 So what is regulation then about, if we need it, to ensure there's orderly progress? Well, it's about, and this is for the business administration department, economics and creating an efficient market economy for telecommunication services. It's about creating a market framework and the basis for competition. It's about creating a legal and technical framework for providing services and networks. That's very important and I'll come back to the issue about the legal framework. And finally, it's about developing and implementing the right policies, consultation processes, etc. In other words, it's an interactive process and that's why I welcome the opportunity here today to speak and to get feedback from people. So here's the three elements. We call them the three pillars of regulation, economics, law and engineering. It's very important that none of these dominate and that each of these mesh. There's no such thing as perfect regulation. That's the same way as there's no such thing as a perfect storm. But what you're trying to achieve is a balance of these elements and I hope by the end of my discussion you'll see this. Now, sort out this thing. And in fact, the person, the author of this slide is actually in the room. Do you have? I'm still using this slide. The purpose behind this one is to set out where we sit in the overall picture of things. First of all, we have the state of Qatar. And then we have an organization which is a Supreme Council, ICT Qatar, which is under a board chaired by the Air Apparent. And within ICT Qatar is the regulatory authority with legal powers and that's my bit. A lot of you are familiar with Dr. Hesal Javer, who's our Secretary General, who's the overall head of ICT Qatar. So all of these elements here that we, for example, and these, the four ones I have across here are both examples of what I would say is subject areas within regulation. That's licensing, spectrum, numbering and interconnect. We impose regulation in relation to these on the telecommunications industry, which in its turn provides services and network to customers, to the users of telecommunication services. But we're a listening body. We're not just a one-sided unilateral regulator when it comes to regulation. We get feedback from the industry through consultation and review and likewise from the users of telecommunication services. And we have had our first public consultations, and indeed I may even have had some submissions from this place, from people in the university, and I would greatly welcome going forward, and I will make sure that we inform the university that next time we're holding a consultation, any input from any source, because it's very important that we get the broadest picture possible as a regulator, that we don't go around thinking that we know everything ourselves, as a listening regulator. So what are the objectives of our regulation? We've set out here three main pillars here. The first one is to foster an efficient telecom sector benefiting society. And among the benefits that we're seeking under the first objective here is to develop telecommunications infrastructure, promote innovation in products and services, and that does include R&D, to improve the quality and efficiency of services, and to offer more choice and, more than president, the lower prices to consumers. The second one is to create a showcase for successful sector reform within the state of Qatar. It's important. This is a showpiece because telecommunications is the kind of thing that attracts international attention. And among the things we're looking for here is to attract investment and efficient management practices to show commitment to open fair and competitive markets. It's very important again in order to attract investment to do that and to align with international practices, and not only international practices, but international best practices. And the final one then is to create a sustainable business environment within the sector. That is to manage the impact of liberalisation in all parties and to ensure a competitive but sustainable marketplace. I'll come back to this thing about sustainability. It's quite important because we may have taken some slightly different policy directions, for example, to Bahrain. And I might do a compare and contrast later on in relation to that. You'll see where I'm getting at with this sustainable environment. Okay, I referred there to law being a pillar, and I picked up some nice brochures over there for the College of Law here. The daughter is a lawyer, she's qualified and working in Dublin now, but law is fundamental because we have legal powers. So last year the Emir signed a primary law which gave ICT Qatar a range of powers, power tissue licenses, grant spectrum and numbers, regulate dominance. I'll come back to the competition issue later on because that is related to the whole issue of common, and that is quite a common power. For example, to try to view all regulators will have that power and also the power to regulate prices. We'll be adding to that there's currently an almost fully drafted by-law. We're in communication with the DEWAN, with the Cabinet Secretary and the finalisation of that with their lawyers. And there will be further regulations on specific topics, such as spectrum and interconnect. You'll be seeing those as the process rolls on. So in other words, you've got the basic law which gives us the basic powers, and we'll be adding to that. Now I've referred to licensing a few times and everybody talks about licenses. At the moment the process we have for the mobile is we're not selling a company, we're actually selling a license. And licensing is the cornerstone of regulation. Now in some markets, for example, within Europe they've gone past licensing because they've totally liberalised the markets and people can just set up business without just an authorization or self-declare themselves. But I think we have to go through various stages before we can reach that. Basically a license is a permission to provide services and network. There's no more and no less than that. Licenses are quite long documents though. They're not like simple licenses, like a driving license which is a single page document. Some of the licenses we've issued, if you look at them on our website, can be up to 60 pages long because they set out the obligations on the service and the network they have annexures about quality of service and about areas of operation, etc. The same provisions are set out for all suppliers but there might be additional obligations and dominant operators. This one's quite important that the licenses are symmetrical. In other words, if we're going to create an app that everybody's operating under the same type of license, but you might have different circumstances for different operators, particularly in the context of dominance. I mentioned about competition powers. Am I correct in saying the Arabic word for competition is if I mispronounce it, mu nafisa? Manafisa. Now manafisa in competition law means a competitive environment. That's what we're talking about. It's a competition in which there's a winner. It's a competition in which you try to achieve a level of balance. That's what we're aiming at. We're aiming to provide the basis for a competitive market for all parties. There is this common dominance and designation and dominance designation. The reason why you have this is that it is generally accepted that some parties have so much market power that the normal rules of competition can't apply and that you have to have extra rules. And therefore, for example, a dominant operator might have, let's say, conditions in relation to access to its network, because it owns the 80% or 100% of its network. We have published proposals in relation to dominance, and QTEL have come into them, and we had some other comments from some other parties, and we'll be finalizing this fairly shortly. It's not something for operators to be afraid of. It's common again. It's right throughout Europe. It's a common thing. And normally when you declare dominance, you're declaring them to be dominant in a particular market. So that over time, for example, as the markets develop, QTEL might be dominant in some markets, but not in others as competition takes hold. This again is a common feature. So there are obligations and dominant operators, such as the ones I've mentioned already about access to QTEL, and for example, retail and wholesale pricing measures. I'll come onto the next area of interconnect later, but basically within the telecoms industry, there's a lot of buying off each other. There's a lot of wholesaling. For example, an operator too might want to buy certain services or certain access off QTEL, and if QTEL is dominant, then it can control the prices, so that's the real reason for this. There's also powers to prevent abuse, such as fixing of prices and discrimination against other parties. I won't dwell on those. We're hoping these won't even happen here, but we have the powers to deal with them. Finally, there is merger control. That is, if two entities wanted to form one entity, in other words, if two companies wanted to come together, then within the telecommunications area, then ICT would have to approve it. We would look at that in the context of whether or not there would be NSLC, a significant blessing of competition, that is the normal rule Now we're on to Professor Amazin's favourite subject, Spectrum.