 Good evening as friends, welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankara's Academy for the date 9th of August 2022. These are the list of news articles we will be going through today. Now let us start our discussion. Look at this OPAD article. This OPAD article is about launching a tribal health mission for the tribal people in India. Here you should know why this article came today. It is because today is International Day of the World's Indigenous People. The article discusses some of the issues faced by the tribal people and also offers some solutions. This is the crux of the article. So, in this discussion we will see the need for health mission for tribal people in India and we will also see the findings of the report regarding the state of India's tribal people's health. This is the plan today but before getting into the discussion, I have highlighted here the syllabus regarding this discussion. You can go through it. Now let us start our discussion. What comes to your mind when I say tribal people? Hilly areas, people wearing traditional dresses, ritualistic dances, everything, right? But there is a lot of things that we do not know about them. Did you know that 11 crore tribal people live in India as per census 2011? They are enumerated as scheduled tribes. Now we are going to take a quick detour. See, who declares a particular tribe as scheduled tribe? See, the constitution does not specify the caste or the tribe which are to be called the scheduled caste or scheduled tribes. Just remember, the constitution empowers the president to specify the scheduled tribes in various states and union territories which is mentioned under article 342 of the Indian constitution. In the case of states, president issues the notification after consulting the governor of the state consent. Note that any inclusion or exclusion of any caste or tribe from the presidential notification can be done only by the parliament and not by a subsequent presidential notification. See, the reason I am discussing these facts here is because this will help you in integrated preparation. This will be useful for your problems and you can use the points in your means introduction also. See, this is how your preparation and your note making should be. So reading the article as an integrated whole will help you remember points and revise easily. Okay, now coming back to today's article. We saw that there are 11 crore tribal people in India. This is 8.6% of India's population, which is the second largest number of tribal people in any country in the world. This is a proud thing for India's diversity, but there is also a worrying factor. It is given by the Lancet study titled Indigenous and Tribal People's Health 2016. The study found that India is having the second highest infant mortality rate for tribal people and the first place is occupied by our good neighbor Pakistan. See, this is not a proud moment for us. Having said that, now the article has given us some of the findings from the report titled State of India's Tribal People's Health. The report was submitted on the very same day in the year 2018. by an expert committee on tribal health. It was a 13 member committee appointed by the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare and the Ministry of Tribal Affairs and the chairman of this committee has only written this article. Now you can understand how important this article is. Now coming to the findings of the report. The first point is that tribal people are concentrated in 809 blocks in India. These blocks are designated as schedule areas. Now I have a task for you. Go and find out who declares schedule areas in India and take notes of the provisions of the constitution regarding schedule areas. So take this as a homework and after finding the answers, post the answer in the comment section also. Now coming back to the findings. The areas that tribal people live are designated as schedule areas. See, this is not the actual finding here. It is found out that half of India's tribal population live outside the schedule areas. They are living a scattered and marginalized minority and this is making them powerless. This is the first point of the findings. The second point is even though there is a decline in under 5 child mortality rate among the tribal people, the percentage of excess under 5 mortality among scheduled tribes has widened when compared to others. Moving on, the third point is child malnutrition in tribal population is 42%. For others, it is 28%. So the malnutrition is 100% higher in tribal children. What does this data show us? This data shows us that there is a huge disparity between the tribal population and the general population. Moving on, the fourth point is malaria and tuberculosis are 3 to 11 times more common among tribal people. Know that half of total malaria deaths in India occur among tribal people. This is despite the fact that they constitute only 8.6% of the national population. The fifth point is as per the report diseases such as hypertension, diabetes, mental health problems such as depression and addiction and even cancer and suicide are increasing among the tribal population. See, these diseases are more difficult to treat. So these diseases threaten the health and survival of tribal adults. The sixth point is tribal people are heavily dependent on government-trend public health care institutions such as primary health centers and hospitals. But here the worrying factor is there is a 27 to 40% deficit in the number of health care facilities and 33 to 84% deficit in medical doctors available in tribal areas. So it is clear that government health care faces lack of funds and lack of human resources particularly in the tribal areas. The seventh point is there is hardly any participation of tribal people in designing, planning or delivering health care. This is happening at all levels locally at the state and even at the national level. See, these are the major findings of the state of India's tribal people's health report. See, how is this related to the examination? See, UPSC is never going to ask you to list out the findings of the state of India's tribal people's health report. But you can use the points we discussed in your main sensor. See, consider this in the first paper. There is a question which asks you to list the issues faced by the tribal people and the measures that can be taken to address them. See, in this you can use these points that we saw in the introduction. See, according to me 95% of the people who clear problems and appear to mains examination are of the same standard. Okay, but only some of these people are clearing mains. Why is that? This is because they use data to substantiate their answers. Okay, so some people just write the generalized version of the answer and some people add a little bit of legitimate data to differentiate their answers. See, in this question in the introduction, if you write the points that we saw that is there is a huge disparity between the common people and the tribal people, and this is stated in the state of India's tribal people's health report and right one or two findings, your answer will get a huge traction. See, it will create legitimacy in the eyes of the evaluator. So you will definitely fetch more marks compared to a person who has written a very generalized answer. So this is why these points are important for your mains examination. Okay, so now moving on. So in addition to these points, the report also gives some recommendations to address the disparity faced by the tribal population of the given recommendation that is mentioned in the report. The author has highlighted three important ones. Let us see the important recommendations. The first recommendation is to launch a national tribal health action plan. It has to be launched with the goal to bring the status of health and health care at par with the respective state averages in the next 10 years. This is the first recommendation that is to launch a national tribal health action plan to address the disparity. Okay, the second recommendation is to address the 10 priority health problems such as the health care gap, the human resource gap and the governance problems. For this, the committee has suggested 80 measures. We are not going to see the 80 measures, but this is the second recommendation given by the report. Okay, the third one is allocation of additional money so that the per capita government health expenditure on tribal people becomes equal to the stated goal of the national health policy 2017. See, what does national health policy 2017 says? It says that the allocation to the health sector should be 2.5% of the GDP. So, based on the national health policy, the report also suggests that for the tribal health care, 2.8% of the total health budget should be allocated. Okay, so these are the three main recommendations that is given in the state of India's tribal people's health report. See, these recommendations were given in the year 2018 itself. Government has to take steps to address the constraints in the tribal health system with substantive solutions. Our prime minister has already signaled his intention by electing a president from a tribal background. So, if the problem of tribal health care is realized, then the tribal health mission can be the path to a peaceful health revolution for the 11 crore tribal people. Here, the health minister and the states with sizable tribal population should take the initiative. Apart from this, one more thing should be done by the government. It is regarding the tribal subplan. It is the official policy of allocating and spending additional financial outlay equal to the percentage of scheduled tribe population in the state. But this has not been done by the states. See, in 2015-16, annually 15,000 crore should have been additionally spent on tribal health. But no one knows what happened. The issue exists because there is no separate data on tribal people's health or on the money spent for them. And this also should be rectified. Okay, that's all regarding this discussion. See, in this discussion, we saw the major points mentioned in the State of India's Tribal People's Health Report. Then we also saw the three main recommendations given in the report itself. After that, we saw one of the suggestions given by the author of this op-ed article. So, I hope this discussion was helpful. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. This news article talks about the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956. See, the parliamentary standing committee on personal public grievance, law and justice recently made some of the recommendations to amend the Act. This is why the Act has made news today. Using this opportunity, let us quickly go through some of the important features of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956. Firstly, understand this. The Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, codifies the laws regarding minority and guardianship. Mainly, it considers the welfare of the child as its core. For example, take a minor that is a person below the age of 18 years. Under this Act, they are considered incapable of taking care of themselves or handling their affairs. As a result, they require help, support and protection. So, in such a case, guardians will be appointed to take care of their body and their property. So, this is the reason why the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act, 1956, is codifying. Also remember, the Act was established to empower the Guardians and Ward Act of 1890 and to provide better right and protection to children. Instead of just acting as a replacement of an already prevalent Act. So, this is the basic introduction about the Act. See, in this Act, two provisions are making controversy. That is Section 6 and Section 7. See, Section 6 of the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act says that, in the case of a Hindu Minor boy and a Hindu Minor unmarried girl, the father is the natural guardian and after him, the mother will be the natural guardian and Section 7 of the same Act provides that the natural guardianship of an adopted son who is a minor passes on to the adoptive father and after him to the adoptive mother. That is, the Act does not provide for joint guardianship and it does not recognize the mother as the guardian of a minor legitimate child unless the father is deceased or found unfit. See, this is discriminatory, right? So, the issue here is, in both the cases, the Act gives preference to the father over mother. This goes against the right to equality and right against discrimination guaranteed under Article 14 and 15 of the Constitution. So, the committee felt that there is an urgent need to amend the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act and accord equal treatment to both mother and father as natural guardians. The parliamentary panel also called for a review of the child custody in case of marital disputes and suggested that the courts should be given the authority to award joint custody to both parents considering that for the welfare of the child and to give one parent's old custody and the other visitation privileges. The amendment also proposed guardianship rights to the differently abled and those suffering from autism and cerebral palsy, people suffering from mental health problems as well as senior citizens. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw two controversial provisions in the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956. That is, Section 7 and Section 6. Then, we also saw the proposed amendments to the Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act. Okay, that's all regarding this discussion. Now, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. See this editorial article. See, in this article, the author basically says that macro variable projections, that is, projections of GDP, inflation, balance of payment, etc, will become difficult due to the uncertain times we are living in. He quotes what are all the uncertain things that is happening in the world right now. This is the overall structure of the editorial article. So, in this discussion, we will see what are all the uncertain things that the author of this editorial has highlighted and how it will make the projection of the macro variables difficult. The first thing that the author highlighted is uncertainty caused due to pandemic associated lockdowns. See, currently, the world is going through a phase of stagflation. So, what is stagflation? See, simply, stagflation means when stagnation and inflation occurs at the same time. Yet, stagnation is nothing but slow down in the economy. So, during stagflation, economy will slow down and inflation will increase. First, let us see what causes inflation. See, in the present scenario, pandemic associated lockdowns are leading to inflation. China is the world manufacturing hub. Due to severe lockdowns, exports from China has declined. This has affected the global supply chain. So, due to this, inflation is increasing. Due to inflation, people's real income is decreasing. Here, you must know what is the difference between real income and nominal income. See, nominal income is the face value of the income we receive and when this is adjusted to inflation, we get real income. For example, if I am getting a salary of 10,000, it is my nominal income. But due to inflation, I am losing some money, right? That when it is adjusted to inflation, it becomes the real income. So, generally, nominal income will be greater than real income during the period of inflation. Now, coming back. So, due to supply chain disruption caused due to the pandemic, inflation is increasing. And due to inflation increase, real income in the hands of the people is decreasing. What happens when I have little money to spend? I will buy little right. So, since people's real income are decreasing, people are less ready to spend their money. Due to this, demand is decreasing. So, since demand is decreasing, the production is also decreasing. Due to decrease in production, the economy is contracting. So, here, what actually has happened? Our economy has contracted, but at the same time, inflation is increasing. So, due to this, at the current moment, the world is in the phase of stagflation. But right now, after the second and third wave, the impact of the virus has declined. And due to increasing vaccination cover, our immunity has also increased. But in case of China, presently, the government is severe with lockdowns. Even if there is a presence of one or two cases, severe lockdowns are imposed. So, due to this, still the global supply chain has not recovered. So, this is causing uncertainty. And due to this uncertainty, what the author in this editorial says is that the determination of macroeconomic variable is turning difficult. This is the first point mentioned by the author. The second is regarding the Russia-Ukraine war. See, in our discussions also, we have covered this topic a number of times. Due to Russia-Ukraine war, the world is facing lot of problems. See, due to this war, the western powers has imposed lot of sanctions on Russia. We all know, Russia produces huge amount of petroleum products and natural gas. Due to the increased sanctions on Russia, this production is affected. So, due to this, the price of oil and natural gas in the global market is increased. And this is causing inflation everywhere in the world. And the second is regarding Ukraine. See, Ukraine is considered as the grain basket of Europe. Due to the war, exports from Ukraine like sunflower seeds, wheat and everything are affected. So, this also causes inflation. Not just in India, even in the developed countries like United States and UK and the rest of the European countries, inflation is at the all-time high. This is why the Fed has increased the interest rate in US. Here, when I say Fed, Fed is nothing but the central bank of United States. And when I say interest rate, it is nothing but the reporate in United States. And due to the increase in interest rate by the US Federal Reserve, investors are pulling money from our capital market. But how is US Federal Reserve increasing interest rate results in investors pulling money from our capital market? See, it is very simple. See, earlier US Federal Reserve kept the interest rate very low. So, the US banks had lot of money. That is, they had lot of cheap which they can borrow from the US Federal Reserve. Since they have lot of money, they provided it at a cheap rate of interest as loans to the US entrepreneurs. So, the other investors did not find any takers in the US market. So, the excess fund the investors had, they invested their excess fund in emerging countries like India. But right now, the US Federal Reserve has increased the interest rate. And this has resulted in increased cost of fund for the US banks. So, what they did? They increased the interest rate at which they offer loan to the consumers. Due to this, there is a demand for other source of investment in the US market. So, what the investors see is, it is better to invest in a safe country like US, rather than a volatile market rate India. So, they are pulling their fund from our capital market and investing it back in the states. Since the investors are pulling dollars from our capital market, our exchange rate is affected. So, this is causing some problems. This is also making determination of macro variables difficult. So, Russia-Ukraine war indirectly triggered inflation in the developed countries. Due to inflation in the developed countries, the central banks in the developed countries have increased their interest rate. Due to the increase in interest rate, investors are pulling fund from the emerging markets like India. And this is affecting our exchange rate and this is making the whole situation highly unpredictable. This is the second point mentioned by the author in this editorial. The third is regarding the new Cold War. Even if Russia-Ukraine war ends, there is a condition in the present global scenario that there is two blocks. One block is the western block and it is led by the United States. And in the other side, there is Russia and China. See, the western powers using various methods and groupings like quad, orcas are trying to isolate China and contain its global race. So, China is forming its local group with Russia. So, this is making the global politics very vulnerable and volatile. So, anytime anything can happen. So, this makes the prediction of economic variables in the global market very difficult for our statisticians. So, this makes the prediction and the determination of macro variables very difficult. So, this is the third point mentioned by the author. The last point mentioned is data related worries. The quality of any prediction depends upon the data that it uses. So, presently the data that our statistician use are unreliable and in some places we are not getting enough data also. So, this is making the macro variable determination and prediction very difficult. So, these are the four important points mentioned by the author in this editorial that is making the macro variable projection very difficult in the present scenario. And that's all regarding this discussion. With this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this news article. See, yesterday Lokshaba passed two bills. First is the energy conservation amendment bill 2022. This bill provides for the establishment of carbon credit markets and it brings large residential buildings under the energy conservation regime. The next is the New Delhi International Arbitration Center amendment bill 2022. This bill changed the name of arbitration center to the India International Arbitration Center. So, in this discussion, let us focus on some of the important provisions of the both bills. That is energy conservation amendment bill 2022 and the New Delhi International Arbitration Center amendment bill 2022. Let us start with the energy conservation amendment bill 2022. See, the bill seeks to amend the Energy Conservation Act 2001. It seeks to establish carbon markets. It also seeks to enhance the scope of energy conservation building code. The amendment also has provisions to amend the penalty provisions. And finally, the bill seeks to increase the number of members in the governing council of the Bureau of Energy Efficiency. But what is this carbon market? Before that, you must know about carbon trading. See, in carbon trading, governments set an overall limit or cap on the amount of emissions that are allowed from significant sources of carbon. Here, sources of carbon include the power industry, automotive sector, air travel, everything. Government then issues permits up to the agreed limit and these are either given free or auction to companies in the sector. If a company curbs its own carbon significantly, it can trade the excess permit on carbon market for cash. If it is not able to limit its emission, it may have to buy extra permit. So here, the carbon markets turn emission reduction and removal into tradable assets. Now, coming back to the news article. While replaying to the discussion on the bill, power and new renewable energy minister made it clear that carbon credit would not be exported and it would only be utilized domestically. He also said that India will not permit the export of credits until it fulfill the promises that India made at the Conference of Party 21 and the Conference of Party 26. So, this is about carbon trading and carbon market. The second important provision of the amendment is the bill obligated the use of non-fossil source of energy. See, under the Act, the central government is empowered to specify energy consumption standards. In addition to this, the bill added that government may mandate the designed consumers to meet a minimum share of energy consumption from non-fossil sources. And for this, different consumption thresholds may be specified for different non-fossil sources and consumer categories. If they fail to meet the obligation for the use of energy from non-fossil fuels, then they will be punishable with a penalty up to 10 lakhs. It will also attract additional penalty of up to twice the price of oil equivalent of energy consumed. See, this is very simple. Earlier, some days ago, we discussed about the electricity amendment bill. In that, we saw that power distribution companies are mandated to purchase certain amount of power from the renewable energy sector. Likewise, this amendment, what it seeks to do is, it will mandate the consumers that is us to procure certain amount of power from the renewable energy sector. See, this is mainly done to give a boost to renewable energy production. Only by giving a boost to renewable energy production, we will be able to meet our carbon emission reduction targets. So, this is what this bill seeks to achieve. So, this is about the Energy Conservation Amendment Bill 2022. Now, let us move on to the New Delhi International Arbitration Center Amendment Bill 2022. See, this bill amends the New Delhi International Arbitration Center Act 2019. This 2019 act provides for setting up of the New Delhi International Arbitration Center and designates it as an Institute of National Importance. Now, let us see some of the important features of the amendment bill. Firstly, the New Delhi International Arbitration Center Amendment Bill 2022 renames the New Delhi International Arbitration Center as the India International Arbitration Center. This is the first major amendment. Second is relating to Alternative Dispute Resolution Mechanism. See, according to this amendment bill, the arbitration center must work hard to make it easier to undertake local and international arbitration and conciliation. The bill expands this by including conduct of other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution as well. The central government through regulation will specify the manner of conduct of arbitration and other forms of Alternative Dispute Resolution. See, here I mentioned a term called arbitration. See, this is nothing but a judiciary-related jargon. See, it is just a complicated word, but what it means is very simple. See, how we use to resolve dispute in our family? Consider this. If me and my brother is having a dispute, what we will do is we will call our father to come and settle the dispute. I will state my claim and my brother will state his claim. After arguing, my father will come to a conclusion and give a decision. After he gives the decision, me and my brother will abide by the decision. This is what is called arbitration. So, the advantage of arbitration is there is no need to go by the judicial route. In India, judiciary is little bit slow. It takes a lot of time and significant amount of resources to arrive at a judgment. So, to provide an alternative method of dispute resolution, this arbitration is proposed. See, internationally, this arbitration is mainly used to settle disputes in the commercial sectors. So, this is about arbitration and this bill seeks to promote international and local arbitration by making arbitration very easy. And this bill also renames the New Delhi International Arbitration Center as the India International Arbitration Center. So, this is regarding this amendment bill. So, in this discussion, we saw two recent amendments that were passed in the Lokshava. First is regarding energy conservation amendment bill 2022 and the other is regarding New Delhi International Arbitration Center amendment bill 2022. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. See this article here. It says that a cluster of 74 carnelian beads was unearthed on Monday at Kundagai in Shivaganga district. As per the article, this is the first time carnelian beads have been found at this burial site and the beads were found inside and on. And this is the crux of the news article given here. In this context, we are going to see about the excavation sites in Shivaganga district. See, in the year 2013-14, the archaeological survey of India carried out exploration in 293 sites along the Vaigai river valley in Theni, Dindikal, Madurai, Shivaganga and Ramnathapuram districts. Based on the exploration, Keeladi in Shivaganga district was chosen for evacuation. And the excavation led to theories that Sangamera, which was considered to have started from 300 BCE, could have started earlier, that is during the 6th century BCE. One another significance of the excavation is that the Indus Valley civilization in India happened between 5000 BCE and 1500 BCE in the northwestern part of the country. The civilization crumpled in 1500 BCE and it is believed that the people might have moved to the south of India. The pictographic script used by the Indus Valley people is known as the Indus script and historians speculate that the language could have been Dravidian. Now, the recent discovery at Keeladi shows that there is a possibility that these two cultures were connected. And with this info, let us see the clusters of Keeladi. Today, archaeologists work in different villages near Keeladi, which are called Keeladi clusters. These places include Keeladi, Agaram, Kuntakai and Manalur. And the article today is about the excavation in the Kuntakai site. Now, let us see some of the important findings from the excavation, particularly from the Kuntakai site. See, Kuntakai, which is about four kilometers away from Keeladi, is thought to be the burial site of the Keeladi civilization. So, various urns and skeletons are found from this site. Let us see what are the excavations that are made in Kuntakai. One of the urns found was intact with the lid. Others contained skeletons in them. One urn contained single skeleton, while the other contained two skeletons, which could have been a married couple. But the experts have to find the gender. One of the burial urns contained a small sword, vessels and terracotta ring. The presence of the sword may be indicative of the fact that the skeleton belonged to a male and he might have been a warrior or a soldier. Next, a human-sized skeleton surface in a trench was excavated in the site. And experts say the skeleton is 183 cm in length and 35 cm in breadth. Apart from this, archaeologists also stumbled upon a skeleton measuring 75 cm in height. It was found between two urns and it may belong to a child. The latest skeleton was found at the depth of 1.5 feet. So, all these indicates that different types of burials were practiced. Pit burial, urn burial, surface burial, etc. Experts say that some of the urns contained ashes also. So, this might indicate that person may have died elsewhere and after cremation the ashes must have been brought to the burial site to perform rituals. Also, experts say that skeletons were found in seated urns. So, it is believed that people might have lowered the urn when the person was still alive because placing a dead body into a urn in a seating position is very difficult. It is also found out that people from that era offered food that is called as padayal in Tamil in pots along with the burial urns. Experts say that from the remaining sediments of the food particles in the pots we can trace the food culture of the Keeladi people. So, that's all regarding this discussion. In this discussion, we saw various excavation that is made in the Kundagai site which is part of the Keeladi cluster. So, with this, let us conclude this discussion and take up the next news article. Look at this opad article titled, The Fight for Fiscal Autonomy. This article is written by a spokesperson of the DMK government. So, it is obvious that this article will criticize the central government. But we can extract some data and some relevant points from this article which can be used in our main censor. See, this article essentially states that important schemes and programs that will satisfy the basic necessity of the population are implemented by the state government. But the tax structure in our country is such that the center has the autonomy. This affects the state government's ability to implement important schemes and it also affects the fiscal federalism in our country. So, this is the basic structure of this article. In this article, the author highlights two facts to say that the fiscal nature in our country is biased towards the center. The first thing that the author highlights is regarding cess and charge. See, we all know, cess and charge can be only implemented by the union government. The revenue realized from the cess and charge goes into the Consolidated Fund of India. On the side note, Consolidated Fund of India is mentioned in the article 266. The other point regarding cess and charge is the revenue realized by the union government from these are not shared with state. And in the present trend, the union government has been imposing more cess and charge. So, the author says the states are losing their revenue and the revenue that the center gets from the cess and charge are not shared with state. So, this is the first point he mentions. The second point what he mentions is there is substantial erosion of state's fiscal anatomy due to faulty distribution of revenue between the states. He basically claims that developed states are spending more money or losing more money and the not so developed states are gaining more money. Here, he quotes a data. He says that only 30 paisa returns to Tamil Nadu for every rupee it contributes to the union. But in case of states like UP and Bihar they get 2 to 3 rupees for every rupee they contribute to the center. So, there is a bias here. He counters this bias also. He says this affects the fiscal autonomy of the states and thereby affecting the state's ability to make useful expenditure for the public. So, these are the two points he mentioned in the op-ed article. So, these two points can be repurposed in our answer in our main examination also. Other than that, he criticizes our government's revenue structure itself. See, of the total tax revenue realized by the union government, 50% come from indirect tax. See, this is faulty at base because we know that direct tax is progressive and indirect tax is regressive. This is because a poor person and a rich person pays different amount of direct tax. See, if a person is earning only 5 or 10 lakhs he will pay a particular amount of direct tax. If a person is earning 5 to 10 crores he will pay more tax. So, direct tax is considered progressive and with direct tax, economic equality in our country can be ensured. But in case of indirect tax, both the rich person and the poor person will pay the same amount. This is leading to increased inequality in the country. He substantiates this point by quoting two data. First is regarding World Inequality Report 2022 and other is a fact provided by World Poverty Clock. According to World Inequality Report 2022, in India 1% of the population hold 22% of the national income and 10% of the population hold 57% of the national income. What this fact says that economically India is highly unequal because while 10% hold 57% of the national income, 90% of the population rely only on 43% of the national income. So, there is huge economic disparity in India. And the other data that the author mentions is regarding World Poverty Clock. According to the World Poverty Clock Report, India has the second highest number of extremely poor. See, these two data can be used in our answer. Consider in means you are getting a question about raising inequality in India and what are the steps that the government can take to address them. In the introduction and in the first part of the answer, to highlight that India is becoming highly unequal, you can quote these two data, that is data provided in the World Inequality Report 2022 and the report of World Poverty Clock. So, this is how you have to use the data in your main answer. And like I already said in the previous discussion, only by quoting data, you can realize more marks in the main answer. I hope this discussion was helpful. With this, let us conclude the news article discussion and take up the practice problems questions. We have four practice problems questions today. Let us see them one by one. Let us take up the first question. Which of the following are related to alternate dispute resolution mechanism? First one online dispute resolution, second one arbitration, third one mediation, fourth one neutral evaluation and fifth one conciliation. See, the correct answer here is option B 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. All the mechanisms given here are alternative dispute resolution mechanism. In this arbitration, we discussed today. And online dispute resolution mechanism we discussed on our 6th August discussion. So, today we will see the rest of the alternative dispute resolution mechanisms. First, let us take conciliation. Conciliation is a method in which an expert is appointed to resolve a dispute by convincing the parties to agree upon an agreement. This is conciliation. Then there is neutral evaluation. It is also called early neutral evaluation. See, in this process, a neutral third party hears the presentations of the parties in dispute and then provides his opinion regarding the dispute. This is neutral evaluation. And the last one is mediation. See, in mediation, the neutral party does not have any power to make decisions. But what the neutral party does is it allows the two parties at dispute to talk and come to their conclusion by themselves. This is called mediation. And the common phenomenon among all the five given mechanism here is in all these disputes are settled out of court. They are mainly used for settling commercial disputes. So, once again, the answer for this question is option B 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5. Moving on. See, this is a four statement question. Four statements are given. We have to find the correct statement. See, these four statements, they are asking which among the four statements are advantages of carbon markets. See, here the correct answer is option A 1, 2, 3 only. Because carbon markets effectively encourage less carbon intensive lifestyle. And the second statement is also correct because carbon market incentivizes entities to reduce emissions beyond their mandatory limit. Because when there is a well functioning carbon market, these entities that reduce their emissions can sell the unused permits in the carbon market and make money. So, the second statement is also correct. Let us take up the third statement. It will spur innovation in energy efficiency. This is true because when a carbon market is fully functional, the unused carbon permits are monetized. So, to enjoy the monetary advantage, more energy innovations will be spurred. So, statement one, statement two, statement three are correct. The fourth statement is wrong. It does not enable greenwashing. But here, what is greenwashing? Greenwashing means a process in which companies falsely market their green credential. For example, misrepresentation of climate neutral products or services in the market. If you can eliminate this statement, you can also arrive at the answer here. So, once again, the correct answer here is option A 1, 2, 3 only. Let us move on to the third question. This question is about the archaeological survey of India. It is a two statement question. We have to find the correct statement. Let us take up the first statement. It functions under the Ministry of Education. This statement is incorrect because archaeological survey of India functions under the Ministry of Culture. Let us take up the second statement. Maintenance of ancient monuments and archaeological sites and remains of national importance is a prime concern of archaeological survey of India. See, this statement is correct because it is one of the stated objectives of the archaeological survey of India. So, the correct answer here is option B 2 only. Moving on to the last question. This question is in regards to Hindu minority and guardianship at 1956. It is a three statement question and we have to find the correct statement. This is a quiz question for you. This question can be easily addressed by our discussion. So, find the correct answers and post it in the comment section. Moving on. Let us take up the main question for today. Let me read the question. The tribal healthcare system is sick and tribal people need more substantiative solution. Substantiate. State what can be done to improve their situation. See, this is a very straightforward question. Here the keyword is substantiate. The statement itself, it says that the tribal healthcare system is sick. So, you have to substantiate this statement. That is, you have to give evidence from reports and findings that indeed tribal healthcare system is sick. So, for this part, you can write the findings of the state of India's tribal people's health report that we saw in our discussion. And in the second part of the question, they are asking us to suggest the ways to improve the tribal healthcare system. See, this part also we discussed in our discussion. So, as a way forward, you write the steps that can be taken to address the sickness in the tribal healthcare system. So, this is the structure for this question. Interested aspirants, write the answer and post it in the comment section. So, with this, let us end our discussion. If you like today's video, like, comment and share it with your friends. For more updates regarding UPSC preparation, subscribe to Shankar IS Academy YouTube channel. Thank you for listening.