 Hi, my name is William Cheung. I am a calendar research chair in Ocean Sustainability and Global Change and then associate professor at the Changing Ocean Research Unit at the University of British Columbia. Today I'm going to present a study that is in collaboration and supported by the International Institute for Environment and Development, IED. The study is about the future for fisheries on the high seas under the changing climate. Before going to the presentations, I want to acknowledge my co-authors of this study, Ficky Lam and Collette Repness, who are part of the research team at the University of British Columbia for this study. The global oceans can be divided into the high seas or area beyond natural vegetation and the exclusive economic zone. If you look at the global fisheries, majority of the fisheries catches are from the EEZ. For those parts of catch that are from the high seas, only a tiny proportion of fish stocks only occurred in the high seas. Majority of those are actually what we call straddling fish stocks, meaning that they occurred both in the high seas and in the EEZ, such as tuners and billfish. This means that the status and health of fish stocks in the high seas would also affect those that are in the EEZ as well. If there are more fish in the high seas, it is likely that there will be spillover effects that would benefit those in the EEZ as well. And vice versa. In this study, we want to know and understand what the future of the high seas fish stocks and fisheries is like in the 21st century under the changing climate. We also want to know how changes in the high sea fish stocks and fisheries would affect those in the exclusive economic zone. In developing these futures of high seas, we account for three main factors. The first factor that we look at is the changes in the society in the future. We know that it is almost impossible to predict future societal changes. So we organize a workshop to bring in stakeholders and experts who are really knowledgeable about high seas and fisheries. We then solicit knowledge and information from these groups of people to develop three storylines of future changes in society. And how this would affect fisheries in the high seas through changes in fish price, fishing costs such as fuel costs, as well as things like the amount of subsidies that countries would provide to support high sea fisheries. The second factor that we look at is alternative futures with different levels of climate change. We look at the business as usual high emission scenarios as indicated by the red line, as well as a strong mitigation low emission scenario indicated by the black line here. In each of these alternative climate change futures, the oceans will have different levels of warming, ocean acidification, ocean deoxygenation and other changes in ocean conditions that will affect fish stocks and fisheries in the future. We also look at alternative options of marine protected areas for the high seas. Marine protected areas are important conservation measures. And so we have three different alternative options. Hypothetical options include no protected area, 30% of the area in the high seas to be protected and 50% of the area in the high seas to be protected. These scenarios are indicated by the killer area on the map. And these are the locations of these protected areas are hypothetically paced adjacent to the exclusive economic zones. We then use a computer simulation modelling approach to combine all these drivers together to make quantitative projections on the future of high seas and fish stocks and fisheries and how that would also affect the fish and fisheries in the exclusive economic zones. The analysis generates a lot of information and data, but here I want to highlight four key findings. First of all, we show that we find that on average, high sea fisheries are actually not economically viable across all three ocean futures. Secondly, we find that fishing effort is really important for the future of biodiversity, catchers and economic benefits in both the high seas as well as EEZ, no matter which ocean futures we consider. In being said, managing fishing effort in the high seas is a really important way to determine the status of high sea fisheries in the future. Third, finding that climate change would pay a increasingly important role, particularly towards the end of the 21st century. And lastly, what we find is that the changes in the pathway of the development of fisheries in the high seas would have strong effects on those in the EEZ. For example, under the sustainable scenario in the high sea fisheries, low income countries EEZ would have seven times more maximum catch potential than those of the business as usual, what we call the regional wide fisheries scenarios of high sea fisheries. To put these key findings into context, let's look at a case study of West Africa. Currently, most of the countries in the West African region are considered to be low income countries. They are strongly dependent on fish not only for the income likelihood but also for their nutritional health, because of their strong dependence on fish as a source of micronutrient. However, they are also strongly affected by climate change because climate change is going to have substantial impacts on their potential fisheries in the exclusive economic zones. Many of the countries are projected to have more than 50% decrease in catch potential by mid-century under the high emission scenario. Currently, the participation in the high sea fisheries is low, but the fish stocks from the high seas coming into the EEZ can benefit their fisheries. For this set of countries, a good management of the high sea fisheries really has a big positive effect and benefits on the EEZ fishery resources. It also means that even with climate change, if we can manage the fisheries in the high seas well, it can help compensate some of the impacts of climate change on the fishery resources within the EEZ. So it can then reduce the vulnerability and risk of the fisheries to climate change. So before I finish this presentation, I want to reiterate two take-home messages. Our study shows that for the straddling fish stocks, the status and futures in the high seas would have strong influence on those in the EEZ as well. Secondly, climate change effects is going to affect fish and fisheries both in the high seas and the EEZ, and that better management of the high sea fisheries can actually benefit to those countries that are strongly impacted by climate change in the future within the EEZ. Thank you very much.