 Felly fel arfer ydych chi'n mynd i'ch gael yng Nghymru. Mae'r cyffredin, mae wedi bod hi yn cyfrech. Rwy'n rhaid ihanio ymddirgynyddiadau. Rwy'n composer o'r hanes, ac yn y rhaid i chi'n fath i chi'n meddwl. Ac yn cofnno ar gyfer gwaith yma, yn ddod y j sabach camffordd. Mae'r cwrnod oedd ythafodol ychydig o ran eistedd ein llyfr, ac mae'n i gydenni'n ddych yn dweud y awddiwain yn y relafol. Mae'r ddiwrnod eich cyfnod, onid yna dyma, gyda'n meddwl adeiladau â chyfrodd o'r llyfr. Mae'r ddiwrnod yng nghymru yw Llyfr yn yr edrych. Mae'r ddodd eich lleoedd yn ysgol i fynd. Maen nhw'n eich llyfr Aberthoron yng Nghymru. Felly mae'n fynd â'u llyfr er mwyn i'n gweld darloedau yma. It is hard to guess how we got here, I was then nailed by the administration to do all sorts of other things. There are way to some other main elements of genetics if I'm correct, one is this characterisation of indigenous genetic resource, and this is looking at the biodiversity bucket and the other is understanding exploiting genetic elements of resistance to disease and that's your particular interest. Mae'r gweithio, ffyrdd y gallwn yn y pethau, lle mae'n gwybod iawn i ddim yn y bryd yn 10 phoen. Felly, yn awrach, y peirloed genesys y programa i'r Ffyrdd Carlis yn y ddech chi yw'r lle yn mynd i'r ysgrifennu arwadau sy'n dillidech. Felly mae'n ddim yn ddifenu bryd yn dda i'r ddweud. Mae'n ddych chi'n gweithio'n ddigon. Ond mae'n gweithio'n ddillid yn ddigonol, mae'n ddigonol, a'n ddigonol, Mae ydych chi'n ei wneud i ffrindio gwahod rymdyn ni? Gweithio y byd yn fwrdd o'r gwych ar gael yr Źdwyr gyffredig 11. Mae gennych ddiben i'r rhun olau gyfoeddig mewn rhaid i'n gwych gwaith i amlwn i'r rhwng gyrffredig 11. Mae'r Fydoedd yn cael ei wneud o'r rhainfodol iawn. Fy hollwch, yn dda i'r rhainfodol i'r rhainfodol i gael gyrraedd i'r rhainfodol i'r rhainfodol i'n gwybod i'r pliwydiau'r cyfnod yma. Rwy'n meddwl â'r gwrthodol yn ddod cael ei hunainfodol i'r rhanfodol i'r rhainfodol, ac mae'n meddwl i'r rhainfodol i'n ddiolch i gael ei rhainfodol i'r rhainfodol. Felly mae'n cael ei gael ei gael eich bethau, Ieidwch, maen nhw'n gweld y cyfrifio ddweud, ac nid yw i'w ffocos… …a phobl yn ystod. What is your link to specific poverty reduction pathways and targets through characterising indigenous genetic resources? Okay, focus. I mean, imagine a specific situation where everybody else in this room is working on livestock that suppose somebody comes along and says, right, his, his, his, his, his, Now, he's a farming system – we can improve the way your farming system works by doing this, this and that. You can generate more money. The consequence of that is that you changed the system. We must be able to understand what changed requirements around genotype of the animals, and the moment we don't understand that, as a result of the biodiversity work we have some idea where we can go to maximise the options but we don't a ydych chi eich bod yn cyfnodd, cyfan o gweithio byddurau ymgyrch. Mae'n fwy fuliau'r tynnu a'u hunain. Dyna, mae chi wedi bod yn cynnwys, gennym ni'n ddweud yw y farchfffordd ac mae'r hyn yn fwy fwy lle a'r aturdigol ar y penodol o'r gorffod, oedd Ycffoli, ac mae'n cyfnodd yn cyfnodd ar gyfer'r gweithio gyda Jarrod y Dyn ydyn nhw. yna allan hynny iawn i gael eu hunain yn gyntafol yn ei tympas, Ac mae'n rhai hwnnw i ddim yn gynnig! Mae Llyfriddol Llyfriddol yn gwahanol eu cyfrifiadol, mae'n ddigonol o gyfrifiad o ffantgenol gwirioneddol. Mae'n ffrifwyr ynglyn â'r ddull yn ei gael y papur. Ond mae'r ffordd sy'n tych yn fawr y cwm bod yn rhyw bwysig, If you are looking to improve a line of chickens, we now know where we can go to get new genocytes. We know that we're wasting our time footling around in areas where there's little diversity available to us. We know that we target particular areas where we can maximise diversity and we can bring that new diversity and start working with it. And if the chicken industry is doing exactly that. So we're not letting things, we're really starting to interfere, aren't we? I mean, what would Charles Darwin have said? I mean, here we... I suspect you're just being provocative there. Do you really want me to answer that? Yes. Farming systems are interfering with the natural... No, no, no. How far do we go in terms of putting brakes on development? And how do we get this balance between conserving indigenous genetic resources and understanding them with maximising the increased productivity we want through exotics? We have to make sure that we maintain the diversity so that when requirements change we can go back and use it. In order to do that we have to understand where that diversity lives. But we can't be afraid to change the gene science that we're actually exploiting. Okay. Understood. Right. Changing resistance to disease. Resistance to disease to helmets, to panosomes, been going on for a long time. First of all, the helmets, the work that was going on. I mean, I seem to remember the red mass sign was the great. I mean, we're producing all these red mass signs as a resource population that farmers are going to pick up and then use. The problem with the people who are out there looking for sheep are looking for sheep and not Bob King calls them rabbits. I mean, they're tiny little things. And so what do you think has been the end point of that research? You could say exactly the same thing about the endamers. The treatment on endamers. No one wants them off because they're small but they have this unique characteristic. In fact, I believe we need to understand. So the principal activities of both the trip resistance work and the helmet resistance work. Well, when we first set out to do those, our stated aim was to understand the biology of the system and thus allow us to exploit it. Along the way, we started to look at ways in which we can deliver that and we're now looking at systems in ways in which we could deliver. We could use the information we have about localisation of genetic material, how we can exploit that and move it into different breeds in an efficient manner. I mean, if you think about how you would, how you would, in progress, driven the tolerance into a susceptible breed without a genetic marker system, you would have to be challenging at every generation and being a typing, asking how resistance is this animal, picking the next animal to go on to that generation. So we're not producing genetically modified animals that are resistant at all? No. Why don't you say, oh no. What are we doing? What are the key milestones in that research? I mean, we have to be completely upfront. The impact on poverty of that research has been zero. Does that mean we should not have done it? Does that mean it will not pay off in the future? I think it will pay off in the future as a result of using breeding programmes. I think the future thrust of the genomics genetics will move away from single targeted disease resistance mechanisms like that and move to a much more global understanding of the genome. But how is that going to translate into breeding programmes? I mean, they need to be more specific. What are the practicalities of that research coming out and going into breeding programmes? What are the realities of that? We've got someone down the road who wants to have more resistance into an exotic animal. We can say to him, you select this number of markers and you can forget about the rest of the genome or you can exploit the rest of the genome for productivity or growth or whatever. If you maintain this handful of markers throughout generations without any phenotype, then you will maintain resistance. And the technical needs to be able to, for that person to do that, are these going to be easily available? We're not there yet. When will we be there? Animal Breeders' Helmwood tell us that we're there now and we should be already looking at these systems at the same time we're focusing down. We already have single candidate genes that we're examining that we believe have a role. Is this all in mice, by the way? I mean, triplet are in mice, it always should be in mice down the road. I'm glad you mentioned the mice. In both the helmet work and the triplet work, we've run mouse and livestock side by side. We've learned a huge amount from doing that because the synergy between those two systems is incredibly powerful. We've found genomic regions that are, in fact, equivalent genomic regions in two different species which have a role in resistance to both of those parasites, which gives an enormous extra additional power. In these, relating to triplet aside, those just come into one again. What levels of resistance do you get? What actual levels? In other words, culling, able to guide into any time of challenge or are there limitations on that and how do you judge how that can best be used? I'm glad you asked that as well because if we take the tolerant and harmless, one of the most interesting things that came out of the crossing experiment was that, in fact, you get tolerant genes coming from the susceptible animal. So if we take our endama as our benchmark, we should be able to generate an animal that's even more tolerant than the endama. It should be able to. This is absolutely not certain. The breeding, the expectation of UTLs in breeding programs is a long-term and expensive process. The understanding of the biology is a very different kind but also a long-term and expensive process. It's absolutely not guaranteed that either of those will pay off. I think it's a really important question. Does that mean that we should not do it? Do we only do science that we can guarantee a result? Good question. It is one that people are reasonably keen to fund, they understand. That's right. I mean, it's funded to track. It's whole research is funded largely with external money and has a huge network of external funds. Thank you very much indeed.