 Good morning to everyone, my name is Francesco Breglia and I'm going to present the first attempt to formulate a Bronze Age paleo-environmental reconstruction of the Vallo di Diano by Anthracological Analysis. We are in southern Italy, precisely in Campania region. The Vallo di Diano is a large inter-mountain basin which is one of the main natural transit route through the southern up and in chain. Inoltre, la mia elevazione è solo 465 m above the sea level, while the surrounding mountains reach the 2,000 m. This characteristic makes the Vallo di Diano an ecotone impact despite its proximity to the Tirenian Sea that you can see in the background. The mountain range here acts as a barrier. As a result the Mediterranean and the temperate region meets here in a very peculiar way. So basically the valley bottom is a transition zone between the two macro-climate regions. Going up along the slopes of the mountain the climate quickly assumes temperate humid characteristics. The location of the sites we took into account in this work is here reported in red. In this slide geomorphological and geological map of the area are shown. The Vallo di Diano has a tectonic origin. It is precisely an alfgraben with a system of active folds along its eastern border here. And we know that this tectonic depression was once filled by a lake. Here are the acoustic deposits. Starting at least from the lower Pleistocene the Idric basin lasted until the Holocene. Here you can see a simulation or perhaps just a suggestion of how the basin could have been in the past. We used a present day relief model and applied the different lake levels starting from an altitude of 495 meters to go down to the present valley bottom. Well the first questions we asked ourselves was when did this lake disappear? Was it still present during the Bronze Age? The valley is now cultivated but this is only possible thanks to a reclamation work. Today a large canalization work drains the valley bottom. Nevertheless in case of particular heavy rains nature finds its way. This picture shows the result of 48 hours of non-stop heavy rains. Concerning the reclamation history we know from the so-called Lapis Polle, an epigraph found in the Vallo di Diano, that in the second century before Common Era a Roman road passed across the Vallo. Moreover we know that in the same period the public land was centurated for farming. This aspect is also reported in the epigraph. The council says that it was the first to ensure that shepherds were replaced by farmers. This is not a declaration of war against shepherds. The expression probably refers to the first reclamation of the land once used for grazing and now reclaimed and then arable. So before the second century the valley bottom must have been marshy at least. In the 16th century Leandro Alberti reports that near the town of Polla a town into the valley there was a swamp and still at the end of the 18th century the problem was relevant. Carlo Afander Ivera published a detailed work about the reclamation undertaken during the Bourbon dynasty. Ok, now that we have a clearer view of the context, let's make a very big step back in time. Here you can see the distribution of the late prehistoric and protohistoric sites in the Vallo. Go into details. In the Neolithic we have just a sporadic presence in caves. The finds became fewer for the early Neolithic and completely absent for the middle part of this age. In a period between the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Bronze Age there is a reoccupation of the caves and the settle of an open-air village in Fossa-Aimone. The Middle Bronze Age is the most attested period, the number of both cave and open-air sites grow, but also the quantity of finds within the sites is far higher. Finally, in the late and final Bronze Age we assisted to a contraction of the number of the sites, in this case probably connected to new settlement strategies not yet understood. The two main sites on which this work is based are Grotta di Pertosa and Grotta di Polla. These two caves are located in the northern part of the Vallo and they are really near one to each other, but their climatic and environmental features are sensitively different. Grotta di Pertosa is located near the Tanagro River and at a lower altitude, but it's exposure to north and the morphology of the slopes gives the area a mesotemporate humid climate. Right near Grotta di Polla there are meso-mediterranean conditions. The archaeological interest of Grotta di Polla is known since the end of the 19th century, when a bronze age-piled welding settlement were found in the initial part of the cave and investigated during two excavation campaigns. Recent archaeological surveys in 2004, 2009 and 2013 conducted by the CRS and Sode Medici brought to the discovery of 86 wooden poles in the riverbed area, six of which were dated and confirmed a middle Bronze Age chronology. Moreover, the erosion of a mud bank by the stream exposed a layer rich in plant remains here and the soil samples were collected. So far, we do not know if this layer is a damper or rather a collapsed floor of the piled welding. Anyway, a sub-sample were studied and the total amount of 114 charcoals were found and analyzed. Grotta di Polla is also a well-known site, at least from the 60s of the last century, when the archaeological investigation within the cave started. Una grande occupazione di tempo era rilegato nella parte iniziale del cave e sappiamo che durante il Bronze Age, il cave era anche usato per le risorse funerali. Questa era confermata da la Università di Molise in 2016 e 2017. In una nuova nuova iniziale locata in un'area interna del cave, un contesto funerale, andando alla transizione di un periodo di Bronze Age, era trovato. In realtà, a questo momento, questa parte del cave era direttamente connettata all'entrazione della cave. L'intensione di questa parte era prospettiva e progressiva per la sedimentazione. I due samples di soia erano collettati in questa zona e i 332 charcoali erano analizzati. Il terzo contesto che abbiamo scoperto è Grotta Maria Colombo. L'area è locata in parte del sud del Vallo, a una definizione di elevazione a più di i due cave. L'area era recentemente scoperta e investigata da un equipo da La Sapienza University di Roma 3. I risultati della scoperta sono ancora non pubblicati, ma sappiamo che il cave era usato per un rilascio funerale durante il Bronze Middle. In il nostro laboratorio, i 6 samples di soia erano collettati durante la scoperta per Beria, studiato da Dr. Chiara Belli. In questo diagramma, possiamo vedere il risultato delle analisi antracologiche. Abbiamo scoperto la scoperta in 6 tipo di ambienti. Igrophilus Forest, Geirig, Piedmont Plain, Woodland Margin, Mesophile Woodland e Mountain Forest. I tre risultati sono molto differenti. Il Sample di Grotta di Polla mostra la prevalenza della vegetazione margina di Woodland con pochi elementi di Piedmont e una buona rappresentazione di Mesophile Woodland e alcune specie di Mountain Forest. In realtà, la presenza di Pinus Silvestris Negra in questo sample può essere probabilmente relata alle specie di alta altitudine, invece di le mani di Mountain. A l'altra parte, il Sample di Grotta di Pertosa mostra le feature vegetali chiaramente linkati a Woodland di Mesophile con poche margina di Woodland e Igrophilus Forest. Il Sample di Grotta di Maria Colombo ha una vegetazione margina di Mountain Forest caratterizzata da bici e conifers, in particolarmente per la presenza di Pinus Silvestris Negra. Se mettiamo questa data a una scale altimitrica è possibile sapere come i risultati si trattano molto bene con la situazione dei sani. Concludendo, questa è la presenza e l'induzione di Valo di Diano. Potremmo parlare di alcune considerazioni di diacronica se compariamo questa mappa con il nostro data archeologico. Prima di tutto, il Valle Bottum è oggi un'area margina mentre, a l'anno del Miedervon, si diceva che era probabilmente marciata e usata come pastore, basicamente. I sani intorno ai sani sono occupati con i sani e la triplantazione. Qui abbiamo i sani, per esempio, in l'area niente di Grotta di Polla e Grotta di Pertosa, qui al nord, e l'impasto cestnato ha replacato un sani naturale. Mettiamo l'impasto e il forno bianco basicamente nella tonalità di grigio. Generalmente, sono osservati in l'area mentre i coniferi di monta e forno e i sani, in generale, sono quasi completamente desapareciati. Probabilmente queste tre parti, quindi i coniferi, erano selezionati nel pastore, magari già durante il periodo romano. Con questo ho finito. Grazie per l'inizio.