 In this two part workshop yesterday, we covered the basics of proof reading, why it is required, how much is the problem, how to solve it and what are the standard markings used for proof reading. So, that other people who correct the proof understand what we are trying to say. Then in second part yesterday, we also did an exercise, which was an artificial exercise just to illustrate all kinds of marks. The exercise was from the famous book Chicago Manual of Style, which is in fact just called the Chicago. If somebody says the Chicago that means Chicago Manual of Style, it is so famous. This manual was published in 1905 by Chicago University Press and then because of public demand, they kept on expanding it and publishing new editions. Roughly every 10 years, they used to produce a new edition, which used to take into account changes that would have taken place in that decade in the language. The edition which is current is the 16th edition, which was published in 2010. So, it is quite recent and this takes into account all the modern media including email etcetera. So, may be in first session, end or second session, we will spend some time on how to use these rules while writing emails etcetera. Since everybody has to write emails and respond to emails, we will spend some time on that guidelines for email. There is also document which has been downloaded by Parat, which was originally published by Intel in 1995 when email had just started. That is about net etiquette or netiquette what they call that when you are in the net, what kind of etiquette you have to observe. It is a long document 16-page document, which you will put up on the site, but some important parts we will review over here. So, now today that is 23rd March, now we are going to concentrate on commas, the whole 2 hours will be on commas. Yesterday when we saw the correction marks, they were of 3 types, one were grammatical, the other were typographical and third were punctuation marks. So, punctuation marks we did not consider yesterday, this whole session will be only for punctuation marks and 90 percent of punctuation marks are commas. So, effectively the session will be on commas plus some other like apostrophe etcetera we will consider in short, because they occur infrequently. So, first let us say what is your impression of commas, why are commas used or where do we use this intuitively, since you all use commas somewhere or the other. So, why do we use commas at all? We use commas, semicolon is called arda viram and the full stop is called purna viram, viram is stop, when you completely stop when the sentence ends, we use the full stop, semicolon is like a half stop and comma is like a quarter stop, you can see. So, that is right, that when you if you vocalize the sentence and you feel that you should break it here, while speaking you would have broken it here, then you will put a comma there. If the meaning requires that you put a comma there, otherwise there will be ambiguity or misunderstanding, then we put a comma there. So, first let us see what is the history of comma, how did it come into the language, how did it come into the script and how it is related or unrelated to Indian scripts, then we will understand why we have problems with it. So, originally this came at the time of Greeks as an indicator of separator of sentence fragments. So, the sentence fragments which were separated were called commas, like in music you use vertical lines to separate the number of bits like 4 bits, after every 4 bits you give vertical line, that line is called a bar, which tells that one segment of music has ended. And the music between those 2 bars is also called a bar, like if you have so much long music they will say it is 32 bars of music, the interval itself is also called a bar. So, here the equivalent of bar is a comma, that the separator between fragments of sentence or between words is called a comma, the original meaning was the fragment itself was called comma, that meaning is lost long back. And originally the grammatical meaning was not included in this, it was intuitive wherever you felt like breaking, like we do at present you put a comma saying that this is a fragment, there was no grammatical convention attached to that. Later on in European languages the grammatical convention developed because since anyway if you are pausing, you are giving a signal like when we complete a sentence we fall and give a full stop, which is a signal that one thought has been completed and the brain can process that part, otherwise till you give a clue the brain will keep on thinking that something is coming and it will be disappointed. So, we give a clue to the brain that one thought has ended, then it suddenly processes the whole thought whole sentence at a time. Similarly, if the sentence has fragments which are by themselves meaningful as standalone what we call clauses in English, you might have learnt clause analysis that clause is the fragment of a sentence, which can make a meaning by itself and in a sentence you can substitute the whole clause by something else. And since the whole sentence will be meaningful because clause will behave as one unit like we have noun clause, adverbial clause, adjective clause, the whole clause behaves as if it is one word. In that case we separated by commas because it is a meaningful fragment of a sentence, but the fragment is not a full sentence, it does not make a full statement, any sentence must make a full statement, it does not make a full statement. So, this meaning came later on originally there used to be lot of poetry in Greek drama etcetera and in poetry you have to give breaks that where you have to break the line for either meter or for breathing. So, those were given by Virjula that is a slash right word slash, even today if you see in times of India editorials etcetera when they quote poetry there are no commas or full stops used, they just go on putting these slashes. There it is understood that there the line has ended and next then you can write the poetry continuously without writing one below another, one line below another. This is even today this is the convention for punctuating poetry. So, that slash finally got shortened to a small symbol which we today have as the comma that is the it is a descended of that original Virjula. So, then once comma was introduced it was realized that it can be used to signal many things like even today you have you utilize that symbol like comma separated lists, you use commas to say that this is a separate part and computer should treat it separately or in C language you use semicolon as end of line every time you put semicolon because we use it as a signal to the processor. So, similarly it started being used as a signal since it was available in many places. So, the comma does not have a single use it has multiple uses and we will be studying all of them. We have made two A4 size tables. So, we will go over them one by one then we will hand over the copies to you also. So, you can have a ready reference this list most of the normal uses of comma where you will never have a difficulty because this is a classified table and you can if you locate your item in that you will always know where to use a comma or where not to use a comma. So, you have a ready reckoner now why do we have problem with comma. So, even today the understanding is that when you are speaking a long sentence then you have to stop for breath and wherever you stop for breath you give comma which is symptomatically correct that the comma corresponds to where you have broken your breath. But why do you break the breath there and why not elsewhere why not one word before or one word later is it just related to how much breath you can hold because then comma would have come at constant distance because our breath capacity is fixed. But you will see that sometimes commas are after every word sometimes they are after a long sentence that means they are not because we break breath, but there is a third reason which is a master of both this. That third reason is we are trying to signal meaningful parts of what we are talking and where we want to signal that we break breath like we put a space between two words and we take it for granted that there is actually a space between two words because we want to signal that one word has ended and now the next word is starting it is so natural that we take it for granted. But if you see old inscriptions or old stone inscriptions etcetera there was no breaks there is to write continuously one letter after another the reader had to figure out where the word is broken from context he had to make out, but now we have learnt to give up space over there so that reader is not confident he can read fast. But if you observe an audio signal on oscilloscope there is actually no break while you are speaking there is physically no measurable break over there it is only perceived by us. So, if you are counting meter and if you are counting the number of bits the break should have taken one bit or something, but break is not counted as a bit because there is no bit on that it is only a visual clue. The actual break is so short it is stolen out of the adjacent bit there is no actual time break over there. So, similarly we have learnt to use full stop to signal that a complete thought has ended a sentence should have always have a complete thought. So, comma is the next evolution in that. If you see in Indian languages, Indian languages have no punctuation whether you are aware of this I do not know it is a never been taught to us in school we have always been taught punctuation for our languages also. So, we also have clause analysis and all equivalent things brought down into Indian languages. The original origin of most of Indian languages Sanskrit has only one punctuation mark that is the vertebar or what we call dander one vertical line says that this sentence or whatever has ended there is no other mark in Sanskrit. And the reason is that in Sanskrit whatever you write is only pronounceable things there are no non pronounceable symbols in Sanskrit. While in western script there are many symbols which are not actually pronounced they are visual clues to you Sanskrit there are no such clues. This vertebar is still followed in Hindi since all of you have learnt Hindi. In Hindi when we complete a sentence we put a vertebar or dander we do not put full stop. India has followed the same convention there are no commas or semicolons or anything else in Indian languages. We have all learnt it during British rule and we have tried to copy them without understanding why they use it that is why we are confused. If you see carefully even from the script you can make out that these symbols do not belong here like if you see Devanagari script it can be written by a flattened pen the thickness and thinness that you see in the script entirely comes from using of that pen. But if you see comma and other symbols they question mark they cannot be written by that pen they have been artificially made up to look like English symbols. They cannot be written by the bamboo pen that you use or quill that you use you cannot write those symbols with that because they are western symbols. So how do Indian language manage without comma? What is your guess? It is very important they would have invented it. The answer is Indian language construction is such you do not have to use comma the flow of the sentence is such that you do not have to signal anything in between. The sentence will always make a meaning when you end the sentence. How so ever long the sentence is? This is why no comma are required in English especially compared to any other European languages. English is a syntactic language it uses syntax for giving meaning word themselves may not have meaning like they do not have vibhaktis like we have we have vibhakti prathay like ablative case or vocative case etc. We attach suffixes to each word and then the word becomes self sufficient wherever you place in the sentence you will always find it correct relations. But in English there are prefix word like of for which indicate vibhakti and because of that the sentence structure gets twisted and then wrong meaning can occur because there is no suffix and the word comes and some next word comes and you can get confused that is why English cannot manage without comma. There may be other European languages which are our language are called paradigmatic that they use paradigm or formation of words and then you can use the word freely in the sentence first you have to make effort in English the first effort is negligible you just learn the words and you are launched but later on you suffer for a lifetime because you have to always manage the word word sequence to be correct which in our language you do not even if you twist the whole sentence the meaning will come out in any Indian language. So that is why we do not have this problem in our language but in English one has to be very careful. So this is why we have to use commas and once they have been available they have been used in many places that is why we have to learn all the places where they are used and try to use them correctly. This is the background of commas any questions anybody has this must be a news to most people that Indian language and no punctuation if you see old documents there are no punctuation only after the British came you find that everything was copied in fact they were so enamored by the English language that like a capital and small in Roman script people try to use capital and small letters for Indian script initially then they gave up that it is not required for Indian script because small letters were only short forms or simpler forms of capital letters and our letters are already simplified we do not need two forms of that this was actually prepared in 2002 if you see the date below because our Humanities department runs a centralized course HS 699 and I also take these four lectures in that course so this was prepared as a course material for that. So this is divided into two pages if you see the first column then elements are the two parts which you are trying to separate with a comma and their rank can be equal rank that is whole first page and unequal rank that is second page. There are two main types of commas between elements of equal rank because element can be a word it can be a clause or it can be a phrase. So then let us see the second column that is conditionality here it says again the first group of first three rows is unconditional means it is syntactic whatever is the content of the element is immaterial we are not interested in meaning of that it is only because that element happens to be there and it is of that type of element that this comma has to be it is compulsory we do not have to look at the meaning. So this is actually the simplest meaning of comma which is unrelated to the actual meaning of the element we are separating so number of element can be greater than or equal to two. Whether you have two elements or more elements the same rule applies some rules will be for only two elements it is between pair and some rules will involve more than two elements. So this rule applies to more than two elements the type of element in all the cases in first row is word those circles mark means they are word. So firstly name and title you can make out that the context is IIT from the examples used. So professor Isaac who was Dr. Patek's teacher while he was doing his intake and Ph.D. comma Ph.D. will visit because professor Isaac is his name and Ph.D. is his degree or title will visit now the dot after Ph.D. also seems to be optionally many places it is being dropped you just write P small h and D for all degrees it is being dropped. Secondly address this is also important because whatever email or anything you prepare you will have to write name address etcetera if nothing else even if the email has no content it will have a header which will have all this and it should always follow this convention. So address is Kresid comma IIT Kauai comma Mumbai 76 so each element of the address because it will be say house number street number locality each of these are separate element they are of separate geographical if there is no comma then all of that will be taken as the name of one locality or one element. To signal that we are jumping levels that one is a house number one is a building number flat number then street number we give commas that we go on jumping to higher and higher levels still finally comes the pin code. In fact this is the reverse of how address should be given but since this is a convention we cannot help you. In fact the like most significant digit we should give the pin code first for sorting but for sorting we have to go to the end watch the pin code and then sort backwards. But this is the convention here in Germany etcetera the address is given in reverse and your flat number comes last the equivalent pin code or zip code comes first. So postman only looks at the first code and sort the next sort of looks only at the second word and sort till the final postman will only look at the flat number and delivery then geographical names which are like addresses but there will be city state nation etcetera and they are to be separated. So Kresid is in Mumbai comma India then date the first three parts were places and now it comes to date. So in dates August 15 comma 1947 if we do not give a comma the 15 can get mixed up with 1947 it can be either read as 15 1947 or any combination depending on how people perceive it. So to avoid that we have to give a comma that the date has ended and next is year if the numbers are not next to each other no comma you see the last column shows a counter example that if you write 26 January it can be 26 January also if required 1950 now there is no comma required because you cannot confuse between 26 and January you know one is a number the other is the name of a one and the last is the number which signifies year because we are giving going on increasing the time scale. Here no comma should be used if the flow is like this that there is no ambiguity then no comma should be used. Incidentally these two dates are very important for India as you know we have intentionally taken those dates as example. Then last is numbers so in numbers we have to separate out numbers depending on grouping like in India we have first three digits will be 100s, 10s and unit then left to that will be 1000 and 10000 next to that will be what we call lakh which is 100000. So if we are writing for an Indian audience and we are using crores lakhs etc then we have to give commas like this but in western and worldwide the comma comes after every three digits because their number 15 goes in multiples of 3 like after 1000 will come million then will come billion like we have megabyte gigabyte but after every three you have to give a comma otherwise if there is a long list of numbers people cannot make out you cannot often make out whether it is really the most significant digit in million or not that is why you should give a comma and we use the other punctuation mark that is full stop as a decimal point is not it is using mathematics is the same symbol used as a decimal point. In fact that is actually a bit confusing because it can get lost and then the whole number will become 100 times. So in Germany or may be whole of Europe they use comma as a decimal point because that cannot be mistaken and these separators are dots what we call decimal point are used in these places to separate million 1000 etc but decimal point is indicated by comma because it cannot get lost no comma that is pin is not supposed to have comma otherwise you would have comma after 4 lakh 00 and 076 but pin is not a number pin is a code which happens to use numerals it is not to be treated as a number it is only a code so there should be no comma anyway in a pin. Next we come to second row in this which is coordinating the reference type is everything else is same it is between equal elements and it is unconditional and it is between coordinating conjunctions. So this will be between clauses all the markings are for clauses. So the examples are these are the coordinating conjunctions that is and but or nor or so and yet these are the coordinating conjunctions for each of them we have an example by now and pay later if you are writing colorfully you can just write by now comma pay later the and is understood over there but for clarity it is better to put and then next is but many are called but few are chosen this is the famous magazine here also if the context is understood or for rhetorical effect you can drop the but from context people will make out that many are called but few are chosen but since we are not authors or we are we are not writing literature we are writing technical script so we should be unambiguous here why but is used because and also could have been used. So the but is indicated for contrast many are called so we would expect many are chosen but many are not chosen but signals that there is a contrast in what is coming next and if the sentence is longer then this comma is replaced by the semicolon if the first part of the sentence long sentence and second part are contrasting to each other then instead of a comma we use a semicolon coordinating conjunction is or to be or not to be this is a famous sentence of Hamlet you must be knowing so this is a disjunction because either it is to be or it is not to be fourth is nor he did not attend nor did he study this obviously refers to a student so he could have been spared if he had studied why not attending nor indicate that neither he did this nor he did that if the sentence is short then you do not have to neither to start if the sentence is long then you have to signal at the beginning why neither that you look for nor somewhere else but since this is a short sentence you need not use neither next is for he gained nothing comma for here is nothing here what does for means is not the usual meaning of for here for means because because here is nothing he gained nothing but if we had used because over here the sentence would have become too long and this coordinating conjunction would have been too early so there is another meaning of for then so he reached nothing comma so he gained nothing this is the same sentence inverted here it is showing the result instead of explaining the reason is for giving the reason and because of this he gained nothing so so is actually therefore here but so indicate the meaning of therefore last is yet he studied hard yet he failed here again yet like the but before is indicating contrast because if you had studied hard you would have expected that you would have passed but he did not pass so this yet is the stronger form of that but that despite studying hard he failed so these are where they are used in along with coordinating conjunction then the third row is when they are used elements are used in series in the previous row the count was too it is always used between two clauses if there are more than two clauses we have to again identify between each pair of clauses whether comma is applicable but this is a binary use here the number of elements has to be greater than or equal to 3 if there are less than 3 elements then this use does not apply as we see so series are of two types a comma b and c and a comma b or c so this is a bit controversial many people will think that for the and or or you know comma is required they will write a comma b and c or a comma b or c but this has been debated in all the references including Chicago manual Oxford University Press Harvard University Press so this use of comma is called Oxford comma because Oxford University recommends that this comma should be in the US Harvard University insist that this comma must be so it is called Harvard comma we will see why it is required though we can manage without that so this series a b and c are like mathematical variables a b and c can be clauses they can be phrases or they can be words in all the cases this is applicable most of the time we will encounter it between words but even between phrases and between clauses the same rule applies so first is a complicated example clauses you is understood start early start early comma drive cautiously comma and reach safely this is a sign you will find when the guard starts or used to start because now the highway does not have this sign but in the old Bombay Pune road this sign used to be there that start early drive cautiously and reach safely so these are three clauses the start early is one clause drive cautiously second you is understood everywhere and reach safely now because there are three clauses of equal rank before the end this Harvard comma must be there this most people will otherwise miss then the next is called absolute phrases his paper folder his pen closed comma and his eyes shut these three are clauses of similar type so they are describing about that person comma is at patiently all these first three are having related meaning so since these three are clauses that is elements of similar type again that and is required then predicates you we need not bother about the grammatical meaning of this he could buy food pay the bills comma and invest in the bank so this is all related to he could the predicates are about he could so he could buy food pay the bills and invest in the bank so again before it and there is a comma lastly the simplest and which you will be encountering most often is between words so between nouns or pronouns so comma comma semicolon comma and full stop are punctuation marks this referring to itself and it is referring to grammar see there are three of them comma semicolon and full stop that is why there is a comma before the verb he read land and wrote so again there are three words three words with the same subject so again there is a comma before the and in fact in older language I was like when you really see I came I saw I conquered it doesn't say and I conquered but in modern language we have to use that here there are no counter indication that you cannot escape this comma if these conditions are satisfied so there is a cross here you always have to use the last is between adverbs right effortlessly comma systematically comma and correctly so these are all different adverbs for the verb right they are not related to each other the adverbs like effortlessness is not related to systematically they could be independent and correctness could not be related may not be related to either of the since they are independent adverbs you have to put comma if you don't put a comma you read the counter indication he worked absolutely systematically now if you write he worked absolutely comma systematically it will not make anything because absolutely related to systematically absolutely has no independent existence so here we can clarify what is an adverb can anybody tell me now like adjectives qualify the noun qualify the noun and an adverb modifies over the technical term is modifies over so that is a part definition of adverb adverb is which modifies of verb or an adjective or another adverb so here this adverb is modifying the second adverb it is still called an adverb it absolutely is not modifying any verb it is modifying another object another adverb which is modifying the verb so all these three are called adverbs though we are taught only first meaning that is modifying the verb but modifying an adjective is also called an adverb like if you say he is very intelligent then very is an adjective of intelligent which is also an adjective so the very is now adverb in this place because it is modifying another adjective it is not modifying it is not qualifying the noun so with this we finish the unconditional use of commas now we will dwell on why this comma is required so suppose you have a long list like a b c d e a and g then when you say a comma b comma see you have no clue what is the relation between a and b whether it is a and b or it is a and b and c or a or b or c before the last item you declare that it is and or or and then you understand that all the previous commas actually stood for and or or if you do not put this then a b comma c and d so c and d will form one unit but this and will not be applicable to the whole list so you will be you would not know what is the relation it could be a or b also the comma could mean anything so the comma before the last and or last or indicate the whole list which might have any number of element before they were all and all and or have been substituted by comma instead of writing a and b and c and d we just write a comma b comma etcetera and just before the last element we declare and or or then it is applicable this is a short form that is why this comma is essential otherwise it can in some situations lead to ambiguity that is why all the university is interested and this as it is given is applicable to only three or more elements if you have two elements suppose a and b do you put a comma or not you do not put a comma this is greater than or equal to three elements if there are two elements then there is no comma required because it is exactly between those two elements so there it should be given as counter example that their comma should not be between any two elements no comma should be put so we have finished equal elements and unconditional or syntactic here we need not even know the detailed meaning of what we are writing still just by the structure these commas have to be used the second type of comma that is between coordinating conjunctions you will rarely face the first part that is geographical locations dates and dates you will frequently need and list you will frequently need especially in technical document there will be lot of lists of various items there you should always use this comma so this first and third row are important for us then the second group of commas between equal elements there is a double line here as a separator and these are conditional commas or semantic commas conditional because you have to observe the meaning and then decide where to use a comma even though the structure looks that it requires a comma that structure alone is not enough so reference type is between adjectives you forget the technical words here we will just see the example that is between words so accurate comma detailed analysis is found in some ancient Indian books so this is accurate analysis and detailed analysis the comma says that this is like having a bracket and when you open the bracket it gets multiplied by both the elements so these adjectives individually applied to the noun that is why there is a comma they are not related to each other and separate examples is rhodium is a hard comma white metal it is a hard metal and it is a white metal both these things are independent it could have been soft and white or it could have been hard and black also they are orthogonal to each other that is why there is a comma that instead of writing it is a hard metal and it is a white metal like children would have done that way that they would have written everything twice but we take a shortcut give comma between adjectives and write the noun last so the comma indicates that you have shortened the sentence now cumulative means the meaning is built upon each other rhodium is a hard white metal comma while silver is a soft white metal now here hard and white are together because they are both together qualifying rhodium so here we should not use a comma because we are contrasting between hard white metal and soft white metal so here comma should not be used this is a bit technical probably we would not have to face such situation then last among these is to prevent misreading if meaning is ambiguous then you should use the comma to clear the ambiguity if meaning is unambiguous then you should not use the comma so otherwise the person will start thinking whether there is some other meaning involved while the meaning is clear so this arises because of word order if we change the word order you can make comma vanish to amar comma joshi was a puzzle if you do not give a comma then it will become amar joshi and you would not know what is a puzzle to whom there is only one person described amar joshi here two persons are being described that is amar is puzzled by joshi joshi is the object of that and amar is the subject so here comma is required same sentence can be reconfigured joshi was a puzzle to amar then there is no comma required and there is no ambiguity but sometimes for rhetorical effect you want to use the first type then you should be prepared to use the comma because if you are describing about amar then you would put amar first in the sentence that is what has happened in the first sentence and joshi was a puzzle is next people who can comma write correctly means people who can write do it correctly that is the meaning so this expanded sentence people who can write correctly are rare because now people who can write correctly has itself become there is suspense you have to say something about this so this is the noun clause you have to say something about it you have to have predicate to this subject so comma are rare but within the first part there is no comma so this kind of comma you can avoid by rephrasing the sentence and in technical document it is better to rephrase the sentence and use the straight concept then it is ambiguous so here we have finished of almost half of the uses of comma so second page we are not going to spend as much time you can read on your own it is highly technical regarding grammar and in the kind of writing that we do or editing we would not need most of the things so this you only carry as a reference we will take only one of the one of the five rows for consideration so that is a central row that is conditional or semantic introductory so it refers to introductory clause or introductory prepositional phrase or introductory verbal phrase we need not see the technical meaning because from the example it will be clear what it means so let us take introductory clause if it is a long introductory clause so the example is when we write for an educated reader we should use comma property so after the first half that is after reader there is a comma because when we write for an educated reader is an introductory phrase so the remaining sentence that we should use comma property so whenever such introductory phrase is there and it is long because the reader would not know where the introductory phrase has ended and where the main body of the sentence has started so to signal the reader that the introductory phrase has ended now the main sentence starts there should be a comma and if the introductory phrase is short then optionally you can eliminate comma so when we write you could have given a comma here we should use comma property here the introductory phrase is when we write which is so short that you may or may not give a comma there but if it is long then you should give a comma so that is to help the reader where to break the sentence the next is prepositional phrase as per grammar as per grammar is a stand-alone part commas are different uses because commas are different uses the previous part could have been anything else these two are separate sentence fragment so to separate them we should use a comma and third is called a verbal phrase having decided to use comma because having decided means the whole thing is referring to an action that we have decided something we should use them properly and the long form of that is having decided to use comma verbalizes us to use them properly so here now there is no comma required because you have joined it to the next part of the sentence in the first part this is understood that having decided implies this so this is the only thing that we will consider in the class remaining is for your reference you can go through the examples and if you need any of those then you can use that now we will be doing some exercises I will explain to you what the exercise is we will take about three pages as is if it has come for proofreading you can take we will take those as our exercise maybe we will take some pages in that this document is small because there are photographs and tables but this is a public document so we will see in a public document how many errors are there and in a proof ready document also how many errors it looks from this draft that this is not a proof this is more like a manuscript because in some places you would feel like making changes in the content etc therefore some changes might be controversial we presume that it is a manuscript that we still have to talk to the author and decide but we will point out wherever we feel that there should be change so we start from the first page social media has invaded all aspects of our life now media is a plural word the medium is the singular and media is the latin plural of that and it is really mean they are multiple media because they are independent of it so it should be social media have invaded social media have invaded all aspects of our life convergence of exponentially growing technologies of computing, intranet, comma and wireless phones this is our serial comma or Harvard comma have created entirely new ground breaking opportunities ground breaking there should be a hyphen or it should be one word but hyphen is better so it is easier to read then all modern businesses are forced to recognize and equip themselves so forced to recognize what so we should say this this means whatever the previous sentences said that this media convergence etc so there should be this after recognizing and after this there should be a comma so now we are joining two clauses and equip themselves to operate and benefit from this new business reality the operate part I have not understood but I will leave it to the author what it means operate over here then we recognize that our management education will be incomplete without the knowledge of this new business business environment now our means whose because this is a management institute writing so is it education of the management or the education which they are carrying out so they should though this is understood they should spell out that of our institute or some such thing last year we decided to add a course in PGDM program to help students gain knowledge and hands on practical skills of this new environment we started the search for a comprehensive textbook to teach this subject comma and soon realized that the first part is a separate clause and soon realized there was no good textbook available so it should be realized that comma there was no good textbook available now good as an adjective indicates that you are running out of options it is like children writing that they will say everything is nice because they are they do not have discrimination of many adjectives so the adjective good does not really signify anything except that it is positive the word here might be suitable or appropriate textbook available there was there we started with now we are talking in that sense when they started everything is being described in the past when they search there was no textbook available there was no textbook no textbook means not a single one no textbook means not a single one that is why it is singular that is why it is false even one was available if they had said there were no textbooks available then it is where but there is not a single one that where they had even if there was one then they would not have written it that is what they mean when we read further we will see that they had to write the textbook themselves because there was not a single one available that is why it is false so suitable or appropriate textbook available in the market now but now your objection comes the sentence should never start with a but it is like children who complete a sentence and they realize that they have forgotten something they say but ma and then they will add to that to their explanation similarly starting with and or starting with any preposition preposition is ruled out in standard writing only authors can do it for dramatic effect but otherwise you should join the sentence so here instead of but but waiting it is better to say however waiting for a textbook to introduce this course was not an option so it will be book available in the market comma however comma waiting for a textbook for this to introduce this course was not an option so first para is complete now second para starts we prepared the course outline now it decides to join to the first para this is starting somewhere where we do not know why they did this so it should be therefore therefore we prepared the course outline with this previous explanation that not a single textbook was available therefore we prepared the course outline identified the web services for student practical session reference book comma this is our serial comma again because there is a long list reference book and enormous amount next page of online resources we were getting the first first hand experience of how the new social media world has changed comma and textbooks have become obsolete how the new social media world has changed comma and textbooks have become obsolete the most up to date knowledge is this in is redundant here in does not signify anything is now available up to date should be updated available in blog which is comma and new speed or if the list is not limited to this which it may not be then new speed comma etc because there can be other media these are just three examples now when you write etcetera do you have to give comma before etcetera you have to give a comma this part of the serial comma etcetera means and etcetera means other and other etcetera is the and etc dot is a short form for and other so because there is and followed by other there has to be a comma so before etcetera there is always a comma but while teaching other subjects this is the new reality but while teaching other subjects comma so there is a introductory clause we do not face this reality as much as we did in this course on collaboration technology full stop we realize that our students will have to depend more on learning from these internet resources than the printed books this is a bit they will have to depend more than on the printed text if it says more on learning from this then depending on printed text books or on learning from printed text books but this we can leave if the meaning is understood but before than there should be a comma because the than refers to depend the end result was our decision to ask our students to learn from the internet internet resources comma and present their learning in the form of social media also we also wanted to capture learning of our students of first class for the benefit of following classes here class is ambiguous because we do not know whether it is a single class what they probably mean here is a batch no so first batch because we do not know which year it is second year of their PGDA second year students doing this project so first batch of students first batch for the benefit of following batches so later on they said there are 240 students it cannot be one class it has to be one batch so batch and batches the students did a great job of researching and learning from various internet resources as well as from whatever was available in the form of books so after resources there has to be a comma because that as well as is for researching and learning from whatever was available in the form of books a group of 240 students was real heavy power they have worked together comma tirelessly this comma should be removed because work together and tirelessly are not independent they have worked together and worked tirelessly these are all related to work together tirelessly in a very systematic collaborative way this book is the result of collaboration of 240 students and the BIM Tech faculty members in a collaborative activity it is difficult to name any few individuals for the benefit any few is not a good construction they could say selected individuals are only few you have to name all of them if all of them are doing work so to name only few are selected individuals for the success every one of the 240 students had a role to play comma and deserves or deserves full recognition because recognition is subsequent to having work so that is at present yes everyone is one word you are right everyone is one word and names of students here it should say names of the corresponding students because there are various groups so group photo and names of corresponding students who are in the group photo are added to each chapter of this book comma which are the result of their collaborative activity because this which refers to chapter whichever group is selected in chapter one chapter then this book is also accompanied by the online blog wikis comma and sites maintained by the authors of this book these online resources will provide the readers of this book continuous updates on the progress and trend surely this should be transposed these online resources will provide continuous updates on the progress and trend to the readers of this book it should be transposed for clarity last page it is not necessary to read this book from beginning to end it should be a reader can start anywhere at any topic of interest because multiple readers will have multiple topics of interest so it should be in singular so a capital a reader can start anywhere at any topic of interest which has resultant duplication comma but the duplication is worth the benefit in fact it should be it is worth the benefit it is there talking about duplication therefore duplication is duplicate finally all readers are urged to send their comments suggestions suggestions for improvement errors observed comma this is serial or comma or just share with us any thoughts we hope you enjoy reading learning comma and successful implementation at work of this collaboration technology now when I had read I had about 38 errors and plus during discussion the participants added at least 6 or 7 errors so there are about 45 about 45 so as I said we should treat this as a manuscript that is why justification errors we are not correcting here because the formatting will take place later on at that time we can dictate that it should be rightly justified so those errors we are not but typography is capital and formula it has to be corrected so this has given your taste of what real editing will be like they will start life somewhat like this the first draft after printing out and you can see the statistics that over 3 pages they must have gone through this before printing this out still there are at least 40 errors over the actual content is 2 pages including photographs and other things but in 2 pages there are 40 errors after this first pass they will reduce to only few there will be contentious points about grammar but otherwise the errors will almost end some hints about internet and what we do further after this class end what procedure we adopt and how we utilize this knowledge in our day to day work so first part is paragraph requested that many people have query whether there are any specific lines for internet so for internet besides technicalities of internet which you have to observe the basic principle is that you have to assume whatever is on the internet whether sent through any any means is not secure even though it will give an impression of it being person to person or whatever it is secure than any other medium it is archived in many places and you have to assume that it is in the public domain so whatever you would not write on the postcard and drop it in the postbox do not write on internet if it is so open that you can write on the postcard and anybody can read on the way then only you put it on the internet otherwise internet is not a secure medium this has to be always kept in mind that means you have to take it seriously while writing anything on internet whether it is friendly whether it is offensive you have to assume that it will be read by many people and it will last forever it will be archived forever so you should be able to own it up whatever you write on internet later on so instead of hurriedly writing something you should always keep etiquette in mind there should be a gentlemanly etiquette always in internet and if it is your friend secondly as we have discussed that if you are publishing anything in any medium it has to be to the same standard so you assume that your email will be printed and distributed it has to be like any other printed letter or any other printed document it should have the same standard of editing so that will distinguish your email from anybody else's email because most of the other people are careless about email they assume it is just like draft or some such thing it should not be treated as a draft you first draft is do not send it online or something first compose it read it properly correct it and then only send it and if it is a contentious email where the other part is likely to misconceive or something or you might make an error while writing then you should compose it today sleep overnight and tomorrow morning you check whether what you have written is ok if you still find it is worth sending then only you send it do not send it immediately maybe you will have second thoughts about that so this is about all this is a basic guideline for email email is far easier to send because you can make mistakes and before you realize the mistake goes out so we should not be in a hurry to send like we should not be in a hurry to print the final version of any document till it is corrected only after it is ready for printing like then only you send the email this will keep your email distinct from many other people's email because many other people are casual about email so whatever applies to any written document that you should not use start form without first defining them etcetera you should not use colloquialism it should be proper proper should not be colloquial this is about guidelines for internet next is now how do you utilize this knowledge now I do not know what the section is doing at some point in your work you will be coming across document either you will be composing the document if you are not then you may be checking the document even if you are not writing the document so in each section you should form a group of people and take turns in checking anything that goes out so the first rule we have seen is that any first proof should be treated as a manuscript so it should be double space first time you print out any document it should be double space then you give it to a colleague or somebody first you check yourself then give it to a colleague and ask the colleague to check after those errors are removed you again if now you assume that the errors will be few then you can print in single space and give it to another colleague who has not seen this document then that person will be able to find some more errors etc so this you can do 3 or 4 times because the next person will take very short time to read document will be easy to read after removing the first error but may be some few errors which are mistaken or everybody has a different focus and only after everybody in your section has cleared then you finalize it for printing if we follow this collaborative process then all of us can improve our standard because somebody else finds your mistakes then you come to know and then you record it in your mind that you do not make the same kind of mistake again this happens to everybody and everybody understanding of rule goes up and then you will have a pool of people in each section who can anyone can take that and correct it there would not be a specialized person like a proof reader most other people will be able to do preliminary proof reading may be some who are more competent they can take a last look at that just before it goes for printing the most competent person should take a last look at that they should not take the first look first look should be taken by somebody who is not so experienced all the errors then the remaining errors will come out if you follow this procedure in the olden days when it was typeset there used to be two proof readers so one used to read out from this including comma semicolon all unpronounced things he used to read out small cap large cap etcetera and the other person used to just check then after a page they used to take turn that the other person would read and this person would say that is how proof reading always was the person who compose the matter would not do the proof reading should be second and third person so now same procedure we have to follow that is about all if you have anything to ask or say you are welcome so with that I will say thank you and goodbye