 Welcome to the Hindu News Analysis by Shankar Ayes academy. The display news articles along with the page numbers are provided here for your reference. The PDF link of the handed notes along with the time stamping of the news analysis is provided in the description box as well as in the comment section for smart mobile users. Now let us start our news analysis. This news article is about the bill that has been introduced in the Lok Sabha regarding the measure of two Indian territories. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. See the central government has decided to measure the two Indian territories which are the Indian Territory of Dhadra, Nagra, Haveli and the Indian Territory of Daman and Diyu. So in this context a bill has been introduced in the Lok Sabha by the Indian Minister of State of the Ministry of Home Affairs and the bill is called as the Dhadra and Nagra, Haveli and Daman and Diyu measure of Indian Territory's bill of 2019. So in this context let us see about these Indian Territories in terms of geographical perspective then brief historical perspective as well as important political aspects of these Indian Territories. Now look at this map. From this map we can say that the Indian Territory of Dhadra, Nagra, Haveli is located on the western side of the foothills of western gods. Then Silvasa is the capital of this Indian Territory. Kindly notice that the Indian Territory of Dhadra, Nagra, Haveli shares border with the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra. The important aspect of this Indian Territory is that about 40% of the total geographical area is covered with forest and also the tribal population is very high in this Indian Territory. That is around 60% of the entire population is tribal population. Note that the major river that is Daman Ganga passes through this Indian Territory and finally drains into Arabian Sea at Daman. Now let us see about Daman and Diyu. If you look at geographical location of this Daman and Diyu Indian Territory, these are two separate locations which are almost 700 kilometers apart from each other and Daman is on main land near southern portion of Gujarat state as we have already mentioned that Daman Ganga river drains into Arabian Sea at Daman and Daman is the headquarters of Daman and Diyu Indian Territory. Now look at the location of Diyu which is an island near Junagar district of Gujarat state. These are the some of the important geographical aspects of these two Indian Territories. Now let us see about the history of these Indian Territories in brief. Note that these Indian Territories were under the Portuguese rule for a longer period. From 1961 to 1987 the Daman and Diyu were part of the Indian Territory of Goa. Then when the Goa got statehood in 1987, Daman and Diyu were made as a separate Indian Territory. As we have discussed that this Indian Territory that is Dadra Nagrahaveli was under the rule of Portuguese and know that it was occupied by the Portuguese in 1783 and since then it was under the rule of Portuguese. It was only in 1954 that the residents of Dadra Nagrahaveli got liberated from the Portuguese rule. After that that is from 1954 to 1961 the Territory was administered by a citizens council called the Varista Panchayat of Free Dadra and Nagrahaveli. After that that is in 1961 it was merged with the Republic of India and made as a separate Indian Territory. Now we will discuss in brief about quality aspects of these Indian Territories. Kindly notice that the pros and cons regarding the administration of Indian Territories are mentioned in the part 8 of the Indian Constitution. If you see the administration of the Indian Territories, generally these Indian Territories are administered by the President through an Administrator appointed by him as per Article 239, Clause 1 of the Indian Constitution. So for your information know that the Administrators of Andaman-Nikobar Islands, then Delhi, then Pudicherry were designated as Lieutenant Governors and the Governor of Punjab is currently holding the responsibility of Administrator of Chandigarh. But in case of Dadra Nagrahaveli, the Administrator of this Indian Territory is concurrently the Administrator of Daman and Dil. So we can see that there is a common Administrator for both these Indian Territories. Also notice that there is no Legislature in both these Indian Territories. In addition if you see in terms of administration, many departments have a common Administration but only the secretaries of these departments that is the offices are separate. So having two separate constitutional and administrative entities in these Indian Territories lead to lot of duplicacy, then inefficiency and also wasteful expenditure. If you notice the present government, policy, minimum government and maximum governance, so considering small population and limited geographical area of both these Indian Territories and to use the services of offices efficiently, now the central government has decided to merge these Indian Territories into a single Indian Territory. In this direction, a bill was introduced in the Lok Sabha known as the Union Territories of Dadra Nagrahaveli and Damanandu, Major of Union Territories Bill of 2019. At present India has 28 States and 9 Union Territories and if both Damanandu and Dadra Nagrahaveli are merged, then India will have 28 States and 8 Union Territories in the future. Therefore, we shall see more about the future course of this bill in our coming analysis sessions. With this information, we have come to the end of the analysis of this news article. Have a look at the practice question which will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This news article speaks about the launch of Kortosat-3 satellite. Know that today morning, the PSLVC-47 has successfully launched the Kortosat-3 satellite and 13 other satellites of U.S. customers into their respective orbits. And these satellites were launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Center that is short at Sriharikota in the coastal district of Andhra Pradesh. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is highlighted here for your reference. Now let us discuss in brief about Kortosat-3 satellite. It is the most advanced Earth observation satellite of Indian Space Research Organization and it is considered as a third generation advanced AISL satellite. Here AISL or AISLity is the ability of the satellite to move quickly and easily. The significant feature of this Kortosat-3 is that it will obtain panchromatic and multi-spectral imagery. Here panchromatic means it is sensitive to or captures all visible colors of light. Then multi-spectral means it can operate in several regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Know that this Kortosat-3 satellite is an Earth observation satellite with an operation life of about 5 years. The Earth observation satellites usually support many applications in the areas of land and water resources management, then in the field of cartography, then in the studies of oceanic and atmospheric studies. Apart from these applications, the Kortosat-3 satellite series mainly focuses on cartography which is the science or practice of drawing maps. The significant aspect of this Kortosat-3 satellite is that it offers the best ever resolution that is about 25 centimeters in the whole series of Kortosat satellites. It means that from a height of around 500 kilometers, this satellite that is Kortosat-3 satellite can distinguish an object with a minimum size of 25 centimeters in length. This resolution that is of 25 centimeters assumes significance because the previous best of the Kortosat series was about 65 centimeters. As per the news article, the current best resolution in the world is about 31 centimeters that is provided by the Worldview-3 satellite which is owned by a US company. This is why the news article says that the Kortosat-3 satellite will have the sharpest eye of civilian remote sensing satellites in the world. Kindly note that the Indian Space Research Organization has launched eight Kortosats since 2005 and these satellites are namely Kortosat-1, Kortosat-2, Kortosat-2A-2F and these satellites constitutes a constellation of eight Kortosats since the launch of the first satellite in 2005. Now after the success of the launch of Kortosat-3 satellite, it has become ninth and the most advanced in the series of Kortosat satellites. And this satellite that is Kortosat-3 satellite has many new technologies such as a highly agile or flexible camera, then high-speed data transmission, then advanced computer system and new power electronics. As per the ISRO data, this Kortosat-3 satellite will provide the best quality images of the Earth. But on the other hand, these best quality images of Earth will not be available for all of us. We need to understand or discuss some provisions of remote sensing data policy of 2011 which was adapted by the Government of India and as per the policy, it deals with the modalities or procedures for managing or permitting the acquisition and the dissemination of remote sensing data for the needs of socio-economic activities. The policy clearly prescribes that all remote sensing data of resolution up to 1 meter shall be distributed on a non-discriminatory basis and on a requested basis. This is mainly on the grounds of protecting the national security because if data of better than 1 meter resolution is accessed by everyone and this data can be misused. Therefore, the resolution below 1 meter shall be screened or can be accessed with the prior permission of the appropriate agencies. It means that only the Government and the Government authorized agencies shall have access to ISRO's high resolution images below a resolution of 1 meter. And other private and foreign users require prior permission to use such data with the resolution that is less than 1 meter. These are some of the important aspects with respect to Kato's Ad3 satellite. With this, we have come to the end of the discussion of this topic. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This news article is regarding the concerns raised by the Deputy Governor of Reserve Bank of India on the rising bad loans from Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojna. So in this context, we will see about the details of Mudra Yojna and its various components like Sishu, Kishu and Tarun aspects of the Mudra Yojna and also the concerns raised by the Deputy Governor. The syllabus relevant to this news article is highlighted here for your reference. The Mudra Yojna that is Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojna is one of the important programs of the government of India to fund the non-corporate, non-form, small or micro enterprises. And this Yojna was launched in 2015. See the micro enterprises in India despite their huge growth and employment generation potential has been facing the challenges of getting formal credit. Therefore, Mudra Yojna tries to fund the unfunded by bringing such enterprises under the formal financial system and extending affordable credit to such micro enterprises. Here Mudra stands for Micro Units Development and Refinancing Agency. And the implementing agency of Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojna is Mudra Agency Ltd. And it was set up as a financial institution by the government of India for development and refinancing of micro units enterprises. Know that the purpose of Mudra is to provide funding to the non-corporate, small business sector through refinancing mechanism. Here refinancing mechanism involves two stages. In the first stage, the commercial banks, regional rural banks, cooperative banks, microfinance institutions and non-banking finance institutions or non-banking finance companies were actually involves or extends the credit to micro enterprises. And the given fund or the given credit would be refinanced by Mudra Agency Ltd. As per the Mudra Yojna, the target group is the non-corporate small business segment. And this segment mostly consists of small manufacturing units, service sector units, shopkeepers, vegetable vendors, and also food service units, mission operators, small industries, artisans, etc. And whose credit need is mostly less than about 10 lakh rupees. And this Mudra Yojna is expected to boost the entrepreneurship and would enable employment generation and productivity of this sector. And the loans given to these small business segments comes under mainly three categories namely Shishu category, Kishore category, then Tarun category. These categories signify the funding needs of the beneficiary micro unit or their stage of growth and also provide a reference point for the next phase of the future growth. The financial limit of these categories are that is in case of Shishu category the loan is up to 50,000 rupees and in case of Kishore category the loans can be given up to 5 lakh rupees and then in Tarun category the loan amount is above 5 lakh rupees but up to 10 lakh rupees. And the beneficiaries as per this Yojna can get these loans from commercial banks, regional rural banks, also from cooperative banks, micro finance institutions and including non-banking finance companies. The significant aspect of this Mudra Yojna is that the borrowers will be provided with a debit called the Mudra card and this card can be operated across the country for withdrawal of cash from any ATM and can also make payment through any point of sale missions. As per the news article the scheme has lifted many beneficiaries out of the poverty because the scheme is expected to boost the entrepreneurship and to generate employment and also to increase the productivity of micro enterprises sector but the article mentions that in case of Mudra Yojna the levels of non-performing assets among the borrowers is also increasing and as per the news article the total non-performing assets in the Mudra scheme has increased from about 2.52% in the financial year 18 to 2.68% during the financial year 2018 to 19. The article also mentions a disturbing fact about the rising non-performing assets and it says that the bad loans in the scheme raised by 126% during the financial year 19 and it is a jump from about 9,200 crores in the financial year 18 to about 16,480 crores during the financial year 2018 to 2019. So it indicates that if you compare the financial years 18 and financial year 19 in terms of total non-performing assets it has almost double from about 9,000 crores to about 16,000 crores. Therefore in this context the Reserve Bank of India would ask bankers to closely monitor the loans provided and also the future loans to ensure that the loans are not defaulted. It is because an unsustainable credit growth or rising non-performing assets can make the entire system unstable. The article also mentions that micro small medium enterprises in the near future will get loans easily as lending will shift from collateral based lending to cash flow based lending. The collateral based lending means generally the creditors or a financial institution lends money based on the borrower's assets or borrower's surety like they have to mortgage their property or missionary etc. But in case of cash flow based lending the lenders give loans by using the expected cash flow that a borrower company or a borrowing company generates as collateral for the loan. It means that the loan is provided based on the expected revenue generated by the borrower in the near future. Hence there is no need for providing collateral for the financial institutions. Therefore with respect to this news article we have discussed the important aspects of Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojana and its various conference like Shishu, Kishore and Tarun categories of loans and also the concerns raised by the deputy governor of RBI. Have a look at the practice question. This question will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us proceed to the next news article analysis. This news article is about the observations made by the United Nations Environment Program in its emissions gap report and this gap report discusses on countries action to combat global warming. So in this context we will be discussing about the common terminologies like what is meant by global warming and the greenhouse gases and the examples for the greenhouse gases and various conventions like United Nations framework convention on climate change and other protocols like Kyoto protocol including various conferences including various important conference of parties. Finally we will be discussing about highlights of emissions gap report which is released by UNEP. The syllabus relevant to the analysis of this news article is given here for your reference. Now we will start with definition of global warming which is an average increase in the temperature of the atmosphere and which can contribute to the changes in the global climate patterns. The global warming can either be because of natural causes or human induced causes. If you see global warming which means that warming that can occur as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from various socio-economic activities. So in this context let us see what are greenhouse gases and what is meant by greenhouse effect. Here the greenhouse gases refer to those gases of the atmosphere that can absorb and can re-emit the infrared radiation. These gases can either be present naturally in the atmosphere or it can present due to anthropogenic activities and that is because of man-made activities. Now look at this picture and this picture explains the greenhouse effect much better and it shows that how the greenhouse gases absorb the infrared radiation from the sun and how these gases which are present in the atmosphere re-emit this infrared radiation in all the directions which causes the warming of the earth surface including the atmosphere of the earth and this is what we call it as a global warming and because of this the global climate patterns are disturbed. For example in the case of Indian monsoon which is also affected by the impact of climate change as a result of global warming. In case of Indian monsoon as a consequences of the climate change one can notice the delayed onset of Indian monsoon and also irregular movement of Indian monsoon and these are the some of the consequences of global warming. Now we will see the examples for greenhouse gases which includes water vapor, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide then fluorinated gases like hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, sulfur exafluorate including black carbon and brown carbon and these examples as greenhouse gases are very important for your prelims examination. Kindly notice that there are important international conventions and protocols like Kyoto Protocol and then agreements and important panels to address various aspects of global warming and its consequences. Here one such convention is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. It was adapted by the countries in 1992 and it came into enforcement in 1994. This ENFCC is popularly known as Rio Convention because it is one of the three conventions which are adapted at the Rio Earth Summit in 1992. The other conventions include EN convention on biological diversity and the convention to combat desertification. As per the ENFCC the aim of this convention is to prevent the dangerous human interference with the climate system. Know that almost about 197 countries that have ratified the convention are called as parties to the convention. Now let us see some of the important protocols that were signed in different conference of parties. The main protocol is that one of the main protocol is the Kyoto Protocol which was adapted in 1997 but it entered into force only in the year 2005. This Kyoto Protocol is the one which operationalizes this ENFCCC. The next important agreement that you should know is about the Paris Agreement which was signed by the parties to the convention in COP21 meeting and this COP21 was held in Paris. The important outcome of this Paris Agreement is to strengthen the global response to the threat of climate change and the plan is to keep the rising global temperature below 2 degrees Celsius with reference to pre-industrial levels by the end of this century and to continue efforts to limit the temperature increase even further to 1.5 degrees Celsius. And this agreement also requires all the parties which are member to this convention to put forward their best efforts to address climate change through nationally determined contributions. So each country will come up with their own targets that will help in addressing the impact of climate change. As we have already mentioned that this conference of parties is held every year and 25th conference of parties or COP25 is to be held at Madrid which is the capital city of Spain in the coming month of December. So we can expect many news articles on climate change in the coming days. And today's article is also one of such news article. Whatever we have discussed that is what is meant by global warming and the impact of global warming including climate change and important conventions in the domain of climate change which is ENFCC. These details we have mentioned to understand specific protocols related to ENFCC in detail in our future sessions. Now let us see the news article. Now look at this news article in the context of coming COP25 and the article has mentioned that the United Nations Environment Programme in short UNEP has warned the countries that the actions taken by these countries are inadequate to combat global warming. See every year the UNEP assesses the gap between anticipated emissions in the year 2030 and the current emissions levels of the parties of the agreement that is Paris Agreement. And based on this gap it prepares a report which is known as emissions gap report. And this year also UNEP has released the 10th emissions gap report. As per the UNEP the emissions gap could also be called the commitment gap because it measures the gap between what we need to do and what we are actually doing to tackle the impact of climate change. This year emissions gap report projects three important trend lines and the first one is that about the amount of greenhouse gas emissions that are released every year up to the year of 2030. And the next trend line is that the commitments that the countries are making to reduce their emissions and the impact of these commitments which are likely to have on overall emissions reduction. And finally about the pace at which these emissions must be reduced to reach an emissions low that would limit temperature increase to about 1.5 degree Celsius. Let us see the outcomes of the report that is mentioned in this news article. In this report UNEP has told that countries must cut their greenhouse gas emissions by at least three fold so that there is a chance to contain or cut the severe effects of global warming. The UNEP has also mentioned that unless global greenhouse gas emissions fall by about 7.6% each year between 2020 and 2030 we will miss the opportunity to get on track towards the ambitious target of about 1.5 degree temperature goal of the Paris Agreement. The report also mentions that as per the current commitments trends the temperature will increase by 3.2 degrees over pre-industrial levels. The report also mentions that India is the third largest emitter after United States and China and these positions are in terms of total amount of emissions released but not on the basis of per capita emissions. If you include European Union into the list then India's position is fourth largest emitter as per the report. If you see in terms of emissions per person or per capita it is quite low in case of India and we are not in the top 10 list. Now let us see in brief about United Nations Environment Program which was established by a resolution in the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment in 1972. The United Nations Environment Program that is UNEP is the leading environmental authority in the United Nations system and it uses its expertise to strengthen environmental standards and practices and at the same time it also helps in implementing the environmental obligations at various levels that is at the country level then at the regional levels including global levels. Know that its headquarters is located at Nairobi in Kenya. So with respect to this news article we have seen about global warming then greenhouse gases then about ENFCC also about Kyoto Protocol and Paris Agreement under ENFCC and finally about the news article which discusses about the emissions gap report which is released by UNEP. Kindly notice that this topic is based on the upcoming conference of parties 25th which is going to be held at Madrid which is the capital city of Spain and you will be seeing more news articles in the coming days regarding climate change, global warming and also on COP25. Now have a look at the practice question and will be discussed at the end of the session. Now let us move on to the next news article. This editorial is based on the recent survey results of National Statistical Office. The survey is on drinking water, sanitation, hygiene and housing conditions. The objective of this survey was to examine and study different aspects of living conditions that are necessary for a decent and healthy living of the households. This survey also helps in developing suitable indicators based on the information that is collected. The syllabus relevant to this editorial is highlighted here for your reference. Now this survey has assumed significance because the results of this survey have contradicted the claim of the government regarding the progress of Swach Bharat program. On the occasion of Gandhi Jayanthi this year our Prime Minister proudly announced India as open defecation free and he has mentioned that this was achieved as a result of the implementation of the Swach Bharat program. But if you look at NSO survey findings it shows that achieving ODF status is still in progress. So in this context we will see why ODF is still in progress and how the findings of NSO survey are contradicting the statement of the Prime Minister. If you look at Swach Bharat program it has claimed that 95% of the rural households had toilet access which means that only there is 5% deficit that is there are 5% of rural households which did not have toilet access but the NSO survey showed that during the period from July to December in the year of 2018 when the survey was conducted only about 71.3% of the households in the rural areas had toilet access. So if you compare the Swach Bharat program results and NSO survey findings this shows there is around 28% deficit. Then the survey results show that many states that were declared to be open defecation free has actually did not qualify for the status of ODF and the survey has mentioned some of the states like Andhra Pradesh, then Gujarat, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, then Jharkhand, Karnataka including Madhya Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. In these states households neither had access to toilet nor they had toilet. In some other states they have reported that the percentage in terms of lack of toilets is higher than the national average and these states include the state of Jharkhand, then the state of Tamil Nadu and Rajasthan. So author is suggesting that the NSO survey results can be used to review the performance of these states which was initially reviewed by the Swach Bharat program. Therefore the central government should ideally treat the survey results as a fresh assessment of how much ground is to be covered. Then the survey is also important because it provides an opportunity to review other social determinants such as education, then housing and water supply because all these parameters have a strong influence on the adoption of sanitation. And the author is noting that taking sanitation as a separate ideal will be pointless because the communities which are unable to see the benefits of sanitation due to overall deprivation of education, housing and water supply would be difficult for these households. But if you see the achievement announced by the Prime Minister of India and ODF is just based on only one metric that is the toilet access. We know that making India open defecation free is one of the objectives of the Swach Bharat mission program by construction of individual household toilets. Here a duly completed household sanitary littering shall comprise of three important components. One of these three components one is having a sanitary substructure. This substructure safely confines human feces and eliminates the need for human handling. Then the second component is a superstructure with a water facility and the final component is having a hand wash unit for cleaning and hand washing. If all the three components are there we can say that a house has an individual household littering. So under the Swach Bharat program there were allocation of funds and financial incentives for the vulnerable households to enable them to construct such toilets. So the government has included only this toilet access or construction as the measurement to declare open defecation free status. As per the government data around 110 million or 11 crore toilets have been constructed since the launch of Swach Bharat mission in the October month of 2014. So we can say that the mere construction of toilets does not mean that people do not defecate openly. That is why the author is stating that this NSO survey is very important because the survey results add a new dimension for achieving ODF in addition to access to toilet. Now as a result of the latest NSO survey the government or the public now have access to another set of data and this data will enable policy makers including government to act based on the new dimensions. Here the new dimensions which the author is talking is about rural housing and rural water supply. Therefore these dimensions are key to bring toilet access to all. Furthermore the NSO survey found that among the households that use littering about 4.5% of the households in the rural areas reported that water was not available in or around the littering used. And with respect to rural housing only about 76.7% of the households in the rural areas had the house of permanent structure that is pakka structure. That is why the author is raising the question that whether the Pradhanamantri Avasviyajna Grameen component will be able to bridge the existing gap because under the scheme government has the objective of housing for all by 2022. Therefore to achieve the objective about 2.95 crore new houses are said to be constructed by 2022. Now one can say that the deficit in these two dimensions clearly show that there is a lack of development in the rural areas and the author is stating that it will take a marathon program or long lasting program to bring all round development to India's villages since the rural India have not really benefited from the economic growth of our country. It is also well recognized that development indices are low in some of the states. In addition to this the local bodies lack the capacity and resources to bring universal sanitation even though there is a political will. Therefore to conclude this article the author is demanding that a sustained work is required in the form of long lasting program and this sustained work should eliminate shortcomings in the ongoing programs that is in terms of lack of housing and access to continuous water supply and such other socioeconomic parameters. With this we have come to the end of this news article analysis. The displayed practice question will be discussed at the end of this session. Now let us start practice problems questions session. Now look at this question. This question is that who releases emissions gap report? In the options they have given as intergovernmental panel on climate change, then international energy agency, then option C as United Nations Environment Program, then option D as international solar alliance. For this question elimination of options is little bit difficult but if you look at option D that is international solar alliance and this solar alliance is relatively new body and as of now there are no regular reports released by this body. Therefore you can eliminate option D then look at option B which says that international energy agency and note that this international energy agency releases world energy outlook. Therefore option B can be eliminated. Then option A says that it is an intergovernmental panel on climate change and this IPCC which prepares comprehensive assessment reports on climate change and these reports are prepared by the working groups of IPCC. Note that scientists across the world form a part of this working group and these scientists usually prepares comprehensive assessment reports on climate change on regular basis. Then option C says that it is an United Nations Environment Program. Kindly note that this ENEP releases emissions gap report and recently it has released 10th emissions gap report which has highlighted that the ongoing trend of releasing emissions gap into the atmosphere would breach the target of limiting the global warming by 2 degrees centigrade by the end of this century. The emissions gap report also mentions that the measures taken by the parties of the Paris Agreement are not sufficient to achieve the target of limiting the global rising temperature by 2 degrees centigrade by the end of this century. Therefore for this question option C that is United Nations Environment Program is the correct one. Now look at this question. They have given three statements and you have to choose incorrect statements. The first statement says that the boundary of Union Territory of Dhadra Nagrahaveli is located within the territory of Gujarat and this statement is incorrect because the boundary of Union Territory of Dhadra Nagrahaveli shares border with two states that is the state of Gujarat and the state of Maharashtra. Now second statement says that in the Union Territory of Dhaman and Diyu Diyu is located in the mainland of India and the Dhaman is an island located in Arabian Sea. The second statement is also incorrect because Diyu is an island which is located in the Arabian Sea and Dhaman is located in the mainland that is within the territory of the state of Gujarat. Now look at the third statement which says that both the Union Territories that is the Union Territory of Dhaman and Diyu and the Union Territory of Dhadra Nagrahaveli are administered by the President. And this statement is correct because as per the article 239a class 1 the Union Territories are administered by the President through an administrator appointed by the President and the designation of such an administrator is specified by the President as per the article 239. Know that the administrator is known by different names in the different Union Territories and in case of Annamanicoba Islands and then in case of Delhi and Pudicherry and also in case of newly formed Union Territories of Jammu and Kashmir and Ladakh these administrators are designated as Lieutenant Governors. The Governor of Punjab is concurrently the administrator of Chandigarh and in case of Dhadra Nagrahaveli the administrator of Dhadra Nagrahaveli is concurrently the administrator of Dhaman and Diyu. Here the designation is Administrator also in the case of Union Territory of Lakshadeep the designation is Administrator of Union Territory of Lakshadeep. With respect to this question you have to choose incorrect statements therefore option A that is 1 and 2 are incorrect statements. Now look at this question this question is with reference to Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojana and they have given three statements and you have to choose correct statements. Statement 1 says that the main objective of Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojana is to fund the non-corporate non-forming small or micro enterprises and this statement is correct statement because the main objective of this Mudra Yojana is to fund the non-corporate non-form small or micro enterprises. Know that it was launched in 2015 under the Ministry of Finance as per this Yojana the beneficiaries mostly includes the non-corporate small business segment which comprises like small manufacturing units, then the small service sector units, shopkeepers, then vegetable vendors etc. Now look at the third statement it says that the scheme comes under the Ministry of Micro Small Medium Enterprises. Kindly note that this scheme comes under the Ministry of Finance but not under the Ministry of MSME. So you can eliminate option C and you would be left with option A that is 1 and 2 only. As additional information the beneficiaries under this Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojana can avail loans from commercial banks and also from regional rural banks, cooperative banks including micro finance institutions and non-banking finance companies. Know that under this Mudra Yojana there are three categories like Sisu category, then Kisho and then Tarun category. Sisu category covers loans up to 50,000 rupees then above 50,000 rupees and up to 5 lakh rupees the loans are given under Kishor category whereas in case of Tarun category the loans covers above 5 lakh rupees but up to 10 lakh rupees and these are the some of the details with respect to Pradhanamantri Mudra Yojana. So for this question option A that is 1 and 2 only is the correct option. Now have a look at this question and this question is regarding cortosat 3 and they have given three statements but you have to choose incorrect statements. One says that it is an earth observation satellite. Then second statement says that cortosat 3 can provide a resolution of 25 centimeters from the altitude of 500 kilometers. Then third statement says that under the remote sensing data policy of 2011, remote sensing data gathered by cortosat 3 is accessible to private parties without prior permission. You know that cortosat 3 satellite is the most advanced earth observation satellite of ISRO and it is a thought generation advanced ASIL satellite which can move quickly and easily that is the meaning of ASIL satellite. Its significant feature is that it will obtain panchromatic and multispectral imagery. Therefore first statement is correct so you can eliminate options A and D because statement 1 is correct. Know that cortosat 3 offers the best ever resolution of about 25 centimeters in the entire cortosat series of ISRO. It means that from a height of around 500 kilometers the satellite can pick up an object with a minimum size of 25 centimeters and the previous best of the cortosat series was about 65 centimeters therefore second statement is also correct statement. Now look at the third statement which says that under the remote sensing data policy of 2011, remote sensing data that is gathered by cortosat 3 is accessible to private parties without prior permission. See as per the remote sensing data policy of 2011 which was adapted by the government of India prescribes the following guidelines to be adapted that is first one is that all data of resolution up to 1 meter shall be distributed on a non-discriminatory basis but on as a requested basis. Then the next rule says that with a view to protect national security interest all data of better than 1 meter resolution shall be screened and cleared by the appropriate agency prior to the distribution. Therefore the given third statement is incorrect statement. For this question they are asking that you have to choose incorrect statement. So option B that is statement 3 is the correct option for this question. Now look at this question which is a practice mains question which says that the recent NSO survey findings show that achieving ODF is still in progress and in the light of the above statement discuss the findings and the importance of the NSO survey. As we have mentioned that it is a part of our practice mains question series and you can post your written answer in the comment section of the video which will be evaluated and appropriate feedback will be given to the aspirants. With this we have come to the end of the analysis of today's session. If you like the video kindly do like, comment, share and subscribe the Shankar IS Academy channel for daily updates. Thank you.