 Module 41, Masculinities and Femininities. Before we talk about this topic, short language note, SDU, that is about module 37, we should never use all the day, rather we should use all day. Now we come to this module's topic. See here, we are not using masculine, rather masculinities, and instead of feminine femininities, there is something behind it. Why are we using plural forms of these two nouns? These two categories. Let's see, first of all, you know from the previous talk that we are talking about male, female, dichotomy, or we call it gender order. This is established by social institutions like governments and schools and other organizations. How governments do this? They do this when they ask people to provide information in census for example, and schools do it verbally. In classrooms, teachers often say boys and girls, or even when a teacher teaches consonants and vowel sounds, she may use Mr. for consonant and Mrs. for vowel. But gender order is also constructed through generalizations in global market. By generalizations, we mean that we give general statements neglecting differences in gender. For example, we say all men are physically powerful and all women are physically delicate. These are generalizations. Understanding in global job market. But physical power of men may be indirect. There is no direct link between physical power and maleness because sometimes males use their physical power indirectly. For example, it happens when you are in such a position like commander in army or you are head of some workforce and you in a way ask people how to engage with physical work. So this is how you infect using your physical power indirectly. You control other people's physical power. And it means power may not always be physical. It may come from authority, competence and brains, intelligence. If so, men and women are both powerful. So generalizations don't work. There are differences among men. There are differences among women. Men too face. Now it is understood that generally that female are delicate. Now see in global job market even men are required to take care of refinements like they should be well dressed. They should be well mannered. They should take care of their dress and ways of talk. They should be polite, gentle, soft, etc. Women are not always delicate. In local jobs, they show physical power and even they can face threats inside and outside their workplace. For example, these days we see fingernail technology. So there was a time when women had long nails and it indicated that they are free from any kind of physical work. But these days you know nails are artificial. They are just for fashion. So women can remove them and can do physical work with long nails even. So the conclusion of this talk is that these generalizations that men are physically powerful and women are physically delicate they don't work in specific situations. They may work in global job markets but not in particular context. The male-female dichotomy cannot be captured in singular generalizations. We can capture all these differences by using plural terms masculinity and femininity.