 Hello, can I get a live multiple screen at home, what is the call? Good morning. Good morning sir. Yes. I am Shwini Tadav from P.E. like liquor and I want to give a feedback from you sir. Can you please come in front of the camera and speak. A little louder. Because the audio is coming from the camera's microphone. Speak a bit louder. A little better. To give a feedback about the pressure. Yeah please go on. The pressure was very colored due to the pressure. I will show the knowledge from field and work place. Sorry, we cannot make out. Is it possible to type? See, we have a basic structure of what you are going to present in the technical report, which is a question and an answer. Now this, there is something called as a scientific method which we did not have much opportunity to tell you in this course, but very briefly there are four cycles of steps, observation, hypothesis, prediction and test. And in this four major step there are some intermediate things, so observation will lead to a question. So, let us say you are asked that a company that you are going to work for says that this is what we observe from our customer profile. So the management poses a question to you and that question you have to find an answer. So you do it by what the method is called as a scientific method. The method is you first research literature, what have people done before for a similar situation. If there are other companies who have faced similar problems, what have they done about it or is there some other similar scenario that has happened in your own company or is there some theoretical work that is done in universities and so on. So you first gather some literature based on that and using that you come up with a possible answer. So that possible answer is called as a hypothesis, so you start with a question like you have been posed a question and you do some background work and from that you come up with a hypothesis. Now if you just do hypothesis it is not sufficient, you need to do some prediction from that and you need to test it out. So these both are little involved concepts, it is difficult to deal it in a short lecture, there are other lectures in this series where you will you can learn more about this. So this any technical report that we work on is based on this scientific method and this scientific method is closely related to what you write. So the question that you are posed is the question that you are going to write in the report. The literature that you studied what people have done, so that forms the basis of people have done these things before, so I think the answer to the question is this, so that is your claim, you are claiming that this is the possible answer, so that is your hypothesis. And prediction and test is some experimentation or data gathering or data analysis that you do. So your work actually comes in this area, you have posed the question, you did some literature, you have a possible answer and then you come up with some data, analyze the data and supporting this hypothesis. So this is the broad important structure of a report and from this I will just skip to the final summary. So when you start writing reports, when do you start writing report? It is not that you start writing the report just before you are going to submit it after you have completed the work. You have to start writing the report right when you are doing the work, even before doing the work you have to write something, you have to write what you are planning to do because that gives you a plan. We discussed this in the video lecture, you organize your plan by what is known as a story board. So you have a question, the question that you are going to answer and below the question you write possible answers, so you do not know that which is the correct answer. So you have, it may be this one, it may be this two or it may be this three, so you write two or three possible answers, so these possible answers are called as tentative answers or working hypothesis. So you need something to work on, so you take a guess, you take a guess on what is to be, what is likely to be the answer. Then for that each answer you keep a separate paper for answer one, answer two and answer three. For each of that you write keep a separate paper and for under each of them you say that if this is the answer, why do I think that this is the answer. From my earlier study of literature, from earlier people what people have done before or in a similar problem or in a similar area or in a similar company what they have done. That is the reason, so this is why I think that in our case also this could be an answer. Then if this is the answer I need to come up with some predictions which I have to do gather some evidence. So I need to gather do a survey or I need to do a data analysis or I need to do some experimentation. So I need to do what is the evidence that you will gather. So similarly for each answer, this is answer one, this is answer two and answer three. For each answer you will have to come up with this plan. So this is actually a plan of work. So before you start doing the work you have already written something, so this actually clears up your idea and it gives you how to work on this problem and how to solve it. Before even writing the final report, you have already written possible answers and one of this answers might turn out to be correct depending on the evidence that you gather. So when you start writing you first when you are doing the work you first write the methodology. Even before say suppose you are going to do a survey, so tomorrow you are going to do a survey. But before doing the survey you have to write the procedure. What is the procedure you are going to follow? Because once you are going to the field and you start doing the survey you might have missed out something. So you clearly write down the methodology before doing the work. Get it validated by your peers or supervisors that it is reasonable or if you have to include some more questions do it. So the methodology has to come first. Then once you have started getting some answers from data you analyze the data and this methodology and results will go together. So after you have got the results after you have done the work you will get some results. Present it as a table or a figure or a pie chart or something. So each evidence that you present has to be in one of this form which is a table or a figure or a chart. Each evidence is presented in this way and then after you got this the main thing then you write what is a rough abstract. We will discuss little more about abstract writing or summary writing or sometimes it is also called as an executive summary in the corporate world. In the academic world it is called as an abstract. So the executive summary or abstract is something that everybody will read. So something that everybody is going to read you have to write it more than once. First you write it for yourself which is called as a guiding abstract and then you write a broad introduction to the entire report and then you discuss each of these results. Each of these results what do they imply so that is the discussion part. So once you have done this the entire report is roughly ready write from the introduction to the end discussion which is the conclusion part. Now you have to work on these two aspects that is the guiding abstract and guiding introduction which you wrote initially like a bullet point or just points. Now you have to expand them because these are the things that will be read by your supervisor or people who are reading the report these are the first things that people read. So when you saw the lecture on reading you are advised that you have to read the title the abstract or the executive summary followed by the introduction skip everything else and go to the conclusion. So if you are going to read that way you also expect that people who are reading your material will also do the same. So you have to write certain things very clearly now when you start writing many of these things are not clear to you when you start writing it becomes clear as you write. So once you have done this entire structure of the paper now you go back and write a final introduction initially you wrote it like a bullet point so these are the things that I have to write then you write a final introduction followed by the final abstract. And then finally you choose a appropriate title because when people read they are going to read the title first then you are abstract or executive summary then introduction then they will jump to conclusion they may not read all these things. So you have to present the most clear you are most clear of these things when you are end of the paper writing or a report writing. If you write the title first or the introduction first you yourself will see that through the end of the work it will be completely different from what you started with. So that is about summary writing I will take questions for about half an hour or something and then we will go on to discussing abstract writing. In Gavli college Satara so would you like to discuss some points here about what hypothesis hypothesis means a possible answer suppose I am asking you about something which you do not know. Let us say for example the first time when gravity was invented when pen falls down people ask why does the pen fall down so you take a guess saying that something from there is pushing somebody else might take a guess that something from bottom is pulling this guess is called as a hypothesis. Hypothesis means a guess answer or a possible answer. Now why is it a guess because you have not given any evidence in support of a hypothesis. So once you do once you give evidence then it becomes little more believable if you simply say a pen is falling down because somebody is pushing it from the top by magic without providing any evidence then nobody is going to press that because there is no scientific evidence or you have not provided any scientific evidence. So hypothesis basically means a guess answer you have a question you always need to have a question only against a question you are having an answer but that answer is currently a possible answer. So all what you are studying in textbooks are all hypothesis people gave long back and they gave lot of evidences and now they know that that is how it happens but when you go into a new situation like you go into a company and there they facing a new customer related problem which may not have been faced before so you have to find it to find it you have to take a guess so I think the customer is behaving like this because of some reason but then you have to take a survey to prove that what you claim is possibly right. So before you plan your survey questions you need to take a guess so that guess is called as a hypothesis. So when you are going to write when you are going to do the work to get data you have to plan what questions to ask like for example a survey you need to plan what questions to ask. So for that you should know a possible answer so that is the meaning of hypothesis. So let us go to Mariam college somebody is there Mariam college audio is not there Mariam college where is it from? Your audio is muted Mariam your audio is muted you have to unmute it go to some other place. What is there? Upareksana that one Thailas Lingam, Virith Nagar anybody is there Kalasimha Lingam anybody is there? Mariam has come I think. So just check for YouTube if anything has come and then the watching is there. People can just put my stream. Yeah so people who are watching on YouTube if you have any questions please post it I hope you know how to post it and we will take up a few questions from you before going to the next topic. Yeah you have more questions please we will take your questions. Hello sir my question is can you repeat your question please. How to write a letter for leave, leave application, yes sir. So just hold on let me pull up some slides for that. So for any letter when you write you need to remember three paragraphs so all letters should have at least these three paragraphs. So keep this in mind first is what is the purpose of the letter. Now purpose of the letter is an expansion of the subject so you write the subject say leave or something or temporary leave, casual leave or medical leave that is the subject and the first opening itself should be the purpose of the letter you should not go and tell history that I am not well that should come later. First comes the purpose then you give the background. So the reason is people would like to get the information of whether they have to act or they have somebody else have to act and if you give a big story and then you tell me give me leave that will not work they will just not act on it at all. So be precise for any letter this holds good so be precise keep it concise very small maybe each paragraph couple of sentences that is all one or two sentences first paragraph where you are going to tell I am writing to seek a leave on medical grounds then first line is over purpose of the letter is solved. Number two expand giving a background with some additional information tell that I was sick or I was suffering from this and I was admitted here whatever these things so I have to take a special this one back home I have to go home for taking some special medical attention something like that you do not tell this first you have to first tell I want leave and then give the background information and then the last paragraph is what is the action that is expecting what are you expecting the reader to do. If it is your supervisor you are going to ask grant me leave so the last paragraph should be the action. So each of these things do not spend more than couple of sentences first paragraph first line what is the purpose second background not background and then purpose usually people tend to do this they give a big two paragraphs background and then tell what is the purpose then tell the action somewhere in between and then conclude with some other story so I do not know when I am reading particularly now we are all spammed with so many emails and emails so it is very difficult if the action that is to be taken is somewhere embedded in between so it is clearly the action must come as a last paragraph. So like for example I will show you a sample letter so this one has got address this is a letter written by a customer to the bank manager the customer went to the bank and when he took the passport print out or sometime he saw the account statement on ATM he saw that 10000 rupees was withdrawn but it was not by him so he wants to write to the manager saying that it has been withdrawn I did not withdraw it so act some you are going to request some action what action will you request so this is one sample letter. So the person has given shaker will ask some from address respected sir my bank account is missing 10000 I cannot find out who took the money please kindly get in touch with me now what is the problem with this there is no subject okay address it is not clear whether it is from address or to address date is missing subject is missing whom are you addressing to are you addressing the manager or the clerk or a general manager nothing is there and why are you telling this suddenly that my account is missing what is the background that background information is not there you are saying my account number you have not given the bank account number okay and there is some grammatical mistakes okay and what is the action you are not expecting them to come and contact you okay and informal way to close it and again you are repeating the same we have given your name there and you are repeating it here so there are lots of mistakes in this letter so if you see a better way to write it would be something like this right date is there subject salutation body closing and so this is a corrected way so you are writing to manager date is there subject incorrect debit of my account so immediately so it is not that just because you have written to the manager the manager is going to open the letter okay there will be other staff clerical staff who will see if it is manager who has to take the action only then they will send it to manager if something action they can take it they will take it so just by reading the subject alone this are dispatch clerk will only look at who is what is the content about okay then dear sir madam because you do not know whether you have a woman manager or a male manager the first is itself clearly telling expansion of the subject I am writing to inform you of an incorrect debt on my debit of my savings bank account yesterday so this itself the first thing itself you are expanding the subject and then you give some background I noticed that rupees 10000 was withdrawn since the last time I used I have last time used on some date and then you give your bank account details okay that is required otherwise they cannot act information then action to be taken I request you to please initiate urgent enquiry and reward back with the action taken to restore the transaction over so first paragraph expansion of these this one just purpose second background additional details finally action over then yours faithfully and then you give your from address it is one place you have given that is sufficient they will contact you give your mobile name you have email give that so they can contact you do not leave it blank so this is a general structure of any later okay so let us go back so was that clear please this speaks little slowly and little louder please tell how long a report should be how long a report should be so this actually depends on the type of report now a report should be as short as possible that will convey all the data that you have gathered and the conclusions that you have got now depending on a typical 6 month or 1 year project report or on which you are writing a technical report would be about 50 to 100 pages long because you need to get tell from the what are the studies other people have done okay what are the answers they try to find out what did they find out then what is the methodology you are following what is the result you got okay so this would typically take about 50 pages okay at most now it can be shorter as well suppose there are some technical reports which are done in a shorter duration which is not a detailed study but just gather the evidence and present it it may be 10 to 20 pages but the essentials part is the evidence that you have gathered okay discussion on the evidence introduction summary and conclusion so all this would be essentially covered in all reports can you just repeat once more evidence required for what I am sorry I am not able to but can you just type it out on the chat there your coordinator will help you type it out yeah please type it out in the chat we will take it so I have some questions here from this from YouTube okay so this is a question from Anushi Parkey the question is how do we know which resource is trustworthy and give true information if no book is available on the given topic now yeah so this is a good question that how do you know which is trustworthy so when I said you need to do a background study of what other people have done now a general thumb rule is do not just go by a Google search and find the information so that that is possibly will not lead you to a trustworthy book now in technical world trust develops over a long period of time and that comes from peers right so depending on what area you are working on you have to see you have to talk to people in that area who are your seniors or something what are the books or what are the journals online magazines that they normally concern within the scientific world there is something called as a trustworthiness which comes through what is known as an impact factor so usually journals with higher impact factor will be little more trustworthy so that is one way to know if a resource is trustworthy now if no book is it is if no book is available on the given topic what to do so if no book is available the only way to look for information is to look at the latest magazines or journals that have been reporting information in that area again that you have to look for journals which are considered at least having a impact factor of 2 or above so there is something called as an impact factor which if you want we can explain you later you can write to us but these are some of the points this is another question from Anushree or there is a same question how to find Abhishek Verma has got a question is the methodology does the methodology has to be similar throughout the time you are doing the technical work or can it be changed so the you are very much right it you have to be open to change but what I meant by having a methodology before you start a work is it gives you a clarity of thought it is it gives you how to plan your work like tomorrow you say that in order to test my hypothesis or my claim I have to gather this this this data so which means say let us say it is we are doing a survey I have to go to Mumbai I have to go to Delhi I have to go to Madras so these three places I have to collect data then these are the kind of population I am going to meet and ask questions and these are the questions I am going to ask so this methodology is clear now what happens you are going to say Delhi and you start getting some data now when you ask certain questions it just so happens that that question is not clear or people do not know information or something like that so which means that you have to modify the question by modifying question we are essentially modifying something in the methodology so you have to be able to adapt but again you have to document it write it down that these were the initial set of questions now because I got these responses I am modifying this and then changing the questions now the other reason you might want to change the methodology is because you are you went with a guess answer so now that guess answer from the data that you have gathered clearly shows that that that answer is not right the answer is not answering the question then what to do you have to look at other guess other answer so that I said when you start working on something trying to find a technical solution you do not start with one answer start with two or three possible answers and then for each answer you write the what is the methodology what evidence you are going to gather now if so happens that the first methodology is not giving you results or that answer is ruled out completely then you have to change your methodology and look for supporting the evidence which will support your second answer and so on so yes you have to be open to change your methodology on the way so this question is how to write literature survey and how to avoid plagiarism while writing so I will take one by one so literature survey essentially means how you are what is the summary of the literature so the two commonly used method methods that are there is you start getting as much as information as possible and start reading do not read detail okay you just read the as was said in the lecture read the title read the abstract and little bit of the introduction skip everything like that you read some 30 40 topics or papers now what will happen in that 30 40 only some of them might make sense but as you read them you start making short notes and then try to put them in some classification so we are just trying to get a board so once you have gathered so once you have gathered this you first classify them so this is like putting bins and putting papers in different bins so each under each thing you will have some number of work so you organize them like this and within each you organize them chronologically under each topic you organize them chronologically and have them like this so once you have got this broad structure so then you can present which topic will come first which topic will come next and within each topic what was done first what was done next and what is so once after all this is done so you will what is the gap in the literature there is something that is missing okay so that gap will give you a question and from that for that question you have to you are going to seek an answer or you already have a question do the literature and find that you will get possible guess answer so may be a similar situation somebody else has solved and from that you will get a guess answer which you can write a methodology and try to get evidence okay so this is one way to organize literature the second part of the question was how to avoid plagiarism while writing so for those of you who do not know what plagiarism is plagiarism means copying from some other work without so suppose you copy word to word two three words together phrases from some other work and you do not give you do not tell your reader that it is actually taken from there then that is plagiarism so some people do not just take word to word they take sentences and paragraphs and entire work from somebody else so that is complete plagiarism this is small amount of plagiarism is taking small sentences and putting it as such suppose you can say I am not copying from one paper I will take it from two different three different resources but I will take full sentences from each of them that is also wrong so plagiarism is meaning of plagiarism is that now how do we avoid plagiarism it is only by practice that you have to rewrite or rephrase own words so this is actually not very difficult because for most of us English is the second language our mother tongue is the first language so what you do if you find that you are not able to construct sentences in English you are you are tending to copy simply whatever you understand you write it in your mother tongue whatever other language that you are comfortable with and then translate whatever you have written you will definitely find that whatever you write after translation is very different from the original because at that time you have actually internalized the idea so by practice you do not need to go to this mother tongue and then come back you once you have internalized it you can from English to English only once you have understood it you can translate you can write it from English in your own words so your own words is essential so by doing that you will avoid plagiarism the second thing is very very rare situation you will need to quote the lines exactly so you put it in quotes like this and then you provide the citation that is from where you took it so if you put something in quotes and if you tell from where you took it then this is not considered as a plagiarism this is okay but the best way as I said is rephrase this is the best this is option one this is option two Merlin Chaco Merlin Chaco is the is asking what is the exact format for report writing so Merlin the again this is not one unique way but for technical reports which is in scientific literature it is always report structure so there is most reports have this title summary then you have introduction then methodology results discussion so usually this results means some graphs or charts pie charts something like that okay or some table so these are all results okay so this is all the evidence that you have gathered and what method you have followed and some discussion on the results and finally the conclusion so general structure is like this Rose Mead Joe's has got a question how do we structure a general essay topic now essay writing there are different forms of essay writing which we have not discussed in this one there are but what we have concentrated here is only on technical report writing and for technical report writing the way you have structured this is good enough but if you want to write the structure of the you write a technical report as a two page essay it would be called as an abstract so I will spend another 10 minutes on telling you how the abstract is structured so from that you will understand how to structure a technical report so abstracts or summaries are essentially an entire work okay so as I said there are various aspects in the structure when you structure an entire report now what we are trying to write is the entire report we are writing like an essay okay and I am not talking about general essays which could be persuasive argumentative and just judgmental and things like that so there are different things I am not going to those aspects I am just discussing now on the technical report so you have done some technical work and you are reporting it so with that in mind we saw that a general technical work has got the following this one there is an introduction title introduction literature what is the question that you are trying to solve what method you use what is the result you found and what does it imply okay so now this entire thing is what goes in a big report which is say 10 20 pages or 50 pages long but that is not good enough for people who do not have time to read the entire report they need a short essay or a summary you can call it executive summary or a summary or an abstract synopsis these are different words that are used now being a synopsis it should contain all aspects of the work like if an introduction is written for one page you might want to condense that to two sentences if you have a literature if you do it for three four pages summarize the literature in one or two sentences right so everything which is several paragraphs you bring it down to one or two sentences that is the structure we are going to tell you here so this is a guideline that is followed by a very famous science journal and a magazine called as Nature now what we have done is to have adapted this for a general technical report that is more of science research but we have written this for a general technical report so you must remember this hourglass structure so there is something which is broad there is something that is broad to begin with then narrows down and then again goes broad okay so this is the structure you need to remember which is structure of the abstract or a summary or a synopsis or a one page essay so what is this broad so you start with a broad introduction let us say what how let us how do we define what is broad here now let us take an example of a university okay now if you are going to write a technical report the details of the technical report only people in your department can understand okay now the introductory lines should be understood by any scientist or engineer okay so it is like anybody in your university if you are from humanities department the first line should be understood even by the computer science department if you are from mathematics the first line should be understood even by a person from biology so any scientist or engineer with just say high school science background science and math background should be able to understand the first two sentences broad enough so that anybody with science background can understand then couple of sentences are in little more background which is little specific but specific means what it is like from the entire university you have come down to your department you are narrowing down like from the entire department the entire university you come down to your department now you can use more technical words in the introduction if you start using technical words first two lines then if you are from bio people from math will not appreciate anything so the first few sentences which you write as an introduction should have very minimal technical words as for as possible write in plain English without using any technical words but when you come to the next couple of lines which is equivalent to as though you are talking to your colleague in your department there you can use little more technical words and then you say what is the problem that you are trying to address what is the problem you are trying to address that just to be only one sentence should be the question and one sentence is the answer so this entire thing building up will take more sentences to one two sentences here two three sentences here but the main work that you do is just one question that you solve which is the problem and what is the answer that you have found out which is the result so that is just one sentence is each the core of the thing is there in the center these things help you build so you start with a wide introduction then narrow it down come to the problem one sentence immediately either you can tell what method you used and then what result you got and then after you tell the result go back and say what does it imply to people in your department you have found something right so it must be important to people in your department that is the immediate implication after that what does it imply to a entire scientific community what will they understand so here you can tell little more expanded what does it imply so these two sentences these couple of sentences are about the result these sentences are about the problem so something you build upon to get to the problem result and you build upon the implication so this is the general structure of a technical abstract which you can use it to modify slightly and write it as a short essay again only of a technical work okay this is Ravi Raj Ravi Raj is asking a question what is the main part what okay I think what he mentions what are the different parts main part that should be there in the literature review and what sections in the literature review so there is nothing like the main part there is not one main part as I said you organize into different topics different heads right under each head you organize chronologically and present the story like in this area people have worked on several things in this you present it in a story wise so there is not one main part to any literature but from you the literature is trying to think put things together that I know concept A I know concept B then I know concept C okay these are different things I know them individually but how are they related okay getting this relationship by presenting in some ordered way is the ultimate objective of this literature self you present it and say that okay these are the things that have been done from this something is missing therefore I can do something that is one way to approach or if you already have the question you say that these people have done this in this manner but if this can be done in a different way that will answer my question like that Niranjan has a question how many papers do we need to go through so there is no number Niranjan there is nothing like if you go through 5 papers or 50 papers or 500 papers you will be able to solve it is all contextual depending on how popular the work that how popular the area that you are working on is so there will be some areas which are very new so you will not find anything but some areas will be very old there are still problems to solve but you will find lot of papers so you have to focus on your question that you are trying to address what is your question and for that question do you have a answer and have people work that similar answers before so if you have got that much to prove to support your claim that these people have done this but this is missing so I am going to do this maybe with 2-3 papers itself it will be sufficient but sometimes 50 papers also you may not be able to clearly say so roughly at least you have to go through at 20-30 papers to get so that you do not miss out potential papers so it could be you have to spread look at the recent literature how when how early it was done what have other literature surveys telling and so on so if you read about 20-30 papers not all of them you will be using but at least we will have a initial breadth whether is sufficient or you have to expand more so I will again open it for some time of direct questions you have any questions to ask so yeah so requesting for an internship or a job again is roughly should follow the structure that I showed for letter writing so this is a short request there is not a prescribed form for all this you have to introduce yourself and through a letter but if you do not know the person and if you want to get the person's attention soon you have to be concise like you start the letter with saying I seek internship for these areas and then you give the background instead of telling a whole big background and then last line you are asking for internship there is no point so start with the subject line which on the internship or a job and then give little bit background say why you think you are the best fit to do in that area and do not write generic letters so if you write generic letters we can easily make out that you have written generic letters that for everybody you write the same letter for job or internship the recruiters or people who give you internships can make out by just reading it whether it is written specifically or you just sent it by bulk spam so try to be specific as possible you need to put some effort it is not that you have a general format put email address and do a mail merge and send it to everybody that will not work it might have a luck in it but most likely it would not work so be specific start with an opening saying that this is my thing that I want to do let us say with job or an internship then give a background why you think that you are the best fit to do this job why or how are you going how are the how is the person going to get benefit of course you will get benefited is one thing but you should tell how the person will get benefited by this what is your previous experience of course all this thing will be there in detail in the CV what you are writing here is just an highlight of those important you should not write the entire CV here one or two lines the purpose three or four lines what is the information that important information that you want to highlight from the CV then finally what is the action to be taken what do you what action is expected from the person who is reading it that is a general structure just one minute Rishikesh has got some question what is the difference between method on methodology no Rishikesh they are both same when I wrote it here I just wrote it as a short form methodology is the sequence of steps that you follow same as the method. Mariam please, Mariam college you had some question yeah go ahead please thank you thank you thank you Arvind Gavli you have a question good afternoon abstract so the I will repeat the question what is the difference between abstract and introduction see introduction if I go back to the slides so introduction is all that is leading to the problem what has been done before what is missing why why to solve this any background and motivation that you give here that results ends or ends in the problem okay so this portion is called the introduction whereas an abstract is a snapshot of the entire paper it has got introduction it has got background it has got problem it has got result it has got implication conclusion everything okay abstract is a summary of the entire paper or entire technical report that you write the entire 10 page report if you want to condense in one paragraph or one page that is called as an abstract or a summary executive summary synopsis these are all equivalent words whereas an introduction is something that gives you the background to the problem only up to this just up to the problem definition is only the introduction part Anushree has got a question is it advisable to publish papers in magazines and seminars while we are pursuing undergraduate how useful is this for future education so Anushree you have to it is it is not essential but if you are doing something seriously you will automatically end up in writing papers but the goal should not be to just write papers if you are going to just write papers for the sake of writing papers there are many people who will easily get you into a trap of publishing and you want to even know where you are publishing it might be some fake journal they are just ask you to submit a conference and just take your paper and put it in a journal which is of no value and they might take your this one put some other author so you might get into a trap if you are just going to see the numbers and publish whereas if you do it do a serious work you will be able to write at least some small paper maybe for not a international level journal maybe some local journal or even international but not so well famous but the experience of writing the paper itself is an important thing so yes it is advisable to publish papers but not for the sake of numbers but it will be a automatic outcome of what you are doing so as I said when you are writing a paper or a report the writing begins before you do the work it is not after you do the work the writing begins before you do the work so you start writing and then once you get results you start completing the writing you do not start writing after you get the results so it will help you not only plan your work better do your work better writing is important not only for communicating to others but it is also for your own understanding you have to write so if you are doing the writing as part of your project that you are doing either as an internship or as a summer project that you do in your college it will easily result in a paper because you have been writing from the beginning it may not be a well regarded journal where you can publish it but it will result in some publication because you have done the effort in doing so do not keep writing as a separate activity keep it part of this and if you get a good result you will automatically improve your writing skills as well as your publication record. Rabiraj has a question what is the maximum length of research paper and how many pages it should be so there is nothing like again one number of research paper there are short papers of 4 pages 8 pages 10 pages even about 30 to 40 pages so there are different journals present different they go into different levels of depth there are short journals which are called as letters it is just 4 pages long which are which get published very soon but it is very difficult to publish them typical journal article would be 8 to 10 pages or may be at most 15 pages long but typically about 10 pages in the journal format is the size of article. Yeah, marine college. Yeah, go ahead marine college you have a question. Yes, hello. Hello. Yes. Sir, I have a question. Please go ahead. My question is there is a What is based on the content or standard? No, I cannot make out your question. Do you mind typing it there in the chat window please. Your audio is not clear. Your audio is not clear. I could hear only few words. So, there is a place you can type you where is your coordinator can you call your coordinator please. Yeah, you can type the question. Yeah, that is right. I can see your hello now. The question is the write up the value of the write up is it on the content or on the language? Now, both are important although content all of us will think that content is the main most important thing. The language also plays an equally important role because the person who is reading it if they find that there are lots of spelling mistakes or there is lots of grammatical mistakes then the first impression itself will be that the person who is reporting is not a serious is not done a serious work. Nowadays there are so many online tools available to help you check your grammar to check whether it is plagiarized and improve the language ability that even in spite of that if you submit something with lot of mistakes in the language people will not be kind towards your paper. They will immediately think that no this person has not given attention to the language. I do not believe the person would have given attention to the work as well. So, why should I waste my time reading it and after reading it why should I trust it? So, that does not mean having a flowery language you can send anything you can get anything through. So, once the language is nice then people look at it only then people begin to understand and then when they see that it is the content does not make sense in spite of nice flowery language that is also not good. So, definitely both are required and we have to improve on both. So, if you do a good work also make sure it is written well so that it is read otherwise people are not going to read it. So, Rakhi Thakur has got a question science paper publications takes more time around one year also some publications take money to publish papers. Please suggest us for authentic publishing journals whose duration and money is reasonable. Now, first of all Rakhi it is not correct that you have to pay money to publish. No, you have to pay it to publish only if you want to print something in color if it is online edition you do not need to pay in color even for color you do not need to pay only if on the print edition to be color you need to pay and you still can send color images when the online it will be free. The second reason why they will charge is if you want to give the publication free of course there are some journals called as open journals where whatever you publish is free for anybody to download. Now, in this case if you or the your university is able to afford the money you pay the money to the journal and make it free for everybody otherwise what the publisher will do they will not charge money from you, but they will charge money from people who want to download it. So, that way either one of you pays there are some journals who make it free both the ways you do not have to pay they also do not have to pay, but it is not correct that to say that we have to pay we do not need to pay we need to pay only when you want to make it open or we want to print it in color online color is free. So, that is not not to worry. Hina has a question how to make your research paper more attractive. So, I do not know what attractive in research paper is I believe what you mean to suggest is how to make it more readable and many people are finding interest in it. That way of course you have to keep the readers attention right from the title itself the title itself should be captivating that why should I read it further and then the abstract or the summary that you write itself should have a nice snapshot of the entire work. So, it is like writing a novel how interesting you can present the novel. So, that the reader wants to not put the book down and go and do something else. Nowadays we have so much distraction once we start reading two papers one WhatsApp message will come we go and leave that and go and read that. Now can you prevent that distraction. So, typically now the attention span has reduced from 20 minutes to 5 minutes or sometimes even 1 minute. So are we able to keep their attention. So, for this while writing we need to ensure that there are no unnecessary words unnecessary sentences unnecessary paragraphs cut down to if you can write one sentence do not write one paragraph for it you can condense one paragraph to one sentence use one sentence. And if you can condense that one sentence to a phrase use one phrase and similarly from one phrase to one word if you can use a word you use a word. So, as much as possible cut down unnecessary thing and try to keep it logical and get to the main point soon. Do not beat around the bush a lot you can expand it later if they are interested. But if you give a gist in the abstract which is attractive in that sense that you as I said the hourglass structure start wide narrow and then if you spend our very little there and if you spend more time here and then the problem itself you spend more time. Then by the time you get to the result it is a couple of minutes over and the reader has lost their attention span they have gone to something else right. So, that is why you need to be very concise get to the point as soon as possible. So, yeah we have slightly short the time, but I am happy to be for sometime if you want there any questions please raise your hands otherwise nice talking to you and to listeners in YouTube. Thank you for your questions it was very effective I think by the way you ask questions the audio in some places had a problem, but this was good enough I hope you enjoy the talk on learn something. If you are more interested in writing technical reports there is a separate course in IIT Bombay X which is for technical communication itself. So, you might register for it runs every semester and you are welcome to join that as well that is also free. Thank you very much and have a nice carrier and successful career. Thank you. Bye.