 Good morning and welcome to this workshop. I was just noting There is the first time we have so many faculty members participating on various topics We have eight of them. So let me very quickly introduce them to you and Call them up on the dios. I am Deepak Phatik I am the principal investigator of the T10KT project under which we conduct these workshops This is Professor Viren Sethi who many months ago Finally agreed to coordinate this workshop. I will read out the Names of other faculty colleagues who are participating in this workshop from this side Professor Parth Sarthi may I request you to come up please? Professor Narayan from HSS. He is not here Professor Munish Chandel CSE. He's also not here Professor Harish Fulleria Professor Nikhil Kothurkar Professor Nikhil Kothurkar is from Amruta University of our partner institution in this workshop Professor Maya Mahajan from Amruta. She's also coming and Professor Ranjan Panda from HSS Please come up. Professor Kannan, my colleague and KOPIA is here. May I request Professor Kannan to join us on the dios please? Professor Nikhil is a Co-faculty member in this course. Professor Kannan Mautgalyar like me is one of the organizers He's the KOPIA. He is also the coordinator for all national mission projects going on in IIT Bombay So he has been a strong support of all the activities that we do here I'm going to share my thoughts on the massive open online courses and The turmoil that these courses are causing in the conventional education system. I Hope most of you have heard about these massive open online courses at least some of you might already have done some courses So let me tell you this phenomena started just about three years ago And it is engulfing the educational world by storm Before I talk about the MOOCs and their proliferation I would like to set the context in which the current educational system works We are all familiar with the need for holistic education. The holistic education requires That we build knowledge without silos Sadly in our professional courses this does not happen today We in fact specialize in building silos Originally we had electrical engineering, mechanical engineering, civil engineering Then came the metallurgical engineering and chemical engineering and then came a whole lot of other names Now these silos were important because you had to deal with the growing body of knowledge in each of these fields However in the process We have convinced ourselves and our students That they need to understand just the silo in which they get a certificate at the end So either somebody is a mechanical engineer. Somebody is a computer engineer. Somebody is an electrical engineer and in the process the holistic knowledge which is required to solve modern problems is somehow missing a Computer scientist for example Genuinely believes that he or she need not know anything about mechanical engineering Which is a very sad part of life. I do not know whether in your own colleges You face a similar situation where the students studying a particular branch almost exclusively study topics of that branch and Do not pay attention to the other courses Surely in our engineering curriculum How many students take those courses? Seriously There are courses in humanities which are obligatory in the first year. How many of our students take those courses? Seriously, this is an important question because this precludes the possibility of our students getting a holistic education worse We teachers also have come to believe that the silos is how we have to teach them There is another aspect of holistic education, which is completely missing Strictly speaking this should start with school education and should continue in the college education and this relates to human values and social disciplines sadly This is not part of a syllabus and Both our students and us teachers will not pay attention to something unless it is scheduled to be asked in an examination I'll give a simple example India is probably the only country in which people regularly ignore a red traffic signal You would have seen that Imagine if one mark was to be deducted Every time a student crossed the red signal. What students do that? So it is not part of the syllabus. It is supposed to be in general The upbringing both in the school by teachers and by parents. Sadly, that is not happening and as a result We get a large number of students in our colleges who are not well versed with Fundamental adherence to values and social discipline. I do not know what is the solution to this But holistic education is the first thing that gets sacrificed in our system today We also need to have quality among scale and diversity You are all familiar with our scale problems How many students in engineering colleges any idea 1.25 million students take admission to engineering colleges every year This number has plateaued it increased slightly and then it plateaued the number of engineering colleges are increasing But the total number of students in India taking engineering courses has stabilized As a result, you will find many engineering colleges have to go without students today That will happen because the number is started In general in the entire higher education sector in the country The total number of students studying various courses arts commerce law whatever three-year course four-year course The total number is roughly two to two point five crores This is woefully short as compared to most other countries because our gross enrollment ratio is very low In general in most of the developed countries the gross enrollment ratio is of the order of 60 to 80 percent Our ratio is about 22 percent. We expect to increase it to 30 percent and By that we expect that by 2020 we would have about three crore plus students studying in higher education Is that adequate? That is most certainly not adequate because more and more aspiring Indians are wanting to get better education So here is another statistics the number of Indians who are 14 years or younger 14 years means what they are all school going zero to 14 So five years six years seven years eight years nine years 14 years Only after they finish their schooling they will come to our place Such number is three hundred and seventy three million We have the largest number of prospective students in the world larger than even China Is it not our combined? Responsibility to provide good quality higher education to as many of them as come out and Desire to do better education There is a problem additionally in our country that the vocational training or vocational education is not made part of the Normal education it is considered a separate stream that has caused a lot of problem in most of the western countries When students study their schools They automatically enroll and learn about some skills of their own in our country. We don't do that Sadly the skills are learned by students who do either science or engineering subjects later Because they have to do something with their hands and that is where they learn a few things But that is a larger challenge It is in this context that I would like you to contemplate on what is the desire of an individual learner You are all students, right? So you can imagine yourselves when I put myself in 1964 when I joined Indian College as a student majority of the students in my class Wanted to get a good job at the end of the degree a satisfactory growth path in the professional profile that they would join and To lead a happy life Would you agree that even today most of the aspirations of the students would be built around this? They therefore wish to study something which will get them Good opportunities for livelihood It so happens that the perception in the society is that if you do an engineering degree You have a better chance of getting livelihood and therefore students join in You already know the problems with the science education most top performing students are not joining science drinks Which is a very sad part because Fundamentally no good engineering can be constructed. No innovation in engineering can happen without a solid foundation of science and maths We do try to teach science and maths in our courses in Indian courses However, as I mentioned these are not considered important courses What is considered important is only what you study in your third year and fourth year and the specialized topic But if this is the desire of an individual learner That teach me something which will help me get a livelihood. I Come as a unique person. My learning habits are different. My learning style is different. My learning ability is different Does the system cater to such a difference in learning abilities? No So what is the response of our system? our system says We run a course called BE electrical engineering or BE civil engineering or we run a course called become it's a three-year course You have to do these subjects. You have to study them. The subjects are semester long or year long. No choice Haribaba, I can finish that course in three months. No, no, no, you can't you have to study for one full semester You have to give the exam only at the end of that course and what kind of exams do we conduct? Consider the following you all would have seen the question papers in your colleges in the university Majority of colleges luckily not all but in majority of colleges the nature of the question papers is as follows on The top you will have a line. We says solve any six out of ten questions agreed Then there will be this or that or that or that but the nature of the questions question will be say explain something Question two will say describe something Question three will say write short notes on None of the answers require our students to think at all They have to reproduce from whatever they have read from the books and yet here after year after year we keep asking That's true. There are there are some problems Somewhere question for be there will be some problem, which you will have to solve or something Is this something you know By the way, this happened exactly in 1964 when I joined in JNC I Didn't know this pattern first year. I studied the entire syllabus But I figured out that every question paper had this choice So in the second year I studied only 60 percent of the syllabus and I could still score 85 percent marks Then in the third year, I discovered something new Many questions were repeated You agree That happens even now Then I could predict that which questions are likely to be repeated and further reduce the amount of study that I had to do As a result I had failed time in five years those days the five-year course Only when I came to IIT Bombay and I faced my first question paper I was looking at solve any six out of ten or something nothing of that sort. No describe No explain problem one problem two problem three problem four problem five paper ends It was an open book exam. I had carried six books It was completely useless because no book or no solved problem in the book had any relevance to the problem that was In IIT Bombay we pride ourselves in saying that not a single question is repeated in our exams The amount of effort it takes is enormous In fact, I remember many years ago in a in a data processing course In a re-exam I had actually given a variation of a problem which I had asked two years earlier And my colleague professor Sarda looked at that paper. He was the invigilator. He says fatigue. You are becoming lazy This is not permitted in IIT How many of us in the conventional university system follow this myth? Unfortunately, not all of you are interested with setting up question papers You have also the system of affiliation Except some universities, which are autonomous institutions who will be setting up their own question papers and so on they probably follow the style Which IITs and IITs follow But almost all other colleges which are affiliated colleges are required to go by the process that is set by the university What is that process? I teach my course to these 50 students, but their exam papers are set by someone else And they are evaluated by still someone else Tell me why these students should listen to me at all They know fully well that I have absolutely zero contribution to their grades So what they will do? They will attend coaching classes Or some what they call guide books I have heard of naunit and such names at some places and We all take it for granted that this is okay Are we fighting it? Are we arguing about it? This has happened because of the system of affiliation of colleges to the universities Where we have abrogated our right as teacher to set questions to evaluate people and to grade them The IIT system still retains that entire Autonomy of a teacher But most other colleges do not Do you know which are the countries in the world which follow this system of affiliated colleges That is colleges which are affiliated to a single university where university decides the syllabus and University says the question paper My friend Professor Uday Desai director of IIT Hyderabad who is on the AICT review committee told me this startling Fact there are exactly four countries in the world which follow this system of affiliation India Pakistan Bangladesh and Sri Lanka These are the countries which had the legacy of the British system The British people are much wiser. They understood that this is nonsense and they changed it immediately They do not have this notion of affiliated college Each college is an independent institution in the United States each university. They call it a university University might have a school of something or colleges something, but that is fiercely independent a Teacher who teaches sets the question paper Now this system is actually a must There is an argument that we do not have many teachers who are well trained in that particular topic So will they be able to do this? It's a chicken and egg story if you never give me a responsibility I will never live up to that when I joined here as a teacher. I had not fallen from the sky I also came from a institution such as yours, but I learned I learned the hard way Learning from my seniors my colleagues and others it is entirely possible to do The AICT review committee incidentally is recommending that this system of affiliation should be completely stopped in ten years That every college must become an autonomous academic entity and That the teachers in that college must work as If they are completely independent the autonomy of teachers is likely to be restored soon Of course, we don't know the parliament might say no whatever but that is the general direction in which things are moved And let me also tell you why this direction This direction comes about because of variety of Technological innovations that have been happening around the world in order to help Educational process. Let me very briefly tell you about the educational technology This is not a comprehensive Discussion only a few elements of technology with which we are familiar in IIT Bombay is what I'm describing There are many innovations These are the clicker devices with that we designed many years ago. They are called the class response system Originally when we wanted to do this clicker those of you have seen Who will become a crore party would remember that Amitabh Bachchan uses this to take a audience poll So audience quickly say ABCD or something and the poll is displayed the results of the poll are displayed I thought it would be very useful if I could use these devices in a classroom to conduct a quiz quickly So that in one minute if I get to know how many people have understood a concept or not it helps me because if 80% of my students have not understood a particular concept Then I can construct an additional example and Immediately correct their thinking Normally what happens is that I will conduct a test or something two weeks or three weeks later in that test Suppose all the students flunk that particular question only then I know that they are not understood It is too late the students are forgotten So we said we will start doing it My colleague professor Kandan who has been conducting a flip classroom for years Uses them regularly. So let me just mention what a flip classroom is in the normal classroom I give lectures in the class and students are expected to do homework at home So in the course specification, we always say that three to five hours per week of work students will have to do for every course in a flip classroom I Keep pre-recorded lectures on the server and the students are supposed to see those lectures view those lectures and Come to the classroom only for discussions We have proven By formal methods professor see their IR and sana murthy have actually conducted experiments controlled experiments Where in it was found that in a flip classroom the engagement of the students for the subject Increases up to 80 percent from somewhere between 40 to 50 percent and that is because in the classroom They don't have to listen to a lecture They have to actually solve problems. They have to discuss problems amongst their peers and they have to make presentations And the entire hour is free because I don't have to waste time in giving lectures. The lectures are already prerecorded Professor connan when he started this he found that many students were not weaving the lectures at home. They're just coming like that So he introduced this concept of conducting a quiz The moment students appear in the class the first quiz is conducted Which tries to find out whether students have viewed that lecture or not That's all there's nothing complicated question But you know how the students behave even if there is half a mark associated with an activity They will work towards it. So professor connan's experience is that students started looking at all the lectures properly And came to the classroom well prepared This improves the engagement of the students Here is an android tablet With a small experimental board You are not people from electronics, but you might know that there is an Arduino board, which is an experimental open-source design, which is available for 35 to 40 dollars And you can construct variety of experiments using you. I Have chosen to demonstrate this because this has a board which is designed by professor connan's team called Anu Dino Anu is atom so a small version of the Arduino and The small version along with a temperature sensor, which is put on top of this and the USB cable Costs somewhere around 100 rupees only That means such a simple experiment can be done connecting it to any android tablet. We are showing it on a cost of Why I show this is consider your environmental studies and The kind of sensors that you would like to demonstrate to people Conventional experiments are costly and the sensors themselves are costly But if it is possible for every individual student to attach a number of sensors here and do the kind of sensing Then it is possible to collect the data Most of the functionality of data analysis is done through software So you can use for example The silab which is the equivalent of MATLAB and do tremendous amount of statistical computations and analysis of data using this His team again has put silab running on Android. It also runs on Linux, of course These are the tools which are not Known very well in our engineering colleges How many of you are familiar with MATLAB? Many and how many of you use silab? One two three, okay. We in IIT Bombay follow a simple rule If you need a costly software product Then you must purchase the license whatever be the cost If you can't afford the cost or If you can do with close to similar functionality use a corresponding open source software Unfortunately, that is not practiced in most of our colleges. I would urge you to go back and Contemplate on this important issue Any software that you use any software doesn't matter whether it is windows or whatever if you need a Proprietary software you must purchase license for that software If you have an unlicensed software on your machine, it's a criminal activity amounting to theft and If we teachers do not counter this then we are a party to the theft and More important. We are giving a message to our students that this is okay. I Would urge you to go back and consider this and not permit this kind of thing Fortunately for much of the functionality that we require in science and engineering. There's a plethora of open source tools Let's all of open source. Only thing is they are not as easy to use as some commercial products are So instead of spending time in learning those and using them We find it easier to copy and load and install some proprietary software without paying for it But if you consider that that's a criminal activity, perhaps you will stop and prevent that from happening Here is an affordable network device which again Professor Cundance team has designed Many people wanted a keyboard because people want to input either their answers or whatever So a virtual keyboard is not found very useful on a tablet. So he designed this This is of course costlier than a cost tablet. It cost us 5,000 rupees plus taxes So about 5,600 rupees still it is the cheapest technology as far as a laptop is concerned So it runs Linux completely and in fact in our CS 101 course We are about 400 500 students are there There are many students who do not have their own laptops We found out that there were about 50 or so who did not have their laptop These 50 people were given these devices and they are able to run CC plus plus programs comfortable You are all familiar with the T10KT project shall not spend much time We have more than 300 remote centers Our idea is to create about 500 remote centers because these remote centers act as Aggregation points where many teachers from colleges around that place can come and attend this here is a co-ordinators workshop like this Okay, this had perhaps larger number of people because this was I think on computer programming or something That's a more popular topic. So we had about 270 people or something like when you go back and conduct this workshop in your own remote center You will have a situation like this these teachers will assemble at your remote center and You will be coordinating that workshop at there as you know the methodology is that Our faculty members associated with the course will deliver interactive lectures in the morning session typically and in the afternoon The labs and tutorials etc. Have to be conducted locally by these 35 40 teachers under your supervision Now here are a couple of things that I would like to mention when I say under your supervision they would expect That the labs and tutorials are conducted with the same rigor That they would have been conducted had they come to IIT Bomb This is an important reason why we spend Enormous amount of money to conduct the co-ordinators workshop, which is face-to-face By bringing all of you here The idea is not only to tell you about the subject and the topic most of you would already know it But the idea is to convey to you the rigor with which we conduct anything that we And we would like you to conduct things with the same rigor when you go back in your college Professor Viren Setti will not be available in the afternoon session there They would expect each one of you to act like Viren Setti so you are the Entire personalization of the faculty member here who is conducting this and that puts an honorous Responsibility on each one of that means that each one of you will have to actually ensure that those 30 40 teachers Who come there for attending the workshop do things as rigorously as they would have been done in IIT Bomb We have had of course umpteen advantages of this model one it could scale up We first started with about training thousand teachers Then we decided to run a T 10 KT program 10,000 teachers at a time that is a Nomenclature we never had 10,000 teachers, but we have anywhere between 5,000 to 8,000 teachers in any course Please note that nowhere in the world there is a program of this scale which trains teacher 5,000 to 8,000 there are some added advantages This particular thing is I think from Kerala you will see a lot of lady teachers here You can see them There are in fact a few men who are sitting shyly at the end We have consistently got emails from these lady teachers at various remote centers thanking us for conducting these workshops at their own place They often say that we could never have left our families and children for two weeks To come to IIT Bombay to do this course. We can do this only because it is in our own place So, this is a byproduct is not intended We don't by the way distinguish between men and women as far as the teachers are concerned They are all teachers and we believe that these teachers must benefit so that they are able to actually conduct the courses for students in a Fashion which is similar to what we do in IIT system or in any one of the better systems Here is another technology which again Professor Kannan's team has perfected called spoken tutorials These spoken tutorials are ten minute Video recorded lectures, but there is hardly any video. There is no teachers face there. There are slides and There is spoken material So ten minutes spoken tutorial is actually a very low payload system It does not have many moving things and so on although you can use that He has created a series of such tutorials on different topics connected with open source software So variety of open source software. There are such spoken tutorials and What he additionally does is his team first prepares a spoken tutorial in English The entire voice is transcribed and the transcription is actually Aligned to the timing what time you speak which sentence and so on Then this transcription is translated into one and more of Indian languages in the Marathi Telugu and so on and This translated transcription is now dubbed on top of that original being This method has been perfected like a military machine and it is not very costly As a result he has a series of such tutorials in multiple Indian languages And these are all released in open source as has been our Contention right from the beginning. We believe that any knowledge that is created through public funding must be released in open Source under Creative Commons license. So that is what we do. That means these Tutorials can be downloaded by you can be told to the students to use them They can be modified if they wish. Yeah, absolutely free Material that is available. This is a workshop being conducted on How to use spoken tutorials? He said to our workshop Because these are all self-learning tutorials. You don't require a teacher or something But how to use spoken tutorials? There is a workshop and while conducting such workshops There is often a help from IIT Bombay So here is one of the team members of Professor Kannun who is explaining certain questions that are being raised How many of you heard of virtual labs? Well several people. It's an extremely important initiative of the national mission Which permits two things one the laboratories the lab experiments Which are set up in these institutions can be used remotely and these are not merely Simulations actually costly equipment on which you can do experimentation from remote so you can actually control these experiments They are variety of things starting with Simulation starting with animation starting with variety of things and the actual experiment this virtual labs is a very very Important initiative many institutions are participating again All these virtual labs are released in open source They can be accessed by anybody. So those of you who are interested can actually go to this site Find out which are the virtual labs which are relevant to environmental studies and start using them This is an extremely important initiative from the school education site. It's called NROER that is National Repository for Open Educational Resources So NCRT, which is essentially an agency Responsible for doing research and development for school education have created these open source resources and they have variety of resources They have videos. They have audios. They have animations They have interactive lessons all kinds of things and all of these are released in open source In fact, I have been arguing with the school department to release all their books in open source They have incidentally converted their CBSE books into EPUB 3 compliant version a Partner institution of ours actually did a lot of work in their Shastra University And this EPUB 3 compliant books by 31st March Almost all CBSE books will be available in EPUB 3 compliant EPUB 3 incidentally has been the standard that has been adopted by India for all such books EPUB 3 is nothing but a container specification So it has not just a text or something, but it contains the entire book with index and so on So that is what is being made available here to NIA It is in this overall context that I would like to Talk about the massive open online courses as I said this phenomena started about three years ago Online learning by the way is nothing new Many of you would have heard of intelligent tutoring system e-learning systems. They have been there for ages For at least 30 years ever since the computers came People could put some learning material on the machine and you could use that learning material either to give online test Pages or something or look at the material all the open source contents are viewed by people on the machine itself But a massive open online course is something different. It is not just arbitrary set of content It is actually a course as is delivered in a college So consider for example, I wish to deliver a course in computer programming Now computer programming course has a book on computer programming lots of programs and so on But how do I conduct the course when I teach it every week? I will teach them some lectures Every week. I'll give them some assignments They will have to give some quiz at the end of the week and they will have to submit actual programs Next week similar thing third week similar thing there might be some review or something and during these classes There is a perpetual discussion arguments questions ask That is how people learn People don't learn merely because they have access to high quality content I have a interesting theory that if access to the highest quality content could guarantee that people could become very knowledgeable Then all the librarians in this world would have been the most knowledgeable people Because they have access to the maximum best quality. There's no evidence of that So access to knowledge does not convert you into a knowledgeable person You become knowledgeable by applying your mind by solving some problems by discussing issues by understanding that concept and Applying that concept to solve problems and so on. Now that happens in a course So MOOC is not just the content MOOC is actually conducting a course week by week by week four week course eight week course, etc And three companies started this in US Coursera, Udacity and EDX there are several other companies now in Europe in England In India we have several such initiatives here in the MOOCs everything is online. I was asked in 2013 to comment on the suitability of MOOCs for engineering education So that in that invited paper I have suggested that complete online may not be a suitable thing and I have suggested a blended MOOCs approach In a blended MOOCs approach, suppose I am a student in Coimbatore and I am studying let's say thermodynamics Now if thermodynamics is an online course, which is offered by Professor Gayathonde of IIT Bombay. It's a MOOC course Then I have a choice of registering for that MOOCs course Provided my college in Coimbatore accepts the grade that I get on that MOOCs course as my grade Because if that does not happen, I am not interested in doing that online course Why would my college accept that grade because my college is a different way of doing things So the method that I am suggesting is if my Coimbatore college is an autonomous college Then I will ask that autonomous college the following. This is the syllabus that Professor Gayathonde follows while teaching thermodynamics If this syllabus is okay with you ask all your students to register for this course In Coimbatore college, don't waste time in giving lectures that is being taken care of by Professor Gayathonde's MOOCs course Instead run a flip classroom and discuss hard problems with them, discuss difficult concepts with them So do a flip classroom Additionally, give some assignments locally to individuals and groups of students in thermodynamics Guide them and evaluate them So let us say you get some marks for the local assignments and you get some marks from the MOOCs Combination of these marks would correspond to a grade in that course in Coimbatore Now this idea has been accepted by many universities and autonomous colleges And IIT Bombay X where we offer these MOOCs courses will be offering such blended MOOCs courses from June onwards To many institutions which are willing to accept the grade for that subject for their students These are the MOOCs from IIT Bombay X currently we have only a few courses We are actually we are ready because we had offered these courses to the global learners in 2014 But we are waiting for the national launch of the Swayam portal But when it we found out that the Swayam portal launch is getting delayed We decided to offer the IIT Bombay X so these courses are currently running Of course we introduced these in between a semester which is not a very good thing So there are not too many students about 10,000 registered students for one course about 6000 for the other course and so on But in June-July when we coincide with the beginning of the next semester We believe that a large number of students will benefit NPTEL the National Program on Technology Enable Learning which has created course contents for about 1200 courses All engineering courses video lectures one hour long etc are already But now they are finding out that to convert a content into a course which you have to run week by week Is some difficulty and they are doing So NPTEL has started offering courses where they give certification against some fees And this certification is done through supervised online examination IIT Kanpur has an experiment which professor Prabhakar has run He runs a course called MOOC on MOOC So a massive open online course all massive open online So you want to know what is a MOOC you do this course you will learn everything about the MOOC A similar experimental setup was done by our colleague professor Kameshwari here in IIT Bombay And she has used it for her own course in a flip classroom And she has also used it for a T-10KT workshop on computer networks that she conducted What we propose is in IIT Bombay X we will be incorporating features of the Bodhi tree Which is the name that she has given to that platform and we will be bringing it here So you see now what is likely to happen The students will certainly say that look if I can get the best course from the best teacher Why do I worry about your course and your degree What is our response? Our response is simple You are registered for this BE course in my college You will not get a degree you will not get marks unless you give exams as per this course Agreed? Now imagine the following The industry says that look I do not need your degree and marks I can evaluate the knowledge of individuals directly through online tests And I will evaluate I will shortlist them based on their knowledge and give them jobs It has already started happening My friend Mr. Ramdurai when he was heading TCS and they used to admit people as employees Only those who are engineering graduates He did an experiment and he employed 5000 students with a BSc degree And he proudly tells me that most of them of course they were selected from amongst 5 lakhs of them But most of them are turning out to be as good programmers as they are engineering graduates were That means talent exists universal it is just a question of giving a portion My friend Dr. Anand Deshpande in persistent systems in Pune did an online test for shortlisting people And those were people who were engineering college degree holders or about to get their degree And he found that several people were failing but some people were passing on these online tests Last month he did an experiment and he announced that anybody can take this test you do not have to have a degree But if you do well in this test you will get an employee And he has the first set of such employees who do not have a degree Now imagine if the society and the employers start figuring out the knowledge of the people And start saying that we do not care for a degree What happens to us? What happens to our system? Please appreciate that the arrogance of the formal educational system including that of IITs Is based on the fact that society and employers care for our degree That society and employers care for the marks that we give The moment society and employers discover that they don't need degrees, they don't need marks They can evaluate the knowledge of the people independently And the moment learners discover that they don't have to pay costal tuition fees to learn something they can learn through moves What will happen? Is this hypothetical? Well friends this is not hypothetical When internet came people said oh that is all In 5 years internet changed things When web came people again said web is okay What has happened? Web has disrupted almost all commercial transactions that happen in the world today It is well known that the next disruption by the web would be in education and in healthcare Already personalized drug delivery is being attempted Variety of things would happen here One of the 14 grand challenges that national academy of engineers in the United States has listed There are many many items that they have listed It will be interesting for you to look at that by the way It has solar energy, it has cheap drinking water etc One of them is advancing personalized instructions Personalized instruction is like intelligent tutoring system But current intelligent tutoring systems work like this If there are 100 students who take a course and suppose 20 of them are performing very poorly Let's say all of them have 30% marks So the intelligent tutoring system will give additional material to these 20 people However exactly identical additional material is given to all 20 Because the decision is based only on their score We know for example that out of these 20 people Each one has a different learning habit Massive open online courses permit you to capture the interaction And therefore you can determine the style in which individual person has learnt Who has seen the video first, who has seen the solved example first Who jumped directly to the quiz Everything is captured So there is an opportunity of what we call a big data analytics Which will lead to personalized instructions in coming years I am saying that the future holds these kind of possibilities for us I am not trying to scare you But I am trying to tell you that the best approach appears to me for our system Is to adapt these technologies Is to adapt these technologies and make them part of our system itself That way we will improve the learning We will improve our own learning We will actually make our system of teaching learning more effective That's the only thesis that I had I would read this line We wrongly assume that our job as a teacher is to teach people a subject That is nonsense Students are capable of learning on their own We act as guides And therefore I believe that our main job is to encourage students to mentor students And to empower them Make them think If we can do that, that is not I would like you to take this message to the teachers who come at your place That tell them that this is what they have to do And then of course you have to teach that particular subject Because we have another stupid thing I believe That you must teach so many lectures per semester or something like that You have such rules? In fact you have some very funny rules A lecturer must take so many classes A student professor must take only so many And a professor must take only so many I wish such beautiful rules were there Because as a senior professor then I won't have to teach at all I have to slog as much as a young colleague of mine has to slog So that is another mechanism But anyway I would strongly suggest that please pass on this message to the teachers who come under your charge That tell them that their main job in the humble opinion of an old teacher called Fata Is to encourage, mentor and empower the students who come to them Thank you so much