 Great, okay. I'm going to get started. So hello, everybody. Thank you so much for joining our IID debates event today, why women are putting up climate lessons from Bangladesh. Today's event is co-hosted with ICAD, Kingston University, and UNDP. And we're really delighted to be co-hosting this event all together. My name is Juliette. I'm the Events Officer at IID, and I'll be providing technical support as we go through the event. And with that, I am really pleased to introduce Salim Al-Huk, who is the Director of the International Center for Climate Change and Development in Bangladesh, and who is our moderator for today's discussion. Salim, over to you, please. Great, thank you very much, Juliette, and good afternoon to everybody from Dhaka, Bangladesh. Welcome to this very interesting discussion I hope we're going to have. Adjust a quick housekeeping to let people know that if you have come into this meeting through a speaker connection, you need to leave it and come back through the general attendees' connection. So if any of you have come in as speakers using a speaker link, I'd request you to kindly come back, leave and come back through one of the attendees' link. It's my great pleasure to be the moderator for this very interesting discussion on why women are footing the bill for climate lessons from Bangladesh. I'll just mention the flow of the meeting so everybody knows what to expect. We'll have a presentation on this very interesting new publication that is now just gone live and in fact has been picked up by significant numbers of press as well already. We'll have a presentation on it by Sheikh Eskander, who is one of the key authors, and then we will have comments on that presentation from Anne Kuriakosa, from the World Bank, and Malia Muzammal from UNDP, and then we will open up for a Q&A from the audience. And I would request, as Juliette has said, if you have questions, put them in the question box and we'll try and address them, either written or oral. Or if you have comments and want to introduce yourself, then use the chat box to do that. And if you want to share any materials, feel free to do that in the chat box. So we hope that the chat box can be used for some lively discussion and the Q&A box for questions to the speaker and the panelists. So without further ado, I'm going to go to our first poll, which we are going to do. We're going to do two polls during this study or this webinar or discussion. The first one we are going to put to you now, which is a question on how much do you think women are actually spending to tackle climate change? There's a nice question here on, would it be easier if it was implied by expenditure as explained a little bit more? I hope Eskender can take that question in his presentation. Shall we have a look at the results, Juliette? Yes, hope you can see them. I've just shared them now. Yep. Okay, so we've got a plurality of 20 to 30 percent and then the next one is less than 10 percent and then I think 30 to 40 seem to be given twice. So that's at 18 percent and the lowest number at 10 percent is 10 to 20 percent. Okay, so let me hand over to Sheikh Eskender, introduce him first. He's a young Bangladeshi researcher currently based in the UK at the Kingston University in London. He's a senior lecturer and assistant professor of economics at Kingston University and also a visiting research fellow at the London School of Economics and Political Science based in London in the UK, who was the principal person investigator in this study. And I will hand over to you, Sheikh, to both present your work but also answer the question of which one is correct and then take us through your presentation. Over to you. Thank you. Thank you, Selim. Thank you everyone for joining us today. So I would like to go with the majority of respondents. From the back of my head, I'm a bit unsure exactly what the exact answer is. Is it Paul? Is it 20 to 30 or slightly more? It's 30 to 40. 30 to 40 actually. Just over 30. So yeah, so here's the thing. You know, we are always a bit confused exactly how much we and especially people who are socioeconomically disadvantaged are burdened with the exposure to repeated disaster events. Even you just can see from my response that I am one of the authors of this report and immediately got confused. Is it the right answer? Or am I saying say these people are actually not spending that much? And this is a widely perceived thing and a confusing thing when we are on the basis of our research come up with a figure which is definitely a robust estimate that this is the figure or this is the percentage of their income or expenditure they are dedicating to recover from disaster exposure and related risks. Now that's the background and also the result. One of the results we came up with from this really important study. We looked at exactly how poor women in rural Bangladesh are still bearing a significant burden of total disaster risk reduction and management. In doing so, Juliet, can I move to next slide? Next one. We set up a couple of simple, direct and really important research objectives like identifying adaptation expenditure and calculating them for rural Bangladeshi households and identifying the socio-economic factors that are influencing disaster and climate adaptation expenditure that those households are incurring. And then to put it into more context exactly what's the share of income they are dedicating in disaster and climate expenditure related things. And if we already know there are some gender differences but we wanted to identify using actual data from the field what's the gender difference in disaster climate adaptation expenditure. To do so, next slide please. We conducted a survey on slightly more than 3,000 households from 10 selected districts. And in selecting those 10 districts we kept in our mind that we had a monsoon flood and also a cyclone unfun affecting different regions of Bangladesh. So what we did, we selected some flood affected, some storm affected and some unaffected districts to create treatment and control or affected and unaffected households and regions. And that actually enabled us to identify exact expenditure that because of those exposure to flood and storm those households are making at this moment or maybe one or two years ago. We asked those households to recall their income and expenditure related information. And also asked specifics about how much they are spending in some specific disaster recovery and risk reduction actions. And then as we already mentioned one of our objectives was to identify and calculate exactly how much they are spending in adaptation related actions. We calculated their expenditure using this. Next slide please. Key results are we found say households are frequently getting exposed to disaster. And those exposures are having some considerable impacts on their income and expenditure decisions. And those impacts are more profound on female-headed households. Next one please. You can see here say some visualization of different types of disasters affecting our surveyed households and their breakdown by gender. Here you know there's not much difference when it comes to storm or other disasters which mostly include slow onset climate-induced disasters like drought, salinity, irregular rainfall and temperature those sort of events. But when it comes to flood we can see that female-headed households actually report to be more exposed to flood than male-headed households. Next slide. A bit different scenario when we look at exactly how those households are spending in reducing the risk and also in recovery from those disasters. You look at this I mean the storm figures actually give you a big contrast between contributions made by male and female-headed households when we look at spend as percentage of annual household income or expenditure. It's something like say around 40 percent or 41 percent or slightly more than 31 percent if we take expenditure as the measure. And it's a huge percentage and when you compare it with what male-headed households are spending you can immediately pick up two alternative explanations either these female-headed households have lower adaptive capacity or lower income so when you are exposed to a disaster you must incur some specific expenditure and when you incur that it comes out as a huge percentage of your total income meaning those female-headed households now will be cash strapped and will not be able to spend enough money in other important things like feeding and educating their children and also themselves and you can also forget healthcare expenditure and all these things are going to be affected if you have to privately spend this much share of your total income in disaster risk reduction. And the other explanation can be well female-headed households are females by custom take are responsible to take care of their household their children and all these practices that are going over for thousands of years now you know they need to play their custodian role anyway and that's why they're spending a measured share of their income and expenditure in reducing the risk posed on their households their children and family members by disasters like flood storm and other please next slide. In addition you can also see that when females actually take over household-headed role either I mean I'm talking about Bangladesh and you need to know that this is the reality females normally become household heads if there's no male members in that household either because she is a single mom or maybe their partners or their husbands now migrated for temporary job outside and apparently they are also poorer households. So things I just mentioned on earlier slides explanation that we are talking about altogether the increased or heightened vulnerability of females who already are burdened with taking care of their daily chores at the household and now in the wake of a disaster they need to do and a little more and need to go extra miles to keep their family safe and secure. Next slide please. Now the policy recommendations that we can suggest in addition to you know adopting directed support systems within the government of Bangladesh's ongoing or existing disaster risk reduction mechanism and supports to help these socio-economically disadvantaged groups including female headed households we want to highlight the need for research because once you formulate a policy to support these people those policy must be backed up by sufficient number of research covering different aspects of climate household expenditure. So this is actually the beginning we first talked about this that this sort of research must be done in Bangladesh and many other developing country and to mainstream this thing we actually need to integrate the questions that we asked in this survey in national survey like household income and expenditure survey which is conducted by BPS the statistical wing of government of Bangladesh and donors like World Bank UNDP they can also come up and encourage or I mean at their capacity they can encourage the government to include these things in national surveys and as we definitely know that poor people need to receive support and hear its role not only for the government or the affected households it's also a global political economic issue and donors like say developed countries or multilateral donors also need to play their appropriate roles in this context to prioritize the needs of poor people in the wake of a disaster. So thank you, thank you that's my presentation and thank you. Thank you very much Sheikh Iskander well done. I have a quick question for you with regards to a bit of a technical question in terms of your methodology how are you able to distinguish or what are the parameters that we use to distinguish what I will call losses and damages which is what the people have suffered the ones that are affected by floods or by droughts or by hurricanes and what they are then spending not just to deal with the suffering but also to prepare themselves to not suffer again next time so the latter I would categorize as adaptation funding they're preparing for the next time and the former is an actual loss they lost it they lost their cow or they lost their house that's a loss that's a complete loss are you able to distinguish between these two losses versus what I would call investments for the future. Thank you for this really important question so this is a limitation we need to admit of our study that we did not account for all the losses the households incurred but we investigated and calculated what they are doing to you know manage or reduce the risk something I can use one example say if you are exposed to a flood we can automatically expect say households who expect to be repeatedly exposed to flood can raise the their homestead so that their homestead doesn't get flooded once again so this is kind of a adaptation investment. Thank you very much so I'm seeing some questions and in fact some hands as well I would invite everybody who has a question to put it in the Q&A box and we will address them and if you want to speak if you have your hand up I see Francis Lawton has his hand up I will give you the floor later on if that's okay when we come to the Q&A session. So I would now like to ask our first of two designated discussants representing first from the World Bank we have Anne Kuriakosa I think I've pronounced right who is a development sociologist based at the World Bank South Asia region as a senior social development specialist where she coordinates gender programming and work on social dimensions of climate change. Since joining the bank in 2005 Anne has led analytical work on labor adaptation and social protection and supported operations in CDD irrigation and forestry. She led the gender program of US $8.3 billion climate investment funds at the World Bank Climate Group and she has experienced in quite a few countries including India Pakistan Bangladesh Sri Lanka here in our region. So Anne if you would like to just share some thoughts on particularly where does this kind of research fit into programming that you would be doing at the World Bank level you may already be doing or planning to do and how can we take further both the research and the programming as well to address the female-headed households and we all know that females are much much more vulnerable than males in general. Anne over to you. Thank you very much Salim and thank you to IID and colleagues for the invitation to speak today. I'm Anne Kuriakosa as was mentioned and I'm really pleased to be able to respond to this paper by Sheikh Eskander which I think problematizes the question of vulnerability within the household much more systematically than we often see in terms of impacts from climate and I think that this is very much consistent with some of what we've seen before in terms of looking at vulnerability of households across Bangladesh. We did some work about 10 years back under the economics of adaptation to climate change study which did see that particularly when we look socio-spatially that there are vulnerabilities for those regions that are hit by multiple hazards by storms by floods droughts sea level rise and that households aren't able to recover when they're hit in these by multiple hazards in time and so what you get is this kind of entrenched poverty then that becomes much more difficult compared to those subnational regions of Bangladesh where they might only be exposed to one hazard. What we've seen here of course in today's paper is much more problematizing what's happening within the household here distinguishing between male and female headed households with those very important findings around the costly burden to female headed households because they're starting from a lower income status to start with and oftentimes segregated in natural resource based livelihoods to an even greater extent that we see men who are often typically diversified more into services and manufacturing even in rural areas where we see non-farm participation. Overall pattern wise we've seen that the poorest are often pushed onto these marginalized lands so again they have a sort of physical exposure from a very weak asset base if we think in Bangladesh in the case of the chores or some of these irregular settlements which are very physically vulnerable but also institutionally quite marginalized from the sorts of service delivery that we might expect in other places and so I think this distinction that Salim has made between what's the sort of ex ante disastrous reelection measures that households are taking on their own and individuals in this case compared to some of the more productive or even kind of productive measures that might be taken in terms of livelihoods diversification or physical investments in hard and soft infrastructure as well in regions is important when we think about the adaptive capacity of different areas in different groups. The other piece I really appreciated within this paper was again looking at you know not just as gender disaggregation within the household and spheres of kind of decision making in a sense but also the potential for thinking about kind of co-located households and that's question of male out migration potentially we have you know different sources of income and fall back positions in a sense where you've got some people within the households that based in cities others still back in villages etc and that could be male or female in Bangladesh of course I mean you still have predominantly the male out migration but we've seen of course through the the garment district employment etc lots of young women as well moving to to cities and having a role there when we think about vulnerability and these sorts of investments in assets as well as some of those other measures that are protected such as skills development and and that sort of diversification I've mentioned before. This is a whole bundle of livelihood elements that that I think households are bringing together to protect themselves as much as possible and what has been found in this research on the economics of adaptation to climate change is that it's you know of course you can't rely only on on poor individuals but one of those sorts of other investments that can be made that make a difference. I've mentioned the hard infrastructure but of course we saw that for Bangladesh depending on the region those areas that are very institutionally dense that have high levels of CSO presence and the sort of inbuilt social capital and knowledge that comes from preparedness measures that households are exposed to makes a big difference and and government Bangladesh has also been investing heavily in this as we've seen with the disaster preparedness measures over time and the huge great achievements in reducing gender disparities in morbidity and mortality between cyclones from 14 to 1 down to 5 to 1 in male female gap there in between cyclones Bola and Siddharth as we as we move over time. So I'll just stop there and kind of raised a few points but I'm very happy in the discussion to go into some more detail. Thank you very much and excellent inputs. We'll come back to you with some further you know thoughts on how to take things forward with this kind of more nuanced and detailed information so that the effectiveness of interventions can be improved to reach the most vulnerable particularly women and within women women headed households. So I'm now going to invite the second designated discussant who is Malia Muzammal from the United Nations Development Program. Malia is a climate finance expert at UNDP Bangladesh and a research fellow in the environment and society program at Chatham House working on key issues around climate change food systems and food security in a post COVID-19 world. Her specialisms include low carbon climate resilient development climate policy sustainable food systems and equitable energy system transformations. Malia please go ahead and share your thoughts and again as with Anne a little bit of context for UNDP in the kinds of things that you are doing where you can take these kinds of analysis further and use them in your programming going forward Malia. Thank you Dr. Hawk and thank you Anne I think those were very insightful comments. I hope you can all hear me and see me. Yes go ahead yes go ahead. I think one of the most important learnings from this study and which we've already been seeing in the field is the importance of you know like you mentioned providing effective interventions so providing support for diversification of livelihoods for these women when we're you know working at the ground level there is no one size fits all even in the same region even in the same union so there there must be enough varieties or diversification that we provide in terms of opportunities. Again in terms of the criteria for woman-headed households I find this a bit difficult on the ground sometimes because this needs to be flexible or wide enough to ensure that many of the women left behind who have working partners in the cities or partners of men who have left and gone somewhere it doesn't really include them so how can we ensure that many of these women are still included. Again you know coming out of this research I think we need to ensure that on the ground field agents are there are enough on the ground field agents to provide support to ensure that any intervention we provide in terms of funding through UNDP or through CSOs or through other NGOs that there's someone they can reach out to and for help who can ensure that this is effectively being implemented on the ground. I guess I from my experience and from what we know supporting climate resilient housing you know climate resilient water supplies agriculture infrastructure livestock is you know one of the most important areas via which we can help them and while there is a lot of investment for for I want to say a lot of investment that poor household makes actually go into making their housing more resilient so we have also been thinking of focusing more funding on climate resilient housing in these disaster prone areas or in these climate induced areas and already mentioned and I'll just touch on this very briefly that we you know and this you know we've been talking about this for ages how can we ensure better coordination between the ministries and departments between the funding we provide to ensure there's no duplication of efforts or no duplication on funding and while you know it is easier said that that how can we ensure this in in a national level or in in a regional context how can we be a bit more effective in terms of this I and I guess you know one of the most important things that this paper shows is that if we are able to do similar research in other least developed countries other climate vulnerable countries and it provides us with the similar result then it has huge merit from the climate justice and advocacy angle we can take it to the cop we can take it to the donors you know and we can we can tell them that look this is what is happening how can you help us help us justify this or how can you help how can you match the funds that these four vulnerable communities for women are putting in from their pockets so from UNDP we've been working on a researching gender and climate bonds we've been you know facilitating climate vulnerable for peoples for women's cooperatives and we've been trying to work a bit more at the ground level to ensure that the those you know most at at risk those most vulnerable are actually getting the help and support and the funding that they should be or that we are being provided in order to support them we're also working on a parametric risk financing where we want to use satellite imagery to identify damage you know after a disaster in many of these households and then compensate them accordingly we on the side we also have ongoing research on insurance instruments and I think this is very new and innovative so we're looking at both disaster risk financing and climate insurance climate risk financing and trying to ensure that we understand how to keep these separate and compensate these people who are the most vulnerable so that they can use their resources more strategically I think lastly you know what we want to ensure is that development benefits from climate finance is maximized and research such as these can only help us you know strengthen our voices and ask the donors to match the funds that are already being spent by these most vulnerable people I just to mention at the policy level we're also looking at innovative climate financing options and we're doing a lot of work on accountability and transparency so we're working with various ministries we're going to have training very soon with the ministries of finance of various Asia-Pacific countries so that we were training them so that they can do their climate performance on it so these are this is just an example of something we're doing at the policy level so that's it for me for now thank you very much Greg thank you very much Malia for those excellent contributions and particularly pointing out things that are already being addressed and developed and and hopefully can be taken forward now we are going to segue in a minute or two to the Q&A part of this meeting but before we do that we have one more poll to share with all the participants to answer a question which is why do you think female headed households spend such a large share of their expenditure on climate disaster risks and you've only got one one choice to make the first one being female headed households live in areas where some climate disasters are greatest the second one being female headed households are poorer than male headed households and the third one being female headed households are higher demand for disaster protection investments and fourth and finally female headed houses have less diversified income sources please tick one of them that you think will be the most appropriate and submit it and then let's see how we all answer in the previous case I did know the answer in this case I don't know the answer so I've I've taken a guess myself let's see whose guess has come through properly also let me take this opportunity to introduce one of the co-authors of this paper a very important co-author Paul Steele Paul would you like to turn your camera on and and recognize that he was one of the key people behind designing and and running this study and we've been working together for many years together it's a pleasure to have Paul so Paul I'm going to invite you a little later to say a few words and in the meantime also invite you to take one or two of the questions if you feel you want to do them so when I come to the Q&A both you and Skander and also Anne and Malieha feel free to offer to answer any of the questions that you feel is relevant for you and you would like to contribute Juliet do we have closure on the question yeah ready to go I'll share the results okay so number four with the female headed households have less diversified income that's what I said as well and then we also have female headed households are poorer than male headed households that's a reasonable assumption and then female headed households live in areas which are some climate vulnerability that's true also and finally female heads that households have higher demand for disaster protection that came in only at 4% is there an answer to this question Juliet is there a correct answer they're actually all come excellent so nobody's wrong we're all right excellent well done everybody you thank you for participating we wanted to make it a bit more interactive than these normal webinars are okay so I'm now going to move us to the Q&A session we've already got some very good questions in the question answer box I'm going to read off one at a time a few of them we may not be able to do all of them but we'll try and do them and invite I'll direct them to each person and then as I said if any of the speakers wish to pick one let me know by putting your hand up so the first question comes from Brian Barbon who is our colleague in IID he asked if climate disaster expenditure by households climate loss and damage based on the evidence how are these households directly compensated for their loss what are the mechanisms available at the local level who would like to take that is that you want to take it I I think local level you know reflection can be can come better from Malika or someone but I'll take it I'll take it for you okay so the basically the households are on their own all right so whatever they lose they lose so 100% of the loss is their loss the question then is to what extent do they get additional support coming in from others and there are basically three major sources the first one is friends neighbors relatives they are the first first recourse we help each other we help our neighbors if our neighbor has been affected and I can help him I will help him and that does happen in Bangladesh to large extent there's a is a very great amount of social capital involved in helping poor people the second level is more formal support coming in from government government does mobilize itself local government national government they come in with relief sometimes in the form of food sometimes in the form of cash sometimes in the form of clothing depending on the the hazard and the impacts that have happened and then finally a little later come the international agencies a combination of the formal UN agencies and NGOs like Oxfam and Care and others of which there are many in Bangladesh they do come in and do quite a lot as well but they tend to be a bit slower they tend to be coming in a little later in terms of how much a poor household will actually get in the form of compensation it varies enormously it at one end of the scale very little at another end of the scale perhaps more and in fact the challenge for all of us collectively every one of us is how do we improve that level of reaching the most deserving the most vulnerable the most affected at a more efficient way than we have done in the past so let us move on to the next question which again I'll read out it comes from Susan Ann Samuel it says thank you so much for this resourceful discussion a specific question to Ann how do you think is the pattern of social legal environmental movements of women in the global south do you think this enhances the potential for mainstreaming human rights in a holistic manner through climate action and do you think these movements can navigate the policies to a better integration and you've been working in this area for a long time what is your feeling about the opportunities for women's political movements or more human rights based movements in the global south thank you thank you for that question the I think there's quite a lot of scope actually and we've seen different forms of collective action both outside of kind of formal government channels but also I think increasingly the importance of women mobilizing to participate in informal local governance and that whole question of kind of voice and accountability matters when we're talking about climate action and here in particular the bank is quite keen to see much more devolved climate finance and strengthening of local government capacity to respond to these sorts of shocks but also help with the diversification and area development that we've been talking about during this session and our challenge has been to make sure that the widest and broadest number of people vulnerable groups women of different types and and we don't want to kind of lump everyone together and we've importantly in this paper I think the term female headed households has been used as a useful and largely correct proxy for for the most vulnerable but we do in a lot of our targeting efforts around social protection and adaptive social protection also have lots of kind of income verification and means testing as well because we don't want to have just that one-to-one assumption that that sometimes they have done and so best practice coming out of our gender group in the World Bank is is also to kind of open up these boxes and think of who's actually in a most vulnerable position. Lots of times also thinking of intersectional questions right in terms of ethnic minorities elderly and others as well and the ways that those categories intersect with with gender as sure thank you very much you know the the category of most vulnerable doesn't have an answer there are many many many vulnerable groups as you said women being one very large number but others as well indigenous and elderly and and disabled and so on and so forth. Let me move on to the next question it's from Kirsty Mason she asks if women are more affected by floods than storms but the cost of recovering from or adapting to storms is far higher how does that translate into women paying more for climate risks a significantly larger number of women than men lose their lives through floods in South Asia too who'd like to take that Paul any thoughts on that differentiation between floods and storms. Sure I mean there's a shake identified we in this study we look at the cost the how much households are spending to reduce the risks of climate related disasters we don't actually look at the losses so I think in a further study or studies in other countries we would need to look at as you indicated in your remarks on loss and damages both the pre and post expenditure so that in fact that makes our numbers quite conservative if you look at how much they're spending on pre and post it will probably be significantly more than the 31 percent that female headed households are spending according to our paper. In addition to that you see the fundamental difference between how flood and storms affect people I mean storm is low probability but high impact add females lower mobility because of their lack of social mobility plus also we know how rural women dress normally which is not really helpful for their mobility all these things together if females need to reduce their risk from exposure to storms they need to spend more money because they cannot do all the things they need to do themselves they need to hire some additional help altogether although they are less affected by storms when some storms happen their recovery actually becomes more expensive so that's something this question actually asks although they are more affected by floods they are spending more for storms and this is the reason this scenario is happening. Very good thank you very much we are coming to the end of our allotted time so I'm not sure we'll be able to do all the questions so let me invite the speakers to feel free to type in your answers so that at least each question gets somebody to answer it in written form but I'll take one or two more orally and invite speakers to answer as well so please type in your answers as well as answer the question when I ask you to. So the question next question I'm going to take is from Vanita and she says do we see the role of contamination of water resources due to the fast fashion enhancing the vulnerability of women and if looking at the whole ecosystem in climate change can help at looking at alternative approaches for example extending the polluter pay principle to be extended across the supply chain and not leave it to contractual garment industry suppliers at the local level this disaster of contamination of source and death of rivers built slowly and enhances vulnerability of women very interesting question actually regarding pollution rather than disasters but it is a problem that we are facing in Bangladesh would anybody like to take it up Malia any thoughts and please go ahead thanks very much yeah a key question there and it brings to mind some of the questions around just transition as well and how we think about impacts on workers and and the key question as well as it as we've kind of implicitly alluded to links between health and climate change and what we've seen in the sorts of efforts that have been made around decarbonization include a whole range of industrial processes and energy efficiency and a real push to help firms and industries improve their environmental impact but also their cleaner production processes that have this very direct impact on environmental health on workers health and safety and that whole linkage between the kind of environmental and social audits and I think there was an earlier question too on you know what is the role for women's movements and political movements and I know in the case of Bangladesh that there are quite a lot of kind of unions and CSO alliances et cetera pushing particularly in the key sector of garments in Bangladesh domestically and also sometimes with international support and I think there's great scope for work to be done there so and this is a lot of what we're trying to do in in the World Bank's efforts in in supporting countries some in transition not just in terms of kind of energy sources and renewable energy sources but the whole range of kind of production and consumption that has such an impact on people so thank you for that question thank you very much and for that excellent response so now going to put the final question to all the speakers and give you a minute each to give a quick response the question comes from Melissa Bungkaras I hope I pronounced that right if you could change one thing about the current climate financing system to ensure it is more gender just what would it be I think that's a good challenge to end with I'll go in the order we started shake first and then Anne and then Malia and then I'll give the final word to Paul shake please one thing what do you think more research more research well in addition to more research increased access to formal banking loan for formal banking so that's excellent excellent good and what's the one thing you would think of I think we need lots of transparency and planning and budgeting and you know much more wide for participation of a wider range of society it takes that innovation and identification of real needs on the ground I think to make the sort of difference where we're looking to have excellent thank you Malia one thing I think you know yes women's voices and decision making are still very much lacking in in this country context and in this region so there's still a lot more work to be done to ensure that we have more women you know thinking about these problems and telling us about how we can help them excellent thank you Paul last word thanks well yeah I mean iid has been doing a lot of work with others on what we call money where it matters so I think it's this point that many of the others colleagues have made about getting money to the local level we had a question on that and and as we've heard all people particularly women are spending their own resources they're not passive victims they're investing in their own future so we need to give them the resources to enable them to do that more effectively excellent excellent thank you thank you very much all our speakers for some excellent discussions again please feel free to put answers to questions that were not answered in the q&a box so that at least the askers of the questions can get some responses from you I'm going to conclude by sharing a little bit of my thinking that I I'm going to use the climate change world and the climate change jargon to bear on this very important issue that we've been discussing for the last hour in the climate change arena particularly the six assessment report of the IPCC has become a very very important game changing report it's the first time in 30 years that the intergovernmental panel on climate change have actually reported working group one which tracks climate changes and climate models for the very first time can verifiably attribute the impacts of climate change happening already because of the temperature increase that we've had already which is over one degree centigrade so climate change impacts are now a reality they they are absolutely attributable to human induced climate change no question about that and then a little later we got the working group to report of the IPCC that is on vulnerability impacts and adaptation and they had chapter in verse hundreds of examples of impacts actually happening people suffering from floods hikes on sea level rise salinity intrusion what have you all the different impacts of climate change that were predicted in the past are now actually happening so people are suffering people are suffering losses and damages as we speak and this in fact leads to the third assessment report giving us a very very short time window to get our house in order to stay below 1.5 degrees we have to start acting now and we have to deal with the losses and damages from human induced climate change as a reality in every country whatever the global system the cop the UNFCC decide or don't decide or fail to decide the reality on the ground is it's happening and as you know right now here in this part of the world in Bangladesh we we are suffering quite a hot day but it's nowhere near what is happening at the in India and in Pakistan where the temperature has gone above 50 degrees already and people are dying and that is a reality that is what we have to deal with and particularly women are particularly vulnerable and and to be a more optimistic note people are not sitting idle people are working and Bangladesh is what at the forefront of trying to devise ways of dealing with it from the bottom up if people individually on their own at the household level at the school level at the community level and also at the national level and linking up with global institutions like the UN and the World Bank and Bangladesh is really literally literally a laboratory for tackling climate change you name a problem we have it and we are doing something about it somebody somewhere in Bangladesh is doing something about every single problem that we are everybody's going to face eventually but we are facing today and so as researchers it's a very great place to work I hope that Paul and Iskandar are planning a next phase of your work very happy to engage with you to make sure that we do some good proper research that can feed into decision-making and on the decision-making side just to mention that in Bangladesh right now several things were pointing out Bangladesh is developing its national adaptation plan it's already developed its national nationally determined contribution plan it's also preparing something called the Mujib climate prosperity plan which is something fairly unique in which gender and and women is going to be focused as well as locally led adaptation is going to be extremely well focused and that's something that we bring together and and the whole approach is going to be a whole of society approach not just leaving to particular agencies of the government but all the government agencies as well as non-governmental actors NGOs and our development partners as well it there's a huge opportunity for collaborative work for learning from each other sharing with each other and adding to each other's abilities to be effective the last point I'll make is again citing the working group to report of the IPCC which actually did quite a lot of analysis on existing adaptation funding and projects and quite surprisingly in my view came up with a very odd finding firstly many of these interventions did not add value they didn't work some of them actually did the reverse they made things worse they were maladaptive rather than adaptive and so we don't really know what is effective adaptation we are going up a learning curve and we have to admit mistakes when we make them and correct them and so this is a lesson for everybody involved in either funding or supporting or implementing adaptation we need to learn by doing and we need to be much more aware of our ineffectiveness and correct our ineffectiveness and make it more effective and this goes for the the world banks and the UN agencies as well nobody knows all the answers we need to be humble in our approach to doing things and learning by doing with that I'm going to close this meeting thank everybody for being with us I hope we can give everybody an appropriate thumbs up or hand or wave or whatever it is that would help and wish everybody a rest of a good rest of the day wherever you are thank you all very much thank you thank you so much