in 2019 so these are some areas where the private sector is getting to benefit out of the policy and these things are increasingly called as reforms however the author believes that such reforms may not be effective in the current context of boosting the economic activity to substantiate this view artha mentions two important points first is the lower level of confidence among the private sector here due to uncertainty in market conditions that is being prevalent in the economy the private sectors confidence in the economy has been muted and apart from that we are also having demand reduction that is the consumption has come down how because of the income losses because of unemployment and also new private investments are not finding it profitable to invest in india right so this is the first aspect secondly there is a shift towards fiscal consolidation by the government and we thought that the pandemic had peaked by the february of 2021 and following that the government returned back to the policy of fiscal consolidation so fiscal consolidation is done for the purpose of bringing down the fiscal deficit right but with the unexpected impact of the second wave there is a possibility in further contraction of the economy hence to continue with the frigid fiscal stance would be disastrous that frigid fiscal stance here refers to the fiscal consolidation stance all right and adding to this the article provides suggestions to improve the rate of recovery as well now let us see that one by one first raising public spending is the only measure that the policymaker should be serious about and although this may increase the borrowing and the fiscal deficit it shall be accepted because it highlights that india's public debt is low in comparison to OECD countries and hence debt financing reminds an open option see debt financing is nothing but taking debt from external sources like world bank or the other banks like adb new development bank etc and using that debt to finance our domestic needs is what is called as debt financing see the borrowing of money that is to be paid back or a future date with interest is known as debt financing okay this is what is it is not nutshell so generally it is believed that with increase in money flow through debt financing it can cause inflation in the domestic economy but indian experience shows otherwise where debt financing or otherwise called as money financing has not led to an increased inflation rate so we can take the bold policy decision to take debt from the external sources to finance our needs secondly the article doesn't encourage the act of printing money from the government side and it says that it is a very wrong approach to the problem because when we print money there is a risk of pushing up the inflation very rapidly however studies do in generally show that any economic expansion would be inflationary in nature which is very true if the economic expansionary policy is not accompanied by the production of food within the borders it can lead to inflation okay hence in any serious attempt at the economic recovery the focus must be on food supply but not on money supply so that is how the author has concluded the article so his two major suggestion is that take genuine loans from other institutions like world bank Asian Development Bank and all because our public deficit has been very low compared to major countries of OECD so we have the leeway that is one suggestion and the second suggestion which he says is not to print money all right so with this takeaway let's move on to the next article now let us take up this news article this reports about the statements made by our defense minister on external aggression at a program to dedicate these strategic border roads organization projects see yesterday our defense minister dedicated to the nation about 12 roads built by the bro in the northern and the eastern border areas and at an event organized in the lakhimpur district of Assam our defense minister e inaugurated a 20 kilometer long double lane in kim and pontoon road so this is located in Arnachal Pradesh remember and it was inaugurated along with the nine other roads in Arnachal Pradesh one each in unit territory of Ladakh and German Kashmir and remember that the roads were constructed under various projects under bro which is mentioned here for your reference so in this light let us learn some important facts about the bro see the bro is a road construction executive force it is committed to meeting the strategic requirements of the Indian armed forces and it started its operation way back in 1960 and had only two projects then one is project tusker which was renamed later as project vatak in the east and project bacon in the west and at present the organization maintains operations in 21 states and one union territory which is the Andaman and Nicoborla islands and another notable feature of this is that it also operates in our neighboring countries like Afghanistan Bhutan Myanmar and Sri Lanka see the notable achievements are the Dalaram Zaranj highway in Afghanistan in 2008 and the Farkor and Ayini air bases in Tajkistan were also restored and repaired by our border roads organization and very recent achievement of the bro is the adult tunnel in the Himachal Pradesh and we remember it as the longest highway tunnel right constructed and named after our former prime minister see the role of the bro is to develop and maintain operational road infrastructure of general staff in the border areas and this also contributes to the socioeconomic development of the border states and especially during the times of war and all its role is to develop and maintain roads to keep line of control through in original sectors and redeployed sectors and adding to this it also executes the additional tasks as said by the government for the war efforts see till 2015 it was placed in the ministry of home but right now it's from 2015 it's been placed on a ministry of defense and various missions of the bro are given below for your reference and aspirants can go through it with these points in mind let's move on to the next part of the discussion so okay with that we are at the end of our discussion today we are going to discuss the preliminary questions for practice so we have two questions in that direction and let's go over it one by one so the first question is about the border roads organization which we saw in the discussion today so it's a three statement question and the question asks us to identify the correct statement all right so let's go over it one by one the first one says the bro is placed in the ministry of home affairs we saw it in the discussion that since 2015 border roads organization has been placed on a ministry of defense so statement one is wrong with that we are eliminating option a and d moving to the second statement we are restricts its operations to border areas of India and the rest is taken care of by the NH AI see this statement is wrong because we saw bro operates in difficult terrains in India as well as abroad we also saw about some constructions in Afghanistan right and so statement two is wrong so we are eliminating option B as well so with elimination itself we are arriving at option C but let's also look at the third statement Kim and Pondton road was constructed by BRO see yes this is true because this is what the news was all about so in the Kim and Pondton road is in Arunachal Pradesh and it was recently inaugurated and was constructed by BRO so statement three is right so the right option is option C three only moving on to the next question consider the following statement about microplastics so it's a two statement question and we are asked to identify the correct statement right so statement one is this microplastics are defined as plastic particles smaller than five millimeter yes this statement is correct we saw it in the discussion that this is the definition of microplastics and this definition is given by united nation environment program all right so have that in mind second statement the source of primary microplastics are personal care products and clothing products see microplastics are intentionally added in the primary source through personal care products and clothing products we saw this in the discussion and what are the secondary microplastics they are the one that are broken down from the primary sources through physical processes so statement two is also correct and we are asked to identify the correct statements so statement one and two are correct so the option is option C both one and two so with that we are wrapping our discussion today here are the main questions from the discussion today write the answers when posted in the comment section if you like the video like share comment and subscribe stay home stay safe good day