 My topic this evening is a Granted grafted vegetables and why do we grab the vegetables single? the the practice of vegetable grafting Originated from Japan and Korea where land is limited crops are grown often Continually here after here. Where is the in the US? We rotate crops. We don't have a problem with the the soil diseases Plants grown every year. So vegetable seedling grafting Practices will overcome soil-borne diseases use the Roots stocks that are very highly tolerant to root diseases often those root stock cultivars root stock Plants are from wild native plants and so on and so There will be There will be no crop rotation needed and still can produce Quality and eat high yield crops year after year now Next one will be the some common popular popular crops that are Grapped it include a two-cup it Salinaceous crops and two-cup it crops watermelon musk melon usually in case of both Asian countries of Oriental melons cucumbers or summer squash and Salinaceous crops like a tomato potato eggplant and Peppers and of course a potato you don't use as a potato produces tubers Underground so it's usually potato grafting is used as a root stock Some cases you can grab the sweet potato on morning glory to Produce early flowering those plant breeders are using that techniques This is an older slide I often show that does show this a slide at 1996 in Japan Field production versus. Oh, I see it is somehow it Scares I don't know what happened, you know, and I just they're about 92 over 90 percent It's a stranger to status. Okay. Um watermelon cucumbers in Korea similar a 98 98 percent of Watermelons for grafted for greenhouse production Where's an field field grown ones are less that time, but now we'll see more about Peppers for example But field grown ones about 35 percent greenhouse grown about 95 percent peppers crept it now We'll talk about some grafting. We usually we are used to grab woody plants including fruit trees. This is picture shows the dwarf Roastock used in grafting apples apples Alma grown just like very densely with a very low height. They get the management is easier and Within four years you can produce a apple crops like this. I got this one from Korea and Also grafting is used very very effectively to combine Different growth habit say say for example here Picture on the right side of the mulberry the weeping form of a cyan cultivus grafted on Straight upward growing rust stock of a mulberry. It is very nice. You can generate nice form or Shade plans in the very hot Climate like in Arizona and so on. Let's be good way of changing Kind of a as a grafted plants and two different Grocer habits into one if you are interested in changing Cultivus or varieties of apples and pear on Existing tree in your backyard. You can grab New varieties sign words and new varieties on branches like cutting off the main branches and by using Grapes this case be not your ball graph and And you can harvest the fruits of a several different varieties Even from from one tree that'll be is called in a horticulture Tom Top working of apple trees next the Top work the plum tree has grown and on University campus at Syracuse New York And it's the coverage was by CBS News This tree has about 40 different varieties of cultivars showing different colors as well as fruits of a Different cultivars. It's kind of a one time several years ago. It was a good story covered by major news companies Now in woody plant We would like to combine Cambium layers of the cyan wood and rust dark for Successful grafting. So this will be on the left the picture on the left. We show how to make a Whip and tongue grab kind of made as a tongue and cyan wood and Rust off they're locked in and it's very good successful grafting and It will see from your right side right here is a splice grafting red and whip and tongue making sure at least the cambium layer of Cyan wood is in contact very good contact with the rust off stem and It doesn't matter whether it's both side have to be contacted. I think as long as Good contact on one side of the stem is good Then they will heal very nicely and form nice grab the healthy grafted plants Hobatius plants is a different you don't have to worry about aligning cambium layers cambium layers a very characteristic of a woody plant stem it'll be cambium layers actively dividing cell cells it's Cambium surround the xylem tissue the woody portion in the center and Cambium is responsible for Outward growth the stem growth Will increase as time passes whereas in herbaceous plants. You don't have to worry about as long as you can get the Sealing stems connected and they fuse together by callusing first and then forming vascular tissues together and then he grabbed it plant And there are different ways of combining the cyan cultivar and root star cultivar space inserting different ways Shoots and top of a Rust stock stem and in bottom case of you can use a pin to combine these and as long as a They stay together in physically and they will heal very nicely The most common Method is using grafting clips this picture is shown several different times and it appears that the asian countries use more grafting clips then We in the u.s. We have user tubes grafting tubes inserted and for this you have to have a the diameter of Cyan stem and diameter of a root stock stem has to be same to use this tubes, but somehow the us there are more of practices with the grafting tubes is compared to the clips will be on the right side. There's a lot of The grafting clips used they are retrieved and then used for several many many years This will be seen the grafting scene is early spring And it's very busy time and people get in the greenhouse and graft seedlings and planted for the field You know this occurs before the normal growing season and this this cut graft used you know now they found that especially for Chukubit crops you can use a cut graft cut graft that means The seedling stems usually hypochartal seedling stems are cut off and grafted And used in grafting so it'll be lower portion right here will be Roast stock stem hypochartal and then the Cyan cultivar on top is a clip together and then planted and and while The bottom of the stem can generate Adventitious root. This is the new chute formation from places uh Originally not really intended to produce roots and so advantageous root formation takes place the same time the callous formation and Kind of a joining of a tish the grafted union is taking place And this will be a cut graft Cyan root stock and it is a stuck root stock stem is stuck to cell packs and they are Now it's a callous and kind of incubated in place like that with a high humidity and lower light intensity When I visited this greenhouse in Korea, they were producing about 2.5 million grafted plants a year and it was a large operation very good success and I think more uh us Greenhouse and more the special seed companies are providing grafted plants, although they are expensive, you know so there should be Seed and grafted tomatoes ready to be marketed shipped and the Clips before shipping retrieved and saved for use for next year now We use seedling grafting root stock you know there's some root socks Plants if all you see germinated we grew them and they don't produce really good fruit. They just grow very vigorously and that's very Good healthy. There's no root diseases and so on they may produce the flowers and so on some A few fruits, but not really much as compared to regular Tomatoes in the background here. You see huge size And you'll see we did a lot of experiments on different root stocks to see whether there's an interaction between root stock cultivar and cyan cultivars and here's a middle two is a Estamino and max seaford. There is a usually most many seed companies carry this, but they initially Johnny's selected seeds and carry this and we usually buy this and have a I brought some root stock Seeds from Korea's blocking solution special Yes, a little bit producing a little bit bigger fruit, but not a quality that is edible and root stock Cultivar seeds are very expensive like a one seed is about 50 cents even grafted plants and as you know I took this took this picture from Johnny's selected seeds and and this one is a Randy wine tomato grafted on max seaford And this is a same cultivar grafted on Estamino and they're both are good expensive right here that I saw The prices about 35 300 to $400 For one tray of a grafted plant. It's a 72 grafted plant It goes about 3.5 to $5 per plant average about $4. It's a kind of expensive Use also grafting for peppers I get this is these slides from Korea And Koreans use a lot of hot peppers for making kimchi and so and they are most greenhouse peppers are grown but over 93 percent grafted peppers in the greenhouse field grown ones Yeah, and about about over 35 percent grafted so they're the grafting They're using automated grafting machine. There's a little bit pepper a seedling graph machine and when I was Uh, moderating a session and grafting the international horticulture society congress and I think it's 2007 People a lot of people had an interest in buying this machine and Again, there's be about per hour about 400 Grat seedling graphs and then this one machine and some visitors from Europe and then people who have a farm in Mexico They have to buy many many units because they need to plant millions of plants a day And you have to have several hundred units of a grafting machine to Satisfy their needs and so on so they still have to improve the speed of grafting by machine use cut seedling graph It's a kind of a now it's getting popular for vine crops like a grafting Watermelons and melons greenhouse in a field crop And then it's this picture. They are lower left The middle one is ungrafted and as the regular grafting and then this was a actually cut graph The hypochartal was a cut and Adventitious root was generated and there's much much help. So it's they're practicing somehow the graph union There's so much exudation of water that hinders healing of the union and Sometimes they found that Getting rid of a root as a source of water Can really help fast healing and growth of a grafted plant and this is the a rootstock used used for took Watermelons and so on as usually wild species that germplates coming from wild plant these I I brought some seeds from Korea and Planted the seeds because we ran out of seeds and grew them on the campus and those are the Watermelon almost they looked like a watermelon. It's not it's not sweet at all You cannot really cut them. They're so hard the rind It's hard. You have to use a big, you know, knife to release kind of With the force you have to cut and so it's like it's not edible I have a lot of seeds we use for seedling grafting for cucumber plants like a watermelon and melons Those are the seedlings and if anybody interested in Getting seeds, please contact me. I can send the those seeds now seedling graph grafted Melons in the field not only in japan and korea I think this one came from israel I think and grafted melons and here they're because of the Resistance of a rootstock and it's very nice. It was as compared to un-grafted Row of same Science talk about there's a non-grafted row right here too. So it's a popularity is growing and uh, it was a price or for grafting and then production is uh afford the Justifiable but grafting the use of great grafting grafted Vegetables and field production is very well accepted practice And in n dsu we did this research and grafted tomatoes and this will be grafted tomatoes using all different types of combinations scion and rootstock cultiva combinations this be Rooting and the callousing success rate is 100 percent. This is in growth chamber and actually we practice herbaceous or seedling grafting very much actually our n dsu is One of the earlier probably the most earliest institution that Uh taught a seedling grafting than anybody else in the in other universities in in the united states I happen to moderate seedling grafting workshop for the american society for horticultural science in early 2000 And a lot of people had interest and nobody really heard about the seedling grafting now So this technology is being well adapted given in the united states These are the grafted plans evaluated in the field where the graduate student of zi gang Wu now Then it'll be in one of the field days. I think it's about the tom cab is a watching. Yeah, that's I think right here uh, so it was several years ago and We did grafting usually Use of an indeterminate type of Tomato variety it'll be better. So this would be big beef grafted on special maybe cultivar from Korea And it's very very good in the field. Um This is a zi gang who tested all of the graft combinations between cyan cultivar and rust dogs and He before he finished is a phd program at india. So he joined the army. I think I think he's Still serving uh there and hopefully after uh Getting out of a service. Hope he can come back and finish his Uh degree we had uh student This would be a sumen para julie Who's from nipal last year he finished his thesis on tomato grafted evaluation of grafted plans as compared to non grafted plans It will be published sometime in the spring and hot science and he he's gone to uh different universe well University in canada now you can use combinations inter specific graft combinations for example here's a Eggplants grafted than potatoes kind of are working very well. They very well and So we we thought maybe a good idea to have Some grafting of a tomatoes eggplants on Potato root stocks again potato root stocks are not grown from grown from seed They are grown from spud spud and seed potatoes sprout well, but non seed sprout Potato non seed potatoes. They don't sprout well any and when you buy from stores and then we can get the the eyes or the Spotted chop into and planted into cell packs and then they grow and then Cyan material from tomato or eggplants eggs egg plant eggplant and tomatoes is grafted and we did the Those potato and tomato potato graft I don't know the commercial value or not, but it was good the interest in it. Mommy was an undergraduate student who grew them in it She's digging at the end of the growing season And you will see there's a Out that the top tomato cultivar, you know tomato top producing and then potato tubers underground and we Had some different combinations as being as the Big beef grafted and Yukon gold potato be grafted plants on the right side of the non grafted and non grafted potatoes you can see the top The foliage is kind of a they dried out At the end of the growing season But it's still be still green and grafted plants So actually tomato provide a nourishment and they stayed uh stayed Longer with the still growing where's a potato is already dried out and ready to be dug and so you can see right here see on as compared to potatoes grown a non grafted potato potato tubers from non grafted plant as grafted plant usually smaller number of uh tubers on grafted plants you can see the can you can kind of yeah You explain that all the photosynthase going into fruits and tubers they have to be Allocated and they're kind of a competition. So I can imagine of the grafted plants producing less number or total yield their weight as compared to non grafted potato The celebrity grafted on Yukon gold again. It's a big celebrity isn't it's kind of a semi Determinate type. So we have another One would be the big beef grafted and red Viking similar result So with this Usually it's the same thing or celebrity and red Viking And whether you should have some grafted tomato or tomato because we haven't tried The cherry type small fruited tomato cultivars grafted on potato So we like to try to continuous the laid on the idea is to get maximum yield from I mean from top portion and bottom portion both fruits and uh tubers so with that I think a cow earlier presented a container gardening And I like to send some grafted plant to her And maybe she can grow in containers and can enjoy harvesting tomatoes throughout the growing season and in patio area And toward the end of the growing season and harvest potato tubers and we it Tested some potato varieties that Give a strong stem So that we don't have to stake the tomatoes That's a one thing we have to work on and that the longevity of a potato vines just be not as long as a tomato especially the indeterminate type tomato So we are selecting the varieties that will one thing Potato cultivar that can be used as a rust dog without staking and so on that's a The ongoing Work we are doing this is last slide. I think that we have we will have available Sealing grafted plant tomato tomato grafting on tomato potato grafting egg plants grafted in potato and watermelon and cucumber the resistant rust dogs if any When interested in you may Contact me. I have a contact info information my cell phone and email address and please Through tom and and let me know. I don't know how many we'll have The students are no longer coming to campus. So There will there will be some Plants available Hopefully by the time they're ready to be transplanted all this Virus scare is over. So With that, I think I would like to entertain questions Yes, we do have a few minutes here for questions One of them has to do with your Pomato plant there that you grow Does it have any special cultural practices or Nutrient needs the dead plant has compared to a standard tomato or a standard potato I don't think it is very Yep, they're picky just regular just the condition or Photolizes the soil condition, but we do find did find that clay soil Fog of clay soil they don't produce much here potato tubers on grafted plants Yeah, what do you think do you think if you had a limited space Does it makes sense to have Tomatoes wouldn't you shouldn't you just grow a tomato plant and a potato plant and Let it go with that or it's just for fun that we're growing tomatoes, huh? I don't know. It's a commercial if you have potato grows you go into all this Trouble and produce tomato plants or not, but this is the quality and anybody For fun, you may grow Home patio, you need to grow something like that This happens you can play around. Yep. How about when you grow? I'll take a grafted Tomato does do you find any advantages as far as resistance to Disorders like plasm and rot or Full your blights We haven't checked that you can see the Regular potato they became senescent and they became old sooner than grafted plant. There's some Um Distribution or translocation of photosynthesis From top to bottom may influence, but I don't know it'll be any there's any value Economic be a commercial value there. So this is just for For probably for hobbyist Or like if you were a high tonal grower and you were planting tomatoes in the same soil for years The grafted tomato could help because the rootstock would resist any soil diseases, right? Correct. Yeah, correct So We got a really adventurous gardener here. They want to graft two different types of tomatoes on a potato plant. Wow Oh Right idea. Yeah You just keep going. Yeah, good. I may do that then Okay, and how about when you have a okay people love your pomados How does the taste of the tomatoes change because of the potato rootstock? There's no kind of changes the The performance of a cyan would Cyan cyan cultivars it all depending on the cultivar Specific to cultivar and I don't think there'll be influence Taste or anything from rootstock to top ocean earlier when they did they digrapton Watermelon on wild gourd They thought they maybe watermelon is not tasting As a sweet as you know, there may be some taste of wild gourd, but now I think That worry is dispelled so I don't think there's a contribution in terms of fruit character the quality characteristics or taste or nutritional characteristics was grafted plant and grafted cyan from Roostock They're just the living and the supporting again. Yes, but the grafted rootstock Let's say on a grafted tomato. It can encourage higher yields Can it not? Yes Yes, so higher yields and a more stable production greater disease resistance That's why almost hundred percent of the tomatoes feel grown green house grown in korea japan grafted you know Okay, that's really there's a lot of comments here dr. Lee about uh, well one quick question How long does it take the callousine process or you know, they should let the wood in 10 days It's a very good efficient And the success rate is again 100% Yeah with good humidity. That's the key there You have to cover up and take some home practice. I didn't go over the greenhouse grows how they To maintain during callousine period Uh to cover up with a plastic 10 cents or one. I should have shown that but that's possible if there's anybody is interested in doing this and please Uh, let me know I will just try to help you out Uh and grafted. Uh, oh my goodness this person's worried other the Grafting will not control Colorado potato beetles Okay, we'll not do that Sorry The specific and potato right and then top portion is a tomato I don't think you grafted You can graft colorado Let me see colorado potato beetle resistant Cyan wild species of a selanum Grafted and regularly then avoid the problem by infestation that maybe Maybe may work out Because yeah, but then it's a wild potato. You're not going to have any good yield Oh, but because that I think rust dark is a producing Right It may not be influence Okay, this sounds like there's a whole world of possibilities as far as how fascinating It is when you kind of play with nature a little bit and there's a lot of comments here that reflect how Fascinated they are in this topic and everybody can can contact doctor leader later for a specific questions Or maybe to get access for a few of these grafted plants from Fargo But for now we want to thank you tonight. Dr. Lee that really interesting talk