 Thank you, Catherine, and thank you, Clémence, for your amazing presentations. So we are going to start the Q&A session. I want to start with just a question for Catherine. So as a fellow mathematician, how was your experience as a female mathematician in... Org. It depends. I think it's very different from what is the situation now. So I don't want to discourage you at all with my own experience. Some parts were very good because I was in Orsay, and the team included, for instance, Bernadette Perinryou, and later on Claire Voizin, so very brilliant mathematician. So I couldn't say, you know, I don't have a model, so I couldn't have any excuse, so I had to do something. And that was good, I think. But in other situations and in other settings, it was more difficult. For instance, I remember with Orr, some conferences in Oberwolffa, it's a very famous centre in mathematics, where there were no closed doors for the rooms because all mathematicians being the same, we can leave our doors open. And I will not comment more, but you can imagine what it means. We were four women and 40 men in a closed setting for one week, and I would really have appreciated to have the possibility to close my door at some times. But now you can close the door, so things have changed for the best. Thank you for your answer. Does anyone have a question? Yes? Do you want to make? Oh, I can speak loudly. By July, we will have new faces on the coins of 10, 20 and 50 cents in euro. One of them will be Marie Curie. What do you think about it? The other one is Marie Curie on your pocket. Well, I think that next time I interview kids and teenagers, they will say about, who do you know as a scientist? They will be like, the one on the coin. For now it's the one on the name of the bus. In a way, we need these figures, we need these public figures, because obviously we've got the heads of men everywhere and the names of men in all our cities and public spaces. So we need them. But this was such a consensual choice that, yeah, it's ambivalent. Do you have an answer? It's not an answer, but simply we have, I suppose you know all, a new ambassador for mathematics in France. Eva Gilles. Yes, Eva Gilles, and that's an idea of our prime minister. I will not comment it. She is a student in mathematics, bachelor's student, and she's Miss France. And because she's Miss France, our president thought that it would be inspiring. So I think it's... I was very ambivalent when I heard that and I have nothing against her, but it's true that I wouldn't have been very inspired, I must say, by this, and I wondered how you react to this, even more than Marie Curie perhaps. Yes, so you spoke about the fact that young girls need to hear from relatable women in science, not just hearings, and you also gave us the quote of that engineer in the math camp saying, we are treated equally. The question is, when speaking to young girls about the place in women in mathematics, should we put the emphasis on good experiences like that of that engineer by saying, in my experience in math I have faced no discrimination, or should we... Because you seem to say that the words of this engineer are somehow hurtful, but on the other hand, I'm afraid that if you tell young girls that half of women mathematicians get sexually harassed at work, they are going to come to the conclusion that they are not going to be researchers. Yes, it's a very complicated issue and I really made a choice and picked a side on this one. I think as a sociologist, basically my job is based on the idea that telling people the truth is better and that it will make them and that they will need to really understand the situation they are in or they are going to be in in order to have more power over it. It's the classical idea that if you know something, then at least you have some chance to act upon it. And so I think, yes, it's better to go in knowing what may happen to you, that going blind and then being surprised or being overwhelmed or thinking and that's what we get from studies. If women hear that there are no issues, there is no sexism, no problem with equality, then when they encounter sexism, they don't recognize it and it's not recognized as such by their families, their peers and then it drives them a little bit crazy. High schools and girls we interviewed are really like that. I'm not comfortable. There it is and I don't know why because my parents are nice. Society is pretty much equal and welcoming to women in science and still I feel weird and I must be crazy and they come to the conclusion that they are all individually crazy. But really, it's not the problem. I'm too sensitive. I've got a psychological issue and so observing this of these girls being so lost in the sense of what they feel and this feeling of not understanding coming from the fact that they have no words, no explanation to put on what's happening to her, it really made me... it made stronger my belief that they need to be told, girls, women, men, that everyone needs to be told how bad it is, not to discourage, but to not be in denial Thank you. I have a question from the chat because there are people with us online and people are asking if you have any specific advice for let's say math educators whether it be in high school or in college or at university on how they can make a contribution to tackle this issue. No. Well, I could say something but it will not be appreciated. For instance, stop doing reforms without taking into account what people, specialists in this issue, among other issues are telling because each time we have planned I mean, a lot of people have said there will be a bad... it will be bad and nobody has listened and they have always said no, no, no, it's very good. The association in France Women and Mathematics was created after the fusion of the Ecole Normale Supérieure there was for a while a school for women and a school for men we had the same exam and so on and essentially the same careers but they decided that in the name of equality we will put that together and we said immediately that would be awful for mathematicians but and so on and so on and this last reform that was also the case. So that would be my first answer trying to be heard at a more general level and probably teachers are more numerous and perhaps there are more strength to be heard. Now, concretely at the level of the classroom perhaps it would be nice to have more example of women mathematicians as well as men mathematicians and diverse ones and not taken from the first paragraph of Wikipedia or something of the kind there are a lot of for instance booklets, exhibit and so on speaking about contemporary women in mathematics or in science, in engineering and so on so perhaps try to find and speak about these diverse ways of doing science and not Ipatia Ipatia I wonder if the world of mathematicians is enough attentive to women when it comes to denouncing some people that are misogynists and if we can tell the truth about being incriminated like can we talk actually it's more efficient I think the truth then since I promised it's not enough yet and it's not only in maths I think it's in general we have a particular issue in science and in universities so no the problem is not taken seriously enough and we have many examples indeed of bad behavior sexist aggressive behavior that was called out with almost no consequences but I want to bring a little bit of hope also because I think that it's getting a little bit better on the pointing out and getting on when some things appear and are noticed when some violence is being denounced I think there are a few green flags right now for instance in universities and in math too that prove that it's getting a little bit easier to get hurt and to not have too bad of repercussions on yourself I think getting in a collective is the best way to avoid being swept out or having too much issues if you try to denounce or if you try to protest or if you try to fight back against any kind of aggression obviously there are the feminist groups of women in science femmes et mathématiques or femmes et sciences there are also now more resources in universities every university has an equality reference now they don't necessarily have the time the means and even sometimes the will to do something but at least there is someone to call so hopefully I think it's getting a little bit better and to give one indicator of that when I started and I think Catherine will testify way more to that because I'm sure it was way worse for her but when I started 10 years ago to say this kind of things there were always someone in the room older male mathematician or scientist to raise his hand and say this is bullshit it doesn't happen anymore I think they still think it but they don't say that loud so progress yes I will say the same progress in the weekly and you have now reference also against violence sexual or sexist violence in almost each university sometimes in lab hmm so very concretely on concrete situation I think you can find people to listen to you so that's much better in my time they laughed a bit and say avoid this person, well known person avoid it so now they will probably take it more seriously and I think something which has really changed is the fact that a lot of men colleagues are concerned with this problem and I think Emmanuel and Pierre can testify which was not really the case 30 years ago so I think in this respect things had changed but Pierre the advisor would take them the results of the regularity of the movement as a dressing bed and I think we have to speak more about that of course it's a new past I think it can happen you know it's important you see the dressing bed proved the existence of this person and this advisor published the instance in the name of this dress and the advisor succeeded in writing but nobody was thinking about it Pierre the student the school the existence and it's not the only case it's just prominent but there was a specific issue of a science engineer about that and I asked for the lecture at least 50 women were very good scientists collecting some help so I stand for now that she really participates to the research of Einstein nobody speaks about that no I'm sorry I can't let you say that so this is one of the problem we have that is we have the myths in all directions and I would like Clément said as a sociologist I want the truth and I would say as a mathematician or ex and historian of science or historian of mathematics I want also the truth and I don't want to make heroines instead of heroes myself so I agree completely there are cases you mentioned one in particular in physics and Nobel prize issues where women were stolen robbed of their discovery but there are also questions where issues where women somehow taken as a kind of icon to attack men and I think it's not fair I don't like Einstein at all as a person I can tell you I have absolutely no sympathy for him as a person but it is not true that Mille van Barric did his mathematics it's not simply not true and it has been testified by serious historians of science they ask the right question I think why somebody like Mille van Barric who was a good scientist experimental scientist in his own right stopped doing science because she married Einstein and she clearly stopped doing science and we have letters showing that she was so in front of him that she just stopped doing science and that's I think a much more interesting issues because she was not alone we have other cases in her time of exactly the same situation and so it's also a collective problem interiorized bizarrely which is science should be baked by geniuses only and I have no place if I'm not Einstein so but that's a real issues and I think we have to also tell people you can do a lot of science you can do science without being Einstein you can be Einstein if you wish we have some feminine ones welcome but there are a lot of places a lot of possibilities and I think we have to also defend that but I will not accept that any woman who can read linear algebra it was the case has been stolen of important ideas that's something else sorry but here I am really so I suggest we take one final question and then we continue the discussion around the cocktail so yes it's because of what I see in general graphics and what I see at the faculty I have the impression that there is more equity in experimental sciences and a little less in mathematical sciences and why do you think that why is math more discriminatory than math and computer is a little more discriminatory for example I have the impression that when I look at girls there are more girls in bio the question is why are mathematics in particular more discriminatory than for instance experimental sciences or biology this is a question that has a lot of answers in the book but what answer to that is that the way people pick a subject and participate in science is deeply related to the position they occupy in society they are gender and also their social class and so you have to compare the values and representation that are linked to a subject to the value and representation that are linked to men women and different social classes and then you see that there are some science and bodies of knowledge that are deemed pure abstract a work of the mind only such are mathematics but also philosophy there you find way more men but also way more people from the higher classes then you have sciences and bodies of knowledge that are deemed and I say deemed because they are not in absolute they are pictured and constructed like that but some of them are deemed to be more linked with application building things creating things finding solutions to concrete problems this can be engineering this can also be some part of computer sciences there when you have more applicability well it depends on what if you are working on objects machines and things like that then you have more men and also more people from the working class but then every science that is linked in our imagination and representations with living things and with taking care of living things then you have women so medicine taking care of people veterinary science taking care of animals I'm categorizing here a bit harshly but biology or chemistry here you have the living part and then the caring part and then those sciences and bodies of knowledge are deemed more compatible with femininity what is supposed to be femininity so that's a very very short explanation of why more women in biology medicine chemistry why more men in math engineering computer sciences but also why the difference in social classes and they are huge and sometimes even bigger than the gender differences but if you want to know more all of this is documented so you can find it in the book also with numbers and more explanations on that so let us thank the speaker once again