 Well, thank you all for joining us today. It's great to see so many people attending the latest webinar of our HydroTerror webinar series. Today the topic is 101 on telemetry solutions and the Internet of Things, which is obviously an area that is growing massively at presence with with a real diversification of telemetry options from satellite to Laura-Wan and many more. We're lucky today to have a real expert in this field, Matt Saunders from Unidata, who is going to take us through all things telemetry. But before we get into that, I'm going to do a few housekeeping chores. I would, before we get started, I'd like to acknowledge the traditional owners and custodians of the land on which we meet today, the Buna Rong people of the Kulin Nation. I also pay my respect to their elders, past and present. There's a picture of Matt who's presenting with us today, and I'm Richard Campbell, the Managing Director of HydroTerror. Matt is the General Manager of Unidata and many thanks for joining us today, Matt. What we love here at our HydroTerror webinars is to get lots of your questions. A big part of why we do this is to get closer to yourselves and get to understand the market needs. So we like questions. But when you're making a question, please use the Q&A button at the top of your screen to register the question. Don't use the chat function because it just makes it difficult to ask two lots of questions. So use the Q&A button and we look forward to lots of questions. A little bit about our webinar series. It's really about sharing knowledge. We are in the fortunate position of having many specialists in environmental monitoring and telemetry, of which we have one today in Matt. We see ourselves as the marketplace. We're really evolving HydroTerror to be able to provide a very broad range of technologies for environmental monitoring, and we like to be able to share the knowledge. There is a wealth of knowledge both in our suppliers and also in our customers. So we like to share the podium around to share the knowledge between you all. So we are facilitating education and I think we've had thousands of people attend our webinars this year and it's been really something that's been a pleasing, you know, a somewhat tough year in terms of COVID. We are looking to be an industry leader and that means in our context bringing technology to market and sharing that knowledge. And that's a big part of why we're here today. So before we charge into our webinar, just a little bit of background about our guest speaker, Matt Saunders. So Matt is currently General Manager at UniData. He has held that position there for the last 15 years and is doing a very good job there. Matt's got an amazing career spanning more than 50 years and he really has spent a lot of time focusing in on telemetry and satellite communications. He started off working for NASA at the Knaven satellite station many years ago when there were lots of moon launches going on and they needed NASA to be able to communicate with those astronauts and Matt was involved in supporting that effort. He then moved on to Hewlett Packard for a period of time and somewhat uniquely was actually trained directly by the founder David Packard. Not many of us can claim that. He then started a software company which was somewhat unique in its market application focusing in on submarine communications and that was a very successful venture that was ultimately sold. He then had a period of time at Telstra where he was known for writing very large checks for communications and software development before moving on to UniData. So Matt provides us with a unique context both of what the industry used to be like and what he sees as the future for the industry. So without further ado I will hand over to Matt. And this is Matt and good afternoon to everybody and Richard thank you for your kind words of the start. I certainly sound old I've done lots of things if I've worked for NASA in the past but it's been a great ride and I've really quite enjoyed it and for this session we want to talk about telemetry and the IoT. There's a lot of technical content here and I hope that you will go away with a better understanding of how we approach telemetry and this mysterious thing called the IoT. So away we go, away we go. First the slide is telemetry and the IoT. Telemetry and the IoT are the same. Transfer of sensor data from the sensor to the central computer using a data logger or a communicator. We've called it telemetry for many, many years. Now telemetry is called the IoT. Same thing. This is the Internet's changing. Originally the Internet was built for website traffic in the many, many years ago. Now it's used for data rich applications which is Netflix, YouTube, Facebook but increasingly the Internet is used for IoT traffic carrying sensor data across the Internet. Now we've got a couple of fun questions here to keep you interested. Three questions, pretty simple questions. How much of the Internet capacity is carried by satellite and how much is carried by other systems such as submarine cables? That's the first fun question. The second fun question is when was the first satellite broadcast from Australia and where was it from? The third question is a bit of history. How many submarine cables were landed from the sea to Australia? Let's talk about 1969, 1970 and where we are today. Interestingly the measure they used to say was 20 simultaneous phone calls could happen each year. The three fun questions and the answers will be at the end of the presentation and no Internet searching. It's just a yes and for a bit of fun. Now why would you use telemetry or the IoT? Telemetry and the IoT costs are decreasing. Telstra sims now for this sort of telemetry. They're down to about $2 a month. That's pretty cheap and they're going down even further. The thing that's happening is well that's going down. Sight costs are going up. Maybe $2,500 per event. If you go to a site or a remote site, you're not going to take a use. If it's too far, you need to have some medical assistance and the site cost is substantially higher. While this economy is coming down, the site is costing going up. There's a requirement for health and safety when you're visiting a site. That's health and safety requirements going up. Also, we're in a pandemic so we have restricted travel. Monitoring remotely is a good option and it's getting cheaper. Let's talk about some of these components, like another slide I'll get onto. The projects, such projects we have, first we have sensors to measure the parameters. That's pretty simple. There are some of the complicated sensors, but there are sensors. We have a remote data log to record the measurements. We then have a communication system to get the measurements across the internet in some way and a central computer to receive and record those readings. There's a couple of common industry terms I'll talk about. One is a network server. It handles the communications and the data flow and application service is presented to the data. These terms are quite common in the IAT industry. They already started in the IAT when the IAT was donated to the laboratory maybe seven or eight years ago, but there are things in my network server and application server. Now I'm going to talk about sensor interfaces. If you have a sensor to measure the environment, there'll be one of these. It'll either be an analog voltage, not 5 volts, or what a 20 milliamps. Funny thing, what's the difference? They're exactly the same. What a 20 milliamps is the number of milliamps through a certain level of resistor, certain resistor value. However, if it actually is measuring on current rather than voltage, what a 20 milliamp interface is a generally better long table runs and that's generally more used in industrial applications, not 5 volts is generally for shorter cable lengths and more in the environmental space, but most other others will be able to do both. We then have digital inputs or relay some tests. There are also sensor interfaces that are options. These analog and digital inputs tend to be going down in the industry and what's going up is the smarter interfaces. FDI-12 is standard, a lot of interface 12, which the USGS invented some years ago and instrument manufacturers have aligned to that. There's also another one called Modbus, which was invented in 1960s and provides media sensors and control points, and that's more of an industrial phase. So if you buy instruments, they're like to be any of these types of options, but generally if your data logger is a good one, you'll be able to do all of those. Now, this is a bit of a busy slide. Communication is how to transfer data to the central computer. There are so many different technologies here and that's really a minefield of so many different choices. Laura is considered pretty good in the IoT space, but look at all these other ones. There's also Bluetooth and all of these different names. We also have the satellite providers in Marsat and the Rydium, for example, and LTE, which is the 4G in the cell phone system. So all of these are different technologies and we're going to now try and explain something about the differences with those technologies. This is also getting a bit technical. There are technology groups. This technology group is an LP WAN radio solution. That's Laura C. Fox and ZB. It's a license, which means you don't have to apply for spectrum and they can be deployed without any regulatory approvals and their subscribers low power, low bandwidth, long range Wi-Fi, and I've got a table to explain these differences in a moment. Then we have cell phone solutions and that's on, we call it LTE, 4G and 5G and private LTE. LTE is a funny word. LTE stands for long-term evolution. This is going to be the last cell phone technology. This is the final technology that was available. That in the last long, now we're up to 4G. It's a funny name for it, but it's actually 4G. It exists in a licensed or managed or a regulated frequency spectrum and they have been deployed worldwide by cell phone companies and they work fine and your iPhone and your Samsung phone work on them as well. It has satellite solutions and gestational or low-etherward satellites. They're also licensed and managed well and regulated and existing networks and new networks tend to be more expensive. Obviously, that's the likely decline as the microsatellite networks become more robust and we'll get into that in a moment. This slide's pretty important. It actually talks about the different technologies and some aspects of them. If you remember, we've got Bluetooth, but that's a very short-range technology and that's good for a smart phone to a speaker or maybe a thing for about five meters or something like that. We then have Wi-Fi, which is good for up to 100 meters. These are all unlicensed. We then have LP-WAN. It's that law I think you might have heard about and they say that's good for 10 kilometers. Well, maybe certainly two or three kilometers. It is unlicensed and in the cities you would use that for perhaps reading a water meter or electricity meter. If we have LP-WAN or a thing on a remote farm, you'd use that for soil moisture sensors. Or LP-WAN is an interesting application on a ship for container tracking. That's to measure all the containers to say what's in the container or something like that. But they're all unlicensed, which means you don't have to apply for frequency spectrum license for those. That's a good thing and a bad thing. If it is unlicensed, it's in third commas free. However, you have to administer it. If there's someone else in your area and they're causing congestion, it's your problem. So, and you've got to manage them. So, while they're free, it requires a level of management that maybe you don't want. With cell phone technology, the number of columns goes up, of course, and we all know this, also in many other cell phone companies in Australia provide their service, their license, which means it is a frequency that can't be in a fee with by someone else. So, they're pretty predictable and also they have sort of congestion themselves and a license service will always be more reliable or easier to implement. We then have satellite systems. An equatorial satellite is 50,000 kilometers away and that's licensed worldwide. And we have these lower micro satellites and lower satellites. Remind you, this one's 50,000 kilometers above the earth. This one's 500 kilometers above the earth. The different orbit geometry and the different orbit geometry gives them different operating parameters that is important in the telemetry business. So, now that's the data payload and service examples for each of these different technologies. The LP Wang, do you remember that's like Ballora? It provides a simple message by a service. SIGFox is 12 bytes, others are a bit more, but essentially it's like a test message, a short test message. There's usually no acknowledgement. The industry calls it send and pray and you hope that it gets there. Mostly it does, but sometimes it doesn't. They often use standard protocols such as MQTT, which is a permission-subscribed protocol. This is a developing standard for these, or not a service, a significant standard, IBM invented it for how you deal with these little messages. And that can be using web services from an MQTT server. This is a bit of a worldwide standard for these. It's a good thing. We then talk about cell phone load and service examples. A cell phone of 4G, LTE, moving up these numbers. It's a full two-way IP communication. It can be acknowledged. It can be guaranteed re-application and narrow band LTE, which is like a smaller bandwidth. If you have your iPhone or your Samsung phone, you can get 35 or 40 megs bandwidth across that if you need it. If you purchase telemetry SIM cards, you have a very slow speed, 64 kilobytes. That's huge. If you have sensors and it's cheaper, there's also good what we call over-the-end management, longest in the field, if you use the cell phone technology. So the cell phone is pretty good. It's very reliable. It's very good and it's very cheap. Now let's talk about satellite. Because while cell phones are great, sometimes there's no cell phone coverage. What are you going to do there? There are satellite solutions. There are two types of solutions. There's a satellite talking on the table. There's gestationary and low-earth orbit satellites or microsatellites. It also has the same data payload, like an SMS text message, which arrives in a short time. Aridium, which is a current leader, it comes through in under 30 seconds. The microsatellite people, they're delivered in a few hours. We see that the emerging message-based microsatellite options are not robust enough yet, but they will be soon, quite soon, and that will be a significant issue in our industry. Of course, we've got our high-end GIMA-STAT-B again, which is a full IP, very reliable. It's like a cell phone in terms of the service quality. It's from anywhere in the world and it arrives in one second. This is clearly top shelf type of telemetry. It's a top shelf company and it's very good, extremely reliable. We'll talk about some of the deployment issues with that in the next few slides. Just to remind people about the difference between LIOS and GOS, equitable orbit satellite is so high above ground that it rotates around the Earth at the same speed that the Earth rotates and it is apparently stationary. So if you've got an in-mart satellite, for example, stationary satellite above the Indian Ocean, then it just stays there. You think it's stationary, it's not. It's orbiting the same speed as the Earth's orbiting, so it's apparently stationary from the one point on the Earth. To achieve that orbit, it's got to be a long way away, to 3,000 kilometres. It's got to be a high-power satellite and if we compare that with the orbit satellites, which maybe 500 kilometres above, they are much smaller but because they're so close to the Earth, their orbit is around in about an hour. Instead of being in one spot around the Earth, to give a comparison in terms of size and cost, this equatorial orbit satellite is the size of a bus, like a double-decker bus, and they cost $5 billion. It has a huge launch vehicle but they last for many, many years, maybe 10 years. They'll be a service life. If you go down to these little small ones, the traditional low-Earth orbits that we're used to meet with, which is they're about the size of the rubbish bin, and they may be cost $5 million each, but there are many of them. These are like orbiting cell phone towers, whereas this is a single thing. The usage of these types, the discussion of the orbits and so on, has an effect on how we're going to use it for telemetry, so let's move on with that. If you have a low-Earth orbit system, this is the business model or the technical model for Iridium. If you can see that a user in one country sends a signal up to the satellite, which is only 500 kilometres above the Earth, don't forget, then you can see a base stage. If it's going to connect, the message can go across several satellites and come down in one ground station. Because the Iridium system has carried US military traffic in the past, they will not allow it to be used, however, any other ground stations other than one in Arizona. So it's very secure, but it cannot have what we call IP traffic. You've got to have message-based traffic, because it takes a few seconds for it to go around and go down to the ground station. Another consideration when we're talking of satellite technology is the ground, what the ground conditions are when you're using these. This is a pretty simple slide. These users on the ground here can see these Earth orbit satellites passing by, and they also have a direct line of sight to this equatorial satellite. I said they perform the same in that situation. However, if you're in a very hilly place, you may be down in the valley, but your view towards the equatorial satellite may be shaded. So if that was where the equatorial satellite was, and you're down here, you've got a problem. You won't be able to see it. So if you're using an equatorial satellite, you've got to understand the ground topology to determine whether it's going to work or not. And also, we all measure streams and rivers, and streams and rivers run at the bottom of the valley. So it's an important consideration to be aware that you could get stumped if you use a Leo. You'd have to do a site survey to figure out where the satellite is in the sky, and there are plenty of online tools to do that, but it's something that needs to be checked, and you could get caught. Whereas these Leo satellites just pass across every hour, and you're bound to try and sooner or later. This is a brief summary of all the micro-satellites planned and launched. It's a slide that comes up every year. You look on the internet, but look how many there are. So many of them. And which ones are going to survive? We see a lot of them training invest or funds, saying they've got a better idea, be able to make their satellites cheaper. But there are so many in the market, we suspect not many will succeed. So which one do you choose? Pretty tough call. We've got a few views on that, but at the moment, it's very busy down there in terms of these people. Best look at the data capacity and costs for these different technologies. Firstly, the IAP traffic is a tiny amount of data when compared with running video out of your cell phone. It costs a really, really cheap when they're getting cheaper, and one of the five dollars a month, perhaps. And you get many kilobytes of capacity. So it's very cheap and it'll carry more capacity than you need. And it's forecast to become cheaper. Another thing to consider is as narrow band LTE rolls out, the cell tower range increases. It's a pretty simple communication principle. You narrow the band with your double the range or halve the band with your double the range. Not exactly that, but close. So we'll find tell us for the life offering to have cell phone coverage. Double what the cell tower has now, if you use its symmetry and you have this very narrow band service, it's a caution that in country areas, okay, there's never going to deploy a cell tower where there's only a few customers. So if there's not many customers and expect them to put a cell tower in, let's talk about satellite getting up to the end costs. You need to do a data budget if you're going to do satellite. Let's go through these again. The in-mart set, shared again, very good, robust, full-life service, but less convenient because it's got a little baby suboxone antenna. You've got to point the thing. Now, sure you can do it, but you have to take care of the pointing and make sure you point in the right direction. It does need more power and you probably need a solar panel power and it's medium cost, right, which may be how much you've got. The ones we are using are around maybe $40 a month typically, but it's the strongest and most robust system, but you've got to point the antenna and you've got to decide whether that's important or not. We then have the next one down on the list, which is a radium. It's a Leo. It has the short burst data service. It's robust, convenient small antenna. The antenna is like the size of a half a size of an iPhone and it's always on. It's low cost if the data is low. It's really $20 a month. Then we have the emerging Leo microsatellites. There's as soon to be a robust service with all your data, and any small message size, but they'll grow and figure they'll be $5 a month, maybe even less. This will be coming online soon. They haven't, our view is they're not robust enough, but we'll keep an eye on them. They will be very, very soon. If we call that message-based satellite capacity, and these are some of the, we've also got showing some of the new microsatellites here. If I remind you about the radium, grid link margins, and 40 byte messages, very convenient and robust. The next one down from that is swarm space. The trials and early commercial service, try to bite data messages, pretty good. At the moment, they've got three satellite paths a day, break convenient antenna. It's a startup business case with good investors. In fact, there's substantially good investors because SpaceX have purchased them in recent months, and that means that they have got huge amounts of money to continue to develop that system, but more importantly, because SpaceX owns them and SpaceX controls the launch vehicles, then they'll be able to launch many satellites at a significantly lower cost to any or the other people. So our money is on swarm. We think swarm is going to be the place to be. We've also got others like Hyber and trials, 144 bytes. And of course, in Australia, we've got myriota. They're pretty good. I've got a commercial service. And that's too small. 20 bytes of data, to get a few messages today, but in our view, there's just not enough capacity to do anything serious with myriota and good people, but we just don't think it's big enough. Now, we've talked about the options available from Unidata. Here's a pretty simple slide. It's a bit folly. I'm sorry, but it says that Unidata has a range of loggers from big ones to medium size to small ones to tiny ones. And all of those in general terms can be connected with any of these kind activities. So we generally have a module that plugs into these, and it does most of all of those. The big ones, obviously, do all of them. The smaller ones do most of them. So we have a principle of having a logger, the communication system to get back across the network. And there are the options. And here you can see that's our Lora module. That's the Iridian module. It's the Microsoft module. And that's the cellular module. They're all about the same physical size. And of course, different things which we talked about. In terms of Unidata system, we talked before that we have a network server and application server. And that's what we call our neon system. And neon system's been around for about 15 years. And it is significant. We have some neon servers which have an excessive 5,000 connected units. That's a big number. And they're all working away well. So it's a subsets. It's scalable. It's a good size. The neon system architecture. Here we have instruments going through a neon logger to a cell tower or to a satellite. And then through the internet and onto the neon server. So there we have pretty important slides. We talk of telemetry. This is our logger architecture. We have process signals on this side, the sensors. We're going to the logger. And we have a program running inside this logger to read the sensors. There could be different types of sensors. We could have a different program for different sensors. And it quietly logs away this data. And it has had that process runs all the time. There's an independent process called the communicator. And you set communicators to send the data to the server on a schedule. If we were doing groundwater monitoring, for example, we would want to send the data once a day. So this would be logging away. And then once the day would wake up, establish a communications path, send the data, close it. This process is independent of this process. This can't get onto the server for some reason. The logger continues working and just backs up the data until the communications part becomes available. So you don't lose data. The memory in this is such that you can back up data for some years in the event that the communications system is not available. And that's a big deal. One of our customers is the Royal Irrigation Department in Thailand. They have many of these systems and had a situation where the government changed all of the IP communication addresses. And they lost their IP number. And suddenly everything stopped working. And that's a big problem. And it worked hard to reestablish their IP number through the government internet arrangements. And they were concerned that they were missing their comms for three weeks. When they reestablished the comms, all of these loggers in the field continued their seeking the communications channel. And then suddenly it found the communication and it backfiled all the data. So having a logger in the field that is independent with the logging and the communications functions is a big deal in our view. It means that you can survive a lack or loss of the communication system for a period. And communication systems do go down, servers do go down. So it's always good to have a backup in the field in the logger. Just a few screens of the neon system. We have a demo on our website. You can have a website have a look. But just in a handful of snapshots, the login screen, we have referencing the build maps. We have a list of sensor names, various things on the side here. You can see down here we have a list of folders or list of loggers. Here we also, in the logger tab, we have what we call over-the-air management or configuration. And if you look here, if we want to reprogram one of the loggers in the field, we can then simply upload a new program. And the next time the logger communicates and delivers its data, the neon service is, oh, I've got a new program for you. And it downloads a new program. We can also do resets. We can do reef firmware. We can do all sorts of things over-the-air. And that's it. The air is a productivity boost. We can't do absolutely everything over the air, but to be able to avoid a site visit is a big deal. If you're saving a lot of money, if you avoid a site visit and in COVID times, we obviously can't decide visits. So whatever you can do from the local office on the web browser is very important. And now we have graphics. This is the application server part of it, where you can graph things and display things. And then you have different ways to present the data and different ways to report the data out. This is another important aspect. While this is a IoT network server and application server, most people, for this, this is not the end game. The end game is often another end system. Some of the corporates would have like a historian that they want to keep all the data in. Some have a choice of a different analysis package. And with the neon system, you can choose to report that throughout by a range of services. The old fashioned way was email or FTP. Now it's web services. This is not the end game. The end game is some downstream analysis system. Another thing during the end here, another thing is about power. A power button is needed for remote systems. This is an example. If you have two lithium batteries in a main unit, a very small logout, which is five to five years. If you add an extra lithium battery, it's good for five to 10 years. That's a build. You don't have to have a solar panel. This would work well in a groundwater situation. It would work well if you were having a limited number of data points. The battery life obviously depends on the volume of the communication schedule. This is where people would like to be able to have a system which lasts five up to 10 years, which exceeds the life of the technology and not having to do an inconvenient solar panel. Some, if you're trying to measure every 15 minutes or five minutes, this is not strong enough. But if you're reading the date, you can do that. You've got to remember power is very important. If you have a solar panel on site, sure, most of our systems have solar panels, but if there's more obvious and less, more likely to be a panel artist. Now we're coming to the question to the end. I wonder whether you've thought about these questions. How much the internet capacity is carried by satellite? How much is carried by other systems? The answer is more than 95% is fiber optic submarine cables or other cables. Everyone says, oh, satellite has half the capacity. No, it's not. And it's not because it is fiber. Fiber has, as we're doing, and we've thought about fiber optic submarine cables. And that writes a tiny amount of user capacity. But in our industry, satellites are very important because they have reach and we don't need a lot of time or something like that. The next question was when the first satellite we had broadcast in Australia. Well, it was 1966 and it was from Canaveron, Western Australia. You can look on the internet. You can see the first broadcast from London to Canaveron. 1966, not that long ago, really, but that's the first video broadcast ever. The other answers is how many submarine cables were landed. This is a bit of a technical history. In 1900, there was a single wire telegraph that sent Morse code telegraphs in Darwin. Certainly no voice. And it went through outer screens. So we had very little communications in those years. In the 1960s, we had our first submarine cable. We had little valves in it, like the old radio. And it was a Commonwealth country cable. So it was called Compact. It had 100 voice channels. We'll measure it in there. And I tried to put an approximate number of megabits. Maybe it was half a megabit. It was in 1960s. In 1970s, there was a cable across from Australia, New Zealand, Canada. It had 500 voice channels. That was about two megabits. 500 was five times more of this one. It was fantastic. But then fibre came. And in 1990, around the Pacific, it had tens of thousands of voice channels. Now this is approximately a thousand megabits or gigabit. But in 2020, the new cable was put in Indigo. And that has millions of voice channels. And in terms of scale, it has like 26 million megabits or 20 terabits. So you can see the capacity has dramatically gone up. And that's all because of fibre. We're talking of telemetry. It's all very interesting, but not really relevant to telemetry business because we're a long way away from such cables. It's a bit of interesting history. So I think I'm done with that. I thank you for listening. I think Richard has some comments about it. Let's hear what he's got to say. I'll stop sharing my screen now. And Richard, over to you for the final comments. Thanks very much, Matt. That was excellent. I've got a slight problem with my technology. I can do the share screen if you wish. That might be better. Thanks, Matt. Here we go. We have enough takeaways. Tell me when to change the screen. About now, thanks, Matt. Okay. So we've learned a lot from Matt today. Okay. I suppose from a commercial point of view, and certainly what Hydrotera focuses on is when we're designing monitoring systems with our clients, we always look at the cost benefit. I'm often surprised at how long it's taken industry to really embrace telemetry. It's certainly increased over the period of COVID, where it was difficult for people to get out and do manual measurements. But certainly with those downward pressures of lower telemetry costs and more sophisticated ways of displaying data in an automated reporting way, there's a lot of value with moving to automated systems driven by telemetry. A lot of the time we get excited about such things as these new satellite networks and that sort of thing. But my advice to you is that there are people out there like Unidata who need to appraise those as part of their combined service, and Hydrotera needs to do the same thing. So it's often best to go through well-established players rather than saving a few dollars on some telco costs, because in the end it's a much more reliable service, and it's well-supported. Matt was pointing out the strengths of cellular phone networks, for the mobile phone network I'll do that. Okay, no problem. Okay, I'll wait for you. Thank you. Versus other platforms such as Laura Wann. I tend to agree, we have all sorts of networks that we've deployed at Hydrotera. If you've got close proximity to the sites that you're working on and you have technical instrumentation technicians and electronic engineers, then no, it's easy to embrace Laura Wann. However, if there's any distance or substantial distance to go to site, then you are much better off with your cellular networks simply because someone else is being paid to maintain that telemetry network. Okay, so never forget that Laura Wann network is a telemetry network and your big mobile phone companies such as Telstra have very large workforces to maintain their telemetry networks and they have the efficiencies of scale, so it makes a lot of sense to do that. Next slide, thanks Matt. So in terms of satellite telemetry, even no satellite costs are coming down a lot. If you have cellular phone coverage, use it. If you don't, embrace satellite. The great thing about satellite is typically you can deploy anywhere. Okay, so you heard about making sure it's configured to the right type of satellite from that. Some of those topographic features can get in the way of geostationary satellites, but these micro satellites that are emerging will be very strong in a couple of years. But what I've found over the years is satellite is great in remote locations. We typically do blended systems. If we have cellular coverage, we'll use that, but often I can think of some big networks we've got up in Queensland where it's about 20% on satellite and the remainder on cellular and that works well. That system's actually underpinned by unidata. Matt's recommending that we use an experienced telemetry vendor. I couldn't agree more. You really just don't need the headaches and they're all getting much, much cheaper. The competitive forces that are coming to play with respect to telemetry are driving all the operator's prices down. You saw an example of how low Telstra's gone. $2 a month for a SIM is extraordinary. Satellite numbers are coming down too. I sometimes worry that there's not going to be enough money for the various telcos to actually maintain their networks, but I guess the volume's going up. Hopefully, that all works out. Next slide, thanks Matt. So now over to the questions and thanks very much for those questions you've sent through. We will get on and start reading those. Matt's order speaking. I just can see four questions. One is from Giuseppe and he's asking, is it possible to have a copy of the ReVideo? Yes, it is on the HydroCarrot website. Also, Giuseppe has also asked a lot of questions about relating to the marketplace regarding skilled people working in managing remote technology. There are two skills involved in this telemetry IoT business. One is the computer and software skills of someone dealing with the application server. It offers people, essentially, or working from home people. The people who are in the field are generally electronics technicians or electronics engineers. There's no particular skill shortage in that area. They're just normal qualified technicians or engineers who can do that work. Matt, we just have one more question. It's from an anonymous attendee. How accurate have you found the Telstra NB IoT dash cat M1 coverage maps to be? I'm sorry, could you just repeat that question, please? Yes, it is. How accurate have you found the Telstra NB IoT cat M1 coverage maps to be? I'm not 100% sure of your question. I'm not 100% sure of the question. However, if you're asking about Telstra and the IoT cell phone range, there are two classes of service from Telstra. One is a normal cell phone type service, which allows you to stream video to your iPhone and the like. That's not the type of service we need for telemetry. What we need for telemetry is the lower rate service and typically down to 64 kilobits. That is the service that we need. There are various levels of that service. It's a little bit complicated, two or three options for that, but essentially it's a low bandwidth service. The low bandwidth service is also at a low $1 or $2 a month cost from Telstra. That's the one you should use. Also, if you're using a low bandwidth services from Telstra, bear in mind that because it is a lower bandwidth service, the range from the cell tower is increased. There is a rule of thumb that says it doubles the range of the cell tower. It doesn't quite do that, but it certainly dramatically increases the reach or the range of the signal from that cell tower, which is a big deal for us. I hope that answers your question. Thank you, Matt. Well, thank you everyone for coming to this webinar. Thank you, Matt and Richard, for the great presentation as well. We hope to have you guys join in the next webinar Happy Christmas and Happy New Year. See you. Thank you. Bye-bye.