 Okay, good morning, I'm Cristina Tejedor. First of all, I want to thank the organizers for coordinating this interesting session and for accepting our proposal. So, I'm going to present the research project that has been developed in the development of El Pendón, which is giving a very exceptional and unexpected results. I will show the results obtained during the excavation session of 2016 and 2017. So, the development of El Pendón is located to the south of Reynoso, a small village of the province of Urbos in the north of Spain. It's location on the top of Paramo, in a dominant position from the valley and flatlands around, turns the monument into a significant spatial reference in surroundings. An elevatis area, we can see now, I think, an elevatis area as a natural platform was used for its construction and this gives the place a greater monumentality. The first publication of the monument was by Jacinto Campillo in 1982 and in this work he only presented a brief description of the structure and of the son remains were recovered on the surface. But he already referred to the several human bones that appeared in the removal sediment inside the chamber. Over science, this monument has been included in all lists of the megalithism of the province of Urbos and always have described a saluted and destroyed single chamber. The state of abandonment of the dolmen made to the municipality of Reynoso promote its excavation and valorization. In the summer of 2016 an archaeology company started works with the only aim to discovering the structure for its conservation and recovering some archaeological remains. But when in a few weeks they observed that some excavation areas looked intact, they contacted with Manuel Rojo, professor of the University of Valladolid, to propose a collaboration with his research team. Since then we have led the excavation and further studies of the monument. From the beginning we propose a suitable methodology that could answer two fundamental questions. What type of megalithic construction was and what phases of use and possible reuses had. In this sense we consider it an open area excavation in order to understand what happened in the whole monument at the same time. Because taking into account that in the megalithes there is usually no horizontal or vertical stratigraphy. The excavation surface covered around 20 square meters, 7 of which corresponds to the chamber. We use a combination of topographic and photogrammetric tools for stratigraphic and special record of the general plans and of its structure and some specific details. In addition we carry out an exhaustive photographic documentation. For the osuari we design a specific recording system based on the detailed documentation of the position and orientation of each human bone. Taking several measurements for each one. For example in the case of long bones the coordinates of both ends are topographically recorded taking first that anatomically closest to the spine. Furthermore we did a systematic sampling for DNA and paleo-parasites analysis and also we have selected these sediment samples for flotation according to the stratigraphic units. So thanks to this methodology we were gradually discovering and giving answers to the question that we consider at first. Regarding the architectural type as I said before this monument was classified as single chamber. However we quickly realized that at least it should have an access as a vestibule or short corridor. This type of megalithes is not usual in the inner of Iberian peninsula but is usual in other peninsula regions such as Galicia or Nócer Portugal. But as the excavation advanced the evidence pointed more and more to the hypothesis that it was a passage grave but at some point in its biography it lost the corridor. Therefore originally it was a monument of large site and very monumental for this region. The diameter of the chamber has more than three meters and it should be composed by eight or nine orthostats. Seven of them are in situ today. The corridor could have reached between six or eight meters of length although we have not yet documented its original layout completely. On the other hand we could reconstruct a large patch of complex sequence of events that took place in this megalith. The oldest phase of use correspond to its construction and original use and in this sense one of the most interesting findings has been that originally as I said before it was a passage grave. Its fundaciónal use was oriented fundamentally to a funerary role and the original osuari has composed by thousands of human bones in secondary position and covered all the space of the chamber. The finding of several label skeletal pieces like phalanches, bones of wrist, sternum or eoids or tiroids like ferran presentes in Gansadourney and some monotonic connexions points to the hypothesis that this place really works it as primary deposit of the bodies whose remains were removed after this composition. A special feature of this osuari is the large number of children bones because the representative of these age range is usually low in this type of burial context. Also it should be noted the diversity of pathologies and injuries documented in the bones. The material culture associated with this first phase is the use of megalithic teeth in the variant peninsula such as microleads of limbs and blades of limbs and bone or stone beds or other ornamental elements such as these perforated wild boar teeth. So, although we don't have radiocarbon teeth yet, we think this phase will develop throughout the first half of formalenium calvici. At a specific moment of its biography, this dormant underwent a process of closure which entail a complex sequence of practice that affected both the osuari and the corridor and also the area of the entrance of the chamber. The closure was the transformation of this space going from being a funerary place to a kind of ceremonial center or symbolic monument. Both the chamber and the corridor were completely sealed by medium-sized limestone blocks. But before the closure of the chamber, practice of rearrangement and skeletal selection has been carried out in the chamber. This is a level composite for the most part of intentional assemblies of human bones placing according to specific ritual patterns. It has been possible to identify different ritual funerary practices such as the accumulation of remains to the periphery to the chamber and the presence of intentional bone assemblies such as skull nets, long bone sets like it in the picture or the most singular finding until this moment of this monument, that is the assemblage of skull and pelvis. In the area of the entrance to the chamber a large fire was made with several combustion focus close to each other covering the complete width of the corridor. On this fire several skulls were intentional places which have appeared with different degrees of alteration of fire. One of them reaching a complete calcination like one of the pictures. In the same area of the entrance of the chamber we document two pits completely filled with human bones but with the singularity that they appear mixed with fauna during this complex process of closures the corridor will have been dismantled since at this level it has been possible to document some of the foundation ditches of the orthostat of the passage it is possible that if not all part of those dismantled orthostat were thrown into the chamber covering the prehistoric osuario levels as in the previous phase we still don't have radiocarbon deities to corroborate our hypothesis but in the same way the chronotypological study of the materials associated with this moment suggests that this phase took place during the first half on the third millennium calvici the period known that pre-victor calcolithic in this sense we can highlight a large group of arrowheads maithon flint and of different typologies no clear evidence of later uses has been documented but this fact does not mean that the monument was forgotten or abandoned in addition if this level existed would have been the most affected by the modern removals so the complex biography documented until now in this moment could be summarized in the speech first construction and use as collective grave second rearrangement and skeletal selection in the osuario and the last fire at the entrance of the chamber third the sealing of chamber and corridor and excavation of two pits with remains of fauna and last the dismantling and final closure by throwing the dismantling orthostat into the chamber finally a new excavation season was carried out in el pendón last jolly but its results are still in process of study our main goal has been to document the complete corridor as you can see in the picture and to try to discover the area of the entrance to the monument this objective has been achieved but new findings have opened new question that we will have to try to resolve in a future analysis thanks for your answers he's going to be talking about burying me on the mountain and do not hit the concrete thank you very much first of all on behalf of my colleagues I would like to thank you for the opportunity to participate in this event I would like in particular to thank you Penny Bickel Juan Jibaja e Maria Eulalia Subira I hope that this communication will be of interest to everyone here as the title indicates the furinari context that we present is under a rocky outcrop as a boreal mound a natural building or structure an inlayer on our unsilver of our division rocks surrounded by a softer relief this site is located in the municipality of Ovejo Cordova next to the road of Ovejo Villar the site in Guadalvarbo river in the Guadalquivir basin is placed in central Sierra Morena a geographic region that lacks example of boreal deposits in natural caves even through both Dominic chambers and Copper Age and late Neolithic sites are now abundant this fact is explained by the domain in the landscape of rocks little pro to castification the site could not be clasified as cave due to the narrowness the access can be reached after a short climb and creeping down a narrow tube that leads to a small cavity this is a four to two meters plant crack of irregular shape filled with stone blocks where it's almost impossible to stand up this was discovered by caveers that were prospecting the area following literature or reference about the find a one cave with prehistoric pottery and a stone-placing axed hole inside on first access to the site these covers were surprised by the finding of a fragmented handmade pottery vase and some bone fragments which suggested the presence of a prehistoric funerary context inside one of the most striking feature of Sierra was the existence of the remains of a closer or wall that blocked the access area made up of two large stone blocks the evidence of fractured spell-o-thames was also noteworthy because as we can see on the end of the integration they served to prepare the positional space this discovery led us to carry out an archeological project on the limity side of the deposit which we carried out in difficult condition during 2016 from the beginning we divided the intervention area into naming in two sectors naming the eastern sector the wide is sector one sector one and the western sector and narrow is the a sector two in both cases the surface was covered by a rock chaos and a very dusty segment composed mainly of batwano throughout the excavation we discovered very fragmented human bones and some partial remains of fauna in the same way, ceramic grey goods in some cases complete were so revealed as well the intentional nature of the rock arrangement containing in the crack as well creating platform for the placement of the funerary deposits in this slide we can see two ceramic vessels in sector two placing a narrow hole in the crack the largest containing a fragment of school this is important to consider the difficulty of taking photographs in such a small space given the positional character of this site all the findings were coordinated and positioned in up to ten planes also due to the impossibility of taking accurate photographs in the narrow width and deepest parts at the end of the intervention we were able to see how stone and some stalactite fragments have been used to blind the connection between the crack and the access gallery located below and with x-axis to the outside in total the crack chamber reaching a deep of two meters in this archeological filing with a section of about two meters seventy meter maximum height the plants the human remains recovered two eighteen two as a two hundred eighty two fragments and mainly poorly a state of conservation they show a very unusual toponomic state conserving the presence of fat like material in some cases and almost the composite flaky texture bone in others in both cases bones were very dry they represent at least five individuals three adults, one male and one elderly female one sub adult aged about twelve and one child aged six, seven years and on the recovery great goods at least eight ceramic vessels stand out two of them coordinated bones which indicates a chronology about around the second half of the fourth millennium calvici a gold metatharsal punch and a quartzit burnish it complete this first set undoubtedly the most exceptional character of this site is the conservation of organic material through we have recovered various plants remains such as acorns wood branches and up to five to seven fragments of cork boards of similar width thirteen millimeters on average which can be used as artifact to support the human remains a few they are clearly elements that have been introduced we have not been able to identify work surfaces showing no clear specific association between them in the case of other preserved organic remains their characterization as contemporary to the archaeological deposit is more controversial the finding of two eggs plays it next to two ceramic vessel may in the absence of radiocarbon radiocarbon dating still correspond to a clutch of a rock bear species in particular it will correspond to red dial clue two part discarding older possible cross taxa basis of morphological morphometric and spotted pattern criteria in the case of insects we are currently working on their identification having determined the presence of dosen of flies pupace in different species of different species as well the action of insects on the oceans and organic material the most spectacular finding this is up to four fragments of textile partially preserved this is an exceptional finding in the Mediterranean and it has been preserved not by carbonization as usually happen here but by this occasion and by the acid nature of the segment this fragment made of vegetable fiber possibly flax show playing with fabric and jet twist as in most of the samples now for the cooperation in the Iberian peninsula radiocarbon chronology still to be completed has been carried out on cork and textile samples this has had already been anticipated by the ceramic typology points toward the middle of the fourth millennium calvici for the boreal process ensuring on the other hand the age of the organic material identified preliminary findings is a crack in the rocky outcrop prominent over the surrounding landscape was used as a boreal site for a limited growth of people toward the end of the Neolithic in central Sierra Morena an area that is regarded as marginal for the archeological research due to the particular tefonomic feature of the site lanky to the acid content of the soil that covers the remains they have benefited from excellent conservation conditions theos organic remains right now in archeological context in southern Iberia have been preserved such as wood, cork and textile including insect remains for the case of textiles they may be the oldest directly documented in the Iberian peninsula both the ceramic typology and in particular the first result of radiocarbon dating is the use of this context in the middle of the fourth millennium called BC thank you all