 Yeah, I'm hoping everybody sees what I see. Thank you very much, Helen. And especially for the comprehensive introduction, I guess you read my entire bio. I'll do my best to keep to time here, and I'll start by just acknowledging, I live and work for the last seven and a half years in the Adelaide Plains, and that means I live and work on Ghana country. And as is custom and tradition here in Australia, we acknowledge country of the traditional owners. I'll also be talking about a region up in the Northwest, Pilbara of Western Australia called Murajuga. And so we acknowledge the traditional owners and their elders and respect their relationship with country. I'm gonna give an overview on the Deep History of Sea Country project. It is a three year project formally. We're probably in the fifth year now, I suppose. And if you want to know more about it, the website, deephistoryofseacountry.com has kind of our longstanding blog. It's a complex project with quite a few institutions and quite a few people. I won't go through it in great detail here, as we're a bit pressed on time already. But just to say that there are a lot of moving parts, a lot of wonderful people and a lot of wonderful students in early career people, especially research students. And we've been trying very hard to make sure that our students are publishing and active in co-publishing with us as well as leaving publications themselves. So Helen gave a great introduction actually to Greater Sahul, the landmass that makes up now, what is Australia and New Guinea. And essentially this gives the backdrop of the type of field archeology that the Deep History of Sea Country undertook from 2017 until recently. Certainly it's not to say that we were the first to do submerged landscape archeology in Australia. Obviously in Nick Fleming and Pat Masters, 1983 volume, Nick wrote about their work here in at the Cudamon River Shoals. Also others like Norman Tyndale were mentioning several decades ago, the potential. And we've had people such as Dave Nutley who works in consulting archeology here in Australia who's been working in submerged archeology and underwater cultural heritage. Wrote a really wonderful master's thesis a few years back now on submerged archeology. Peter Veth and Charlie Dorch have both written on the potential for submerged archeology in the Dampere Archipelago and in the Pilgrim region as well as others. And Charlie Dorch's son Joe Dorch along with my fellow colleague in CI, Joe McDonald, actually published an intertidal site from the Dampere Archipelago in the Journal of Island and Coastal Archeology just in these past few years. So the study area that we're gonna be talking about today is Mojuga or the Dampere Archipelago in Western Australia. Mojuga is home to the traditional owners that make up the Mojuga Aboriginal Corporation. And our project was very much designed to test a suite of prospective methods and evaluate land and seascape for the potential to identify submerged archeology on the continental shell. This is a bit closer up in terms of what the island group looks like. And these are some of the areas which we eventually highlighted through our iterative process. And I've heard that term now used a few times in submerged landscape archeology and in this particular conference. And ours was very much an iterative process of figuring out where the sites would have been originally before inundation, where the sites would be best preserved and where archeologists could pick up an archeological signature, an anthropogenic deposit on the seabed. I won't go into the geology. I'm not a geologist, I'm a field archeologist primarily. But the landscape looks a bit like this. And this is from Cape Brigier. This is an east-facing shot from the drone, which we flew all around the archipelago. And you can see some of the different geological units and the type of landscape that we're working in here in Moorjugo. It's an incredibly tidal area. So we have in some cases four meters of tide. Any diver who's tuning in here knows that that can be quite challenging for diving operations or snorkeling operations. You can get pulled through these little channels very easily. And it also has an impact on site location, site preservation and so forth. So it's just a function of being aware of what we're working with in this tropical environment. The types of archeology that you get in this area, this is a crystalline rock called granifier. It breaks in a fairly reliable way. It's not as nice as splint or chert, but it can produce a good cutting edge. And again, it can be fairly predictable. There's tons of rock art up in Moorjugo. And my colleague, Joe McDonald from UWA is the rock art specialist from that area. There are literally millions of individual pieces of rock art in that landscape. And it is a highly significant archeological landscape that has been occupied for at least 28,000 years. The oldest Pleistocene site in that archipelago is from Moorjugo rock shelter for the date of 28,000 BP. We also get these anthropogenic signatures in stone arrangements or site furniture, if you will, in some cases. We don't know what these stone circles are in particular here, but we have these types of sites. So we started out through the iterative process by just mapping the seabed in any way that we could. It was a project funded by the Australian Research Council to the tune of just under $600,000 Australian dollars. So that's about 300,000 Great British Pounds. So it gives you a bit of an idea of the type of money that we had. It's not insignificant, but also not the kind of money that you can use to go out and hire large scale marine survey vessels for days or for weeks on in. But we were fortunate enough to be working with some wonderful people here at Flinders University and the Airborne Research Australia group who flew the small survey plane with both a red and a green lidar. So if anyone's ever done any airborne topobathematric or airborne based lidar, they know that this is highly technical. There are good days and bad days like any remote sensing techniques. But we were very fortunate that we had a good outcome with Yorg and Shakti who flew in that tiny little plane all around the archipelago and over the span of, I think it was 10 days and two trips of flying. They collected several hundred line kilometers of both red topographic and green bathymetric lidar. And this is kind of what you're looking at. Here's an image of Rosemary Island where the red is terrestrial. The lighter peach colors and the yellows are intertidal. Some of the coral deposits you can see there and actually, and the blue is bathymetric. We got down to about 10 or 11 meters really cleanly and you can see some of the sand waves and some of the identifiable features and kind of the lighter colors there. Those are fully submerged. Here is a nice, what we affectionately called the causeway between Endobea Island and Goodwood Island. Obviously to totally distinct islands but when you pick it up in the bathymetric lidar you see that they were very well connected and actually had a nice sheltered bay. So this was one of our dive sites when we started eventually diving because we thought this would be a highly prospective place that would have been sheltered during one of the post-LGM inundation phases. In addition to the bathymetric lidar we went out with our graduate students and there's Professor Jeff Bailey in the corner there. That's Dr. Paul Bagley of Wessex Archaeology who is a wonderful colleague of ours and also an adjunct lecturer in maritime archaeology here at Flinders. So Paul comes out under normal years and normal circumstances every year and does a bit of teaching and a bit of research with us. Here we are with an edgetec high resolution compact side scan edgetec 4125 and we effectively went out and mapped some of the areas on the seabed that we thought would be useful to see if there were any targets for further investigation through diver based means. And here's a couple of examples. Here's that cause way on the nautical chart and what it looked like on the side scan. In the corner there, that's Dr. Mick O'Leary from UWA and Mick was the principal geomorphologist and geologist on this project. I have to say Mick and I spent a lot of time in the field and we got to know each other pretty well and I don't think I ever want to do a project on submerged landscapes without an in-house geomorphologist because Mick was such a fantastic asset to the team and very much the co-director of the project and the field work. And here we are at Rolly Rock which is just a rocky reef out in the outer islands looking to see if there were any types of sites that potential sites where we might find quarrying or lithic deposits or potentially even rock art basically put the drop cam down to see where there was sand, where there was stone and so forth. So we had an idea of again where we could narrow down through the iterative process targets. We also took the opportunity while we were out there to do intertidal surveys around the island, around the archipelago I should say. And here is one of the first quarry sites that we found in the intertidal zone in 2018 and this was just while Mick and I were out there, we thought we saw something interesting from the boat we pulled up and just had a little walk around, recorded everything with a GPS and a tape that we happened to have available to us but you can see at the bottom very clearly there these are quarried stones and this is that granifier material. Interestingly, it's red because of the desert winds and the dust when it's completely dry but the same rock is actually this color gray in the intertidal zone where it's washed repeatedly so you get the same type of stone but it's just a different color based on where it is on the landscape. So this is very clearly a quarry site. We don't know the age of these intertidal sites because of course they could be quarried at low tide in the last 50 years really but there's also good likelihood that they're much older so to be determined. And here we are later. We came back in the following year in 2019 to actually look more carefully at that intertidal quarry and there we are with Dr. Maddie Fowler in the corner who's a postdoc of Helens up at Southampton these days and on the right you can see one of these stone tools very clear platform, very clear fracturing and scarring of bubble percussion and so forth. So you can see the number of intertidal lithics that we recorded there. Again, we don't know the age of this. This is very much within the intertidal zone and it does dry out entirely at the low tide. We got in. I am an underwater archeologist or I'm an archeologist who does employee diving and snorkeling techniques in my field work. Here we are with the drone and with some of our students and some of our colleagues doing a bit of snorkeling in the channel there. We actually went and looked at some of the rock shelters that were intertidal to see if we could find any archeology in the rock shelters themselves but this rock shelter on Goodwin Island was quite scoured. We did get a sea level index point though out of those oysters which was quite useful in the end to confirm the regional models were actually accurate. So here we are sending our students, our happy students into these rock shelters safety first. So always wear a helmet when entering a rock shelter via snorkeling. We did do some diving around the archipelago which didn't turn up any archeology and I think anyone who's actually gone looking for site scale underwater archeology on submerged landscapes will tell you that we're looking for the haystacks. I think Jeff Bailey has said this in a recent interview, not just the needle but we're looking for the haystacks and we did do a bit of diving in the third year before we actually found a site but this was the first site here at Cape Brigier that produced confirmed subtitle archeology and what we have here is a beach rock terrace and in between Cape Brigier or your Brigier Island and North Gidley Island we have a channel that is just below the mean low watermark and it never dries out. So we took some sea level measurement points while we were there as well and this is what the Cape Brigier channel site looks like at high tide and we targeted this area in part because we thought it would be highly perspective and good for preservation. Obviously preservation conditions are really critical at the site scale. The divers who were sent down initially were John McCarthy and Chelsea Wiseman, two PhD candidates at the time of Flinders University and there they are actually doing the initial diving on in Cape Brigier channel and John actually recorded, found and recorded the very first subtitle archeology on the seabed there at Cape Brigier channel and so if you look at the top left, the material is all covered in a fine sediment that is basically the same color as the seabed. So as an underwater archeologist, you're looking for shapes, you're looking for something that stands out and so once you see something that is slightly different or you get your eye in so to speak, you dust it off, you clean it off and see what it is. Is it a piece of coral? Is it stone? Can it potentially be a work stone tool? And this is what we were training our students with this technique as we were going and we did actually end up, the first year of the project, we did actually take a group of PhD and MA students over to Denmark to work with the Mosgar Museum and our wonderful colleagues, Mads Holst and Peter Mo Astra as well as the late Klaus Schriever who helped us to train our early career and PhD and MA students in underwater working and identification of materials. So that was of a huge value to us and we very much learned from the splash cost community. And because of that and in part because of that, we were able to identify submerged sites here during the DHSC project. So there you see a stone tool. This is a scraper, very clear marking, very clear retouch along that edge there. This is artifact A10 from the channel and you can see it's photographed next to a marine organism that lives below the intertidal zone. So that is very clearly in an area that never dries out and that was something that we were interested in because if it's in the intertidal zone, we don't know how old it is. If it's below the intertidal zone, then that gives us a pretty good indication that we have a limiting date at least when we have sea level stabilization in that area. So we actually recorded almost 300 artifacts, mostly in the subtitle part of Cape Grigio Channel. A few in the intertidal zone as well, which does dry out because we have those four meter title swings. And here you can see a few examples of the different artifacts from the subtitle area. We have scrapers, knives, a few different core tools, possibly a core axe, Ken Mulvaney said that he looked at A23 and said, that's an axe. I don't have enough familiarity or expertise in Aboriginal stone tool technology, but certainly we could tell there are, you know, multi-platform cores here. There are what I would have called sort of a palm scrape or perhaps a knife if that is a term that would be accepted, but there are better terms used by lithic specialists, I'm sure. A40 is a really interesting one because it's very clearly a muller or grindstone used probably for processing seeds as food. So we have all kinds of different tools used for all kinds of different purposes, cutting, scraping, chopping and seed grinding here in the subtitle. And here they are done in kind of a neat 3D modeling technique that John did for us just for illustrative purposes, but you can really get an idea very clearly that these are absolutely 100% artifacts. They're covered in marine growth. They're mostly sitting under the low watermark and in a context that never dries out. So that was quite exciting, of course, for the team when we identified this site. I was, as an archeologist, not really sure how all of this material got there and what the different possibilities were for deposition. And of course, we knew we would be scrutinized by the community. So Mick O'Leary, our geomorphologist, and I sat down and started asking all of the questions. Are these in situ? Are these redeposited? Is this a lag deposit? And we went through all the various hypotheses and I won't read through it all, but essentially we don't have size sorting in a way that would indicate a redeposition. We have even distribution over a large area, varying depths with no real patterning consistent of the action of tidal currents or waves. We don't have rolling. So if you see A20, A23, A29, A11, they all have sharp edges, whereas the Goodwin cave artifact that we found, well, we're calling it an artifact here, I suppose, but it's really only a potential artifact. Those types of artifacts in these highly rolled environments look like GC1. So probably moving around quite a lot, whereas the artifacts that we found haven't really moved around much at all. There's no damage consistent with fluvial transport or any kind of rolling in the waves. They're also quite large compared to what we're seeing locally on land. There's a larger size, which typically in the Pilbara region, we get larger equals older. That's kind of the established typology, although there's no real typological, perfect typological way of identifying age with artifacts here. But one of the honor students at UWA, Patrick Morrison, ran a depth versus artifact size and found no significant correlation in the artifact size and depth for the underwater material, but the underwater material seemed to be quite a bit chunkier broadly than the stuff that was on shore. I asked Mick, what about lag deposits? Could this stuff have just kind of eroded in, the alachvenous nature of submerged sites? And he really didn't think that was the case and we went through all of the different geomorphic evidence and processes. So we eventually got to the point where we decided that these have to be the simplest solution here is that these are probably in situ and how can we identify the ages? I see Helen, which means I only have a few minutes. So I'm going to have to whip through the next few slides in a short period of time. We went about trying to identify the age of the seabed first so we could get a limiting day and we found that the seabed on which these were sitting, these artifacts was quite old. It gave us a kind of a weird set of dates though Pleistocene dates. So why would there be a Pleistocene date of 30 to 40,000 years when we know that the seabed was not there 30 to 40,000 years ago? It was several tens or even hundreds of kilometers offshore. So we interpreted this as being a Pleistocene seabed that was probably deposited at MIS-5E, the last time there was seabed there. We also went around the area to determine whether or not we thought that these artifacts could have been impacted by cyclone. And we were, I suppose the word would be fortunate enough that between the two visits to this site in 2018 and 2019, we actually recorded pre and post cyclone impacts on the marine terrace there and we found that there was actually very little movement in the material on shore just in the top of the intertidal zone by what was a category for cyclone. So we didn't think that it was too impacted by the cyclones and we didn't see any evidence on the archeology itself. And I'll be quick here, Helen. I'll go through quite quickly. The second site that I'll report really is just a fine spot. Mick was very keen that we dive these wonky holes or submerged, what turns out to be submerged freshwater springs underwater at about 15 meters. And here they are in some multi-beam and side scan data that the multi-beam was collected for us by industry, the side scan data we collected ourselves. And there's Chelsea diving on this wonky hole or this feature. There is my MA student, Jeremy, who eventually found one really nice retouched blade. And so we're calling this a site that would have been inundated about eight and a half thousand years ago. So whereas we think that the site at Cape Regers was inundated at about 7,000 years ago, the Regers site must be at least 7,000. We don't have a better age for that. We don't have a better age for the flying home passage site than eight and a half thousand. These are both limiting dates. But they were still very, very happy in Moorjuga. We worked with traditional owners. We liaised with and collaborated with the traditional owners every step of the way. And we were very much in touch with them every single time we went out into the field. And they were absolutely delighted, which if Helen says that the community approach is the necessary approach and is the right approach, we completely agree with that. And we were working hand in hand with the Moorjuga Aboriginal Corporation who were absolutely thrilled to be able to announce artifacts that date back to over or at least eight and a half thousand years on the seabed. It hit the news, and some of you may have seen some of this, that it was in a few different papers around the world, but we estimate about 5 million people would have seen this. And it's also had an impact on what people are going to consider now here in terms of offshore development and what they're calling what Reuters called the new Indigenous Underwater Cultural Heritage Test. This is, I think, my last slide, Helen. So what do we need here in Australia? Well, we're establishing a sub-discipline within a sub-discipline, essentially. We have to understand the opportunities and limitations and accept that this is a long-term process. And I like that Jeff said earlier, this is about a 55-year plan. Public policies need to be reviewed. Jeff was right. There are policy mechanisms and legislation that do protect underwater cultural heritage of Indigenous sites, especially state and territorial level policies, but the National Commonwealth Law here for underwater cultural heritage protection does favor shipwrecks as opposed to all sites, which would be consistent with the UNESCO Convention. So we do have some work to do there. We need partnerships just like in Europe, universities, communities, industry, government, and of course there is the issue here that you don't so much face in Europe with the impacts of colonialism and traditional ownership. Finally, the communities here need to come out of the silos. Maritime archaeology needs to consider deep time and Indigenous archaeology needs to get in the sea. If you want to read more, deephistoryofseacountry.com has it all. The plus one paper and the Questionary International paper are now out and there's a nice little video there on our YouTube channel. Thank you very much. Thank you very much, Jonathan. It's great to see some actual archaeology after all that seismic and survey data and it's good to see people actually in the water as well. So thank you. We do have a question. So we've got a question from Trevor Faulkner who says he's interested in the spring at minus 14 meters. Is it from a limestone aquifer? Is the inland three-charge point known? Try again. Sorry. Could you hear me there, Helen? No, but I can now. Okay. I think that's it. It is of some sort of a fresh water limestone system there, I think, but I don't know where the inland recharge point would be. No, I don't know the answer to that. I know that what we're looking at now in terms of these submerged freshwater springs, they're all around Australia. And in fact, if you Google wonky holes and fishing sites, you'll see some really interesting sport fishing going on in places all around the north of Australia. Queenslanders like to go and fish there because there's good fishing due to the increased, I guess ecological aspects of having fresh water interact with marine water. So this is something we can actually do by doing what the Danes did in the 1970s and 80s, go and speak to fishers and ask them where their fishing spots are and maybe go run some multi-beam, some side scan and then dive those sites and see if there's more archaeology in them. We certainly know that there are more wonky holes in flying foam passage that we haven't yet dived. So hopefully we'll get some renewed funding from the Australian Research Council or other mechanisms to go out and actually explore some of these other targets that we haven't gotten to yet. Of course, that last site was found as all archaeologists will tell you on the last dive of the last day, which is why we only have one really nice artifact from that second site, but that is just Murphy's law, I suppose. So much potential there and it's brilliant to see it as well. And the coverage as well was brilliant for the discipline of submerged archaeology. I know it's getting late for you and we need to move on as well to Gary Mumba. We just have one little comment from Rachel. She said, please could you give, oh, you've already done it, the website address. So the website address is in the comments. It's just www.deephistoryofseacountry.com. There's also a Twitter handle called at deepseacountry. And if you really can't find it, just Google my name and Flinders and you'll eventually get there or you can send me an email and I'll be happy to share that with Danielle and the society. Thank you, Jonathan. Thanks everyone for listening and for having me. Thank you, Helen.