 Thank you very much for the warm welcome. It's my first time to be in Singapore and I've been overwhelmed at the hospitality that my wife and I have enjoyed here so far. We're looking forward to the rest of our week here before we return to Houston on Monday. I can't echo any stronger what Paduchio talked about with the opportunities available space-related. I will also add that I've been in many work environments in my lifetime and my career. Over the years I spent my own career in the U.S. Army and the military. I've had some great work environments in the military but nothing has surpassed the work environment that I've enjoyed in human spaceflight and the space program in general. And it's not so much because of what you might think going to space and all the exciting things that entails or is involved in that, but it's the people. It's the people that we have the opportunity to work with. And you probably get a taste of that here in an environment like this. The people that work on the International Space Station Program, for example, and the Space General Program before that and really the international partnership that we pull together are all there because they believe in the mission. And so it's a real team environment. There's not competition among folks. We're all there because we believe in what we do and we enjoy doing it. And just thanks for a great environment. This is what, this is a view, we can turn those lights off again if you would. This is the view that inspires all of us. This is just, this is a representative view of the vantage point that space offers all of us. And of course this is looking back at the Earth. And that became personally my favorite thing to do in my free time was to look out the window and study the Earth. And then I come and video here. I'm going to show you some examples of what you can see there. And of course we can enjoy the view, but there's also lots of potential applications bringing technology that you're working on to space back to Earth and of course out into deep space as well as we explore beyond Earth orbit. But this is the view that inspires us along the next slide and the main convincing slide to the center. The next slide is the vantage point of the International Space Station which you've heard a lot about. Who here has seen the space station fly over? Anybody? What a few of you. Okay. Those of you that haven't, maybe you're not aware of what the naked eye fly over. You can go out and get an app or go to a website and find when they'll look ahead in the next few weeks maybe and see if there are opportunities for you to see it fly over. If you haven't done it, I encourage you to do so. Go find out when it's coming over Singapore and it'll be after sunset or before sunrise when the sun is still shining on the space station as it flies over. And it's pretty amazing, especially when you start learning more and more about the program and learn about the people that are currently on board and watch this thing fly over. Sometimes you can see it for up to four minutes. Of course, you need a few less clouds than what we typically see here in Singapore but nonetheless you can see it fly over. This space station, we began to build in 1998. That's when the first element was launched. We finished it in 2011. There was a little bit of an interruption there with the Columbia accident when we lost that crew and the space shuttle was grounded for almost three years but then we picked back up again and finished it 1998 to 2011. So it was a great investment of time to get this thing built. There were about 30, 7 exactly, space shuttle missions dedicated to the International Space Station and about 40 or so roughly Russian rocket launches also dedicated to the building of it. Started in 1998, we launched the first permanent crew or first expedition to the space station in the fall of 2000. And a lot of people don't realize that since then, since the fall of the year 2000, we've had continuous human presence in space because on the space station we hand over each crew. A standard mission like up there is six months. Currently, we have a crew of six. We started out as a crew of three when the shuttle was grounded. We were a crew of two just to maintain presence on the space station to keep it operational. Then we picked up and went back to a crew of three and eventually in 2009 got to a crew of six, which is the standard crew size. We rotate half the crew at a time. So we're rotating on Russian Soyuz launches. We launch four Soyuzes a year. You may have missed it on the news, but we just launched the latest Soyuzes last Friday to send three people up there to the space station to ground out the current crew of six. To give you an idea of the size of this thing, if you could lay it on the ground, it's bigger than a football field. If you could weigh it, it would weigh almost a million pounds. The inside, the habitable volume where the crew lives and works, the volume there is equivalent of a 5,000 square foot house. I'm sorry, I don't have a square meter equivalent, but that's a big house as you imagine. That's the volume inside the space station. So people ask me all the time to get claustrophobic there and the answer is no, because we're usually spread out on that big volume of the space station, different parts of the space station doing our work. But it's an incredible facility. It also, as was alluded to, it has opened the doors to lots of opportunities and those opportunities are only going to increase in scope. NASA has been very proactive over the last couple years to try to open the doors in a broader way to get commercial space on board and that includes a lot of student experiments, experiments of that magnitude, of the magnitude of a cube set. And NASA's continuing to look for ways to open the doors to get more people involved in space. So I can't emphasize or reiterate enough that the opportunities are there and they're only going to grow in the future. So if you have that interest, I encourage you to research those opportunities and then pursue them. What I'd like to do next is show you about a 15 or 16 minute video that kind of gives you a little bit of a feel for the rhythm of life on board the space station. I mentioned that we rotate three people four times a year, maintaining the standard crew size of six. This video is going to cover the flight that we participated on last year. We launched in March of 2016 and landed in September of 2016. It'll give you a sense of the rhythm as well as the content of a typical mission. Whoops, before I do that, I think I have another little video here. I mentioned the space show. Is anybody here seen a space show? Anybody get to the cake? I know the opportunities are limited. You've seen it. It was incredible. We're all very sad that they're all now in museums on display. If you get to the states and you have an opportunity to go see one of these, I encourage you to do that. When it was on the launch pad, it weighed 4 million pounds. 4 million pound rocket and about 40,000 pounds of cargo on the crew of seven up into orbit. Hopefully the video works here. Let me try it again. Next one, there's a little video. This thing weighed 4 million pounds on the launch pad and produced 7.5 million pounds of thrust on the launch pad to get that 4 million pounds into orbit. You guys ever have a technical problem? Yeah. What you can do is... What you can do is instead of going into PowerPoint, you can just watch the video by itself. Not the short video, but there's one that says E-47-48. This is the first time I've ever had a technical issue. Actually, we work with a lot of things similar to what you work on on the onboarding of the space station. A lot of folks don't realize, of course we have the space station that is for the computer systems and it's a computer architecture that was designed in the 80s. So it's old technology, very old technology, but we also have gotten a house laying onboard with distributed laptops and we're developing new applications all the time. They don't directly run the space station, but they support all the operations onboard the space station. And it's got audio if you have audio. The space shuttle, I threw this in there just to give you an example of the magnitude of the power that was present at the space shuttle line. If you ever had the opportunity to go watch a line, you would be at 3 miles away, like I said, almost 5 kilometers, but we'll shine 5 kilometers away and it would shape your whole body for so much time coming up. Shuttle launch like a slave launch. The ascent takes less than 9 minutes to get to orbit. And after that 9 minutes, you're going 17,500 miles an hour or about 25,000 kilometers per hour. That's orbital velocity. That's basic physics. You have to go that fast to get to orbit and stay in orbit and not re-enter the atmosphere. Going that orbital velocity on the space shuttle and the space station as the Russians show you, you orbit the Earth every 90 minutes. So 16 times a day we go around the world. By the way, the inclination of the space station is at 51.6 degrees. That's the inclination from the equator. What that means is when we orbit the Earth, we cross the equator to 51.6 degrees north latitude, come back across the equator again, 51.6 degrees south latitude. And every orbit takes 90 minutes. So when you cross the equator again, set going from south to north, you're about 1,500 miles to west the way you were in the previous orbit. So it's a great platform to study the Earth in over a period of time. Days and weeks to see, of course, every day the entire globe. But over weeks and months, you see every point on the globe, except for the poles, in different lighting conditions. Day, night, different sun angles. And of course, after weeks and months, you watch seasons go by also. So it's a very unique vantage point to study the Earth. We're going to the backup computer. We have redundant systems and everything. And I could talk all night about failures of systems where you have to go to the backup. We're going to the backup tonight. There we go. So you can imagine riding on top of this thing and having those solid rocket boosters light off and hiring me and pushing off the launch pad directly with seven and a half million pounds behind you. Lots of power there. And of course, as I mentioned, you're in orbit in less than nine minutes. So a lot of problems. By the time we got to orbit on the shuttle, what was left was about 250,000 pounds of mass. So most of this fuel and the fuel tanks, which are expended in the first nine minutes. So it's still keeping up. Believe me, these guys are under a lot more pressure than I am. You can actually come out of power time. There's a file that's got 4748 million. It's a video file. There it goes. All right, all right. Just play this video. There you go. Get there. You can advance on the other pad. Okay, now just advance one more time and then we're in the chance. Here we go. Okay, here we go. This is the video I was talking about earlier, I mentioned earlier, that will highlight the mission of an expedition crew. We launched from Baikonur-Kazakhstan, which is the same place that Gary Gagarin launched from over 15 years ago. The first man in space. We launched from Baikonur-Kazakhstan, which is the same place that Gary Gagarin launched from over 15 years ago. The first man in space. The rocket rolls out two days before launch and then on launch day, the three of us get in the spacesuits, go out and do the final report to the commission, say we're ready to go, they say the rocket's ready, and then we take the bus ride out to the launch pad. There we have a traditional wave at the base of the rocket. And then three of us, plus a technician, get in a two-man elevator at the top of the rocket. I mean, you got that one. Good. We're away. About two and a half hours before launch, we're getting into the capsule, which of course is at the very top end of the rocket. Three of us climb in there one at a time and strap in. You're in the fetal position so your knees are up at your chest. I call it as if we're triplets in the womb. Very tight spot. I'll go through the countdown at a very precise moment. We lift off and that's the moment required for that day to launch and then later rendezvous with the International Space Station. So we have to be in the plane of the orbit as the Earth's working. So launch pad is moving. When it moves through the plane, we lift off, get to orbit in nine minutes and less than six hours later, in this case we were rendezvoused with the space station. We approached it. This next scene is what we look like from the space station as we approach the space station. We flew around and aligned ourselves with the docking port that we were to dock with and here's the moment of docking our Soyuz to the International Space Station. Within a couple of hours, we did the leak checks, got the hatches open and we came inside the space station and joined the crew of three that were awaiting our arrival at Expedition 47, which was made up of two Americans, three Russians and a British astronaut. Tim Peat was the first British astronaut, first and only today to fly into space and International Space Station. This is what the modules look like inside. We're right in the middle of the space station here in the place we call Node 1 or the Unity Module, which is the place every day. You can see how roomy it is. You can see how cluttered it is with all of the different experiments and stuff that are up there in the equipment. You can also see how easy it is to move around in weightlessness. We had a very busy first three weeks or so after we arrived. We had three different cargo ships arrived. This first one was a Russian built progress cargo ship that launched from the same place that we had launched from a week previous and then we had a Cygnus cargo ship arrive a week later and then finally a third one was a SpaceX cargo ship. This is the Cygnus, local science of Cygnus and here we have the SpaceX Dragon arrive. All of them bringing cargo equipment, spare parts, food, clothing and science experiments. The SpaceX Dragon here also brought a unique piece of cargo that's called the BEAM module or the Bigelow Experimental or Activity module. It's an inflatable module and it's a great example of what I believe is one of the space station's primary purpose that is to test out the development of new technology. So inflatable module technology is relatively new and has great promise for applications in the future. We had plunked it out with a robotic arm with the Dragon SpaceX and attached it to the space station and then slowly inflated. This is very sped up. It took a lot longer than this to inflate it but in the end it was very successful and continues to fly onboard the space station with a plan to have it onboard at least for the next several years to test out its technology the durability to last in space. I think it has a great promise for the future both in free space line vehicles as well as surface applications say on the moon or Mars. Here's a moment where the crew celebrated that significant milestone. Now we get to the end of Expedition 47. We're in June of last year and it's time for those three crewmates that had been onboard when we arrived to depart and return to the planet after their approximate six month stay. So here we have a change of command after that Tim Cooper handed over command to me and that was a transition from Expedition 47 to 48. We said goodbye to Tim and Yuri here in this case and they went out the door into their Soyuz close to hatch they undocked and returned safely to Earth. That left three of us onboard three to spread out into this massive facility of the space station where you always have a lot of fun up there. We all turn into kids again it's a great playground up there to be in a wayless environment. We stayed very busy during that two weeks doing different experiments to include an experimental docking of a progress ship here which what Alex said and Oleg were conducting there. I continued experiments as well as maintenance and other operations on the space station. For that three weeks while we waited for the arrival of three new crew members to round out Expedition 48 so here we are back in the launch bed that same launch bed we had launched from just a few months earlier with another crew of three getting ready to launch. In this case they launched on a Soyuz rocket that was a new model and upgrade so instead of docking within six hours they docked about two days after a launch while they tested out that Soyuz but we welcomed them on board American Cade Rubens it was her first flight Takuya Onishi was the first flight of the second crew member that comes in here is from Japan and Anatolia Ovenation was his second flight Russian Cosmonaut. I had a great time up there with Takuya and Cade especially being the experienced guy bringing somebody for the first time through all the experiences in space was a great reward for me personally we do a lot of science and experiments obviously up here here's some scenes of an example of one of them developed up at MIT it's called SPIRS experiment and it's the development of flight control systems for satellites so we would program these things to fly around in different formations or maybe one would do some maneuvers and the other one would follow the first one and do the maneuvers we're also doing quite a few student activities with that SPIRS experiment here's another very interesting experiment one of the more interesting ones I found last year these are human heart cells human heart cells and I never knew it but the cells communicate with one another and beat in unison so our hearts beat at the cellular level I always thought it was the muscle fiber level we do a lot of experiments studying the human body and here's an example like say and I in an experiment called fluid ships trying to better understand the impacts on the human body in the weightless environment of space and space station so that's a great deal of what we do we talked about these cube sets and other experiments like this there's a category of experiments we actually deploy outside and then deploy away from the space station and what you see here is a series of views of putting experimental cluster outside grabbing it with a robotic arm and then deploying it I loved it being an old army guy firing artillery away from the space station these are very small deployables about this long and maybe that wide so we sent them off I never knew what they were going to do they were all different inside I never knew what was inside the box but our job was just to get them deployed now we get into July of a year ago and it's time for another SpaceX cargo ship to arrive so here we are in what we call the cupola and I'll show you some other scenes from the cupola here in a few minutes to grab the the dragon capsule the SpaceX capsule get it attached and then this one had a very unique cargo on board it was the international docking adapter which was attached to the very front end of the space station by doing the spacewalk so it's a rival meant that Kate and I were going to go outside we ended up doing two spacewalks each of them were about six and a half or seven hours long it's the most challenging thing we do physically and mentally to spend all day outside in a pressure suit doing the work in this case it's hard to connect that international docking adapter to be required for the future commercial food vehicles that are currently in development to be able to dock to the international space station this is not only the most physically and mentally challenging thing we do it's the most rewarding thing that's true with life right the hardest things we do usually bring the biggest rewards but to go outside and to basically climb on the outside of the space station to be able to view the thing is a pretty amazing experience it's a very busy time out there everything is tightly choreographed there's a lot of work to do it's hard but every once in a while we get a moment where we take a break and we can take in the environment that's around us so it's definitely a highlight after the two spacewalks there's a moment celebrating that milestone with the entire crew now I mentioned the cupola a couple minutes ago I call it the window on the world it was added in 2010 it's the one place on the space station it's got these six radio windows and then the center window it's the one place on the space station where you can see the entire globe of the earth from one vantage point so it quickly becomes everybody's favorite place to be in your free time to view the earth and watch as the continents go by and all the details of the surface of the earth and the weather patterns and the geology and the geography and the ocean and all the other phenomena like these glaciers here or this plankton bloom off the coast of South America or this horizon view of just the big weather systems here's a western part of America in Central Valley is right there in California in the Sierra mountains here's a composite of a coral reef in the Bahamas beautiful coral reefs in the Bahamas the most beautiful in the world in my opinion these are ice floes off the coast of Canada early in the spring of 2016 irrigation circles in a riverbed in the dry arid land of New Mexico here we're in the southern tip of South America in the Patagonia region here they come off a beautiful ice shelf there in Patagonia and Chile these are salt gnomes in the Great Salt Desert of the country of Iran a very unique geological formation and here's looking on the horizon right after a sunset where you can see the layers of the atmosphere the high cloud formation silhouetted which are the black here and the layers of the atmosphere from orange and green and green you can see the Elps in Central Europe then looking straight down in the Grand Canyon in the Colorado Riverbed here through an 800 millimeter lens this is Teton National Park in Wyoming in the States this is an amazing view of what we call not-delicent clouds occasionally seen over the poles either north or south very mysterious and very unusual in terms of what we think are ice crystals that's just a few examples of what you can get from the vantage point of looking back at the Earth especially through big lens and all that photography was taken with handheld photography with different lens sizes now we get into September of last year it's the Marithm of Life now it's our turn to prepare to return to Earth so we had another change of command which by the end of Expedition 48 in the beginning of Expedition 49 and like I say Oleg and I got back into the Soyuz capsule that we had arrived on six months earlier got in back in those spacesuits launching entry suits for the Soyuz and then prepared for undocking from undocking to touchdown on the Earth usually takes about three hours and 15 or 20 minutes so it all happens fairly quickly we undock from the space station fire the engines to separate it's away from the space station and then at just the precise time flying backwards we fire the main engine of the Soyuz a little over four minutes to slow us down a very precise amount so that then we will free fall into the atmosphere we fire that engine incidentally off the southern tip of South America to land in Kazakhstan and this is the time during the re-entry of the atmosphere where we're literally coming back in the atmosphere in a fireball obviously because of the friction and the heat built up by the speed that we were coming down then the parachute opens we drift down for about 12 minutes or so land in Central Kazakhstan in our case the search and rescue forces spotted us as soon as the parachute opened followed us on down and they were there within a minute or two of our touchdown to get us out of the capsule we do some medical experiments we'll check up there in the middle of nowhere in Central Kazakhstan and take about a two and a half hour helicopter ride back to an airfield where then I got on an airplane my Russian colleagues went back to Moscow an airplane and I went back to Houston three legs back to Houston and I was landed back at home about 24 hours after landing back on the planet in Central Kazakhstan one of the, I get questions about the human aspect of this experience often the moment of landing when the motion stops inside the capsule every time and I did it in Soyuz three times I had this overwhelming feeling like we're home even though it was for me halfway around the world in the middle of nowhere we were back on the planet so it's all your perspective right of what home is when you get pulled into your driveway or you get dropped off off the street in front of your house you feel like I'm home other times you might be halfway around the world and you fly back to Singapore you land a chain and you feel like I'm home or in this case you just land back on the planet and you have the scenery like I'm home so that gives you a little bit of an idea of what it's like to go through the experience of an expedition on board the International Space Station the space station is the current chapter of human exploration it's got a wonderful past already and it has a promising future the international partnership is currently agreed to fly until 2024 as a partnership on the space station in spite of what you might see in the news sometimes that's the agreement that we're currently operating under and we're all working toward extending that to 2028 and of course over those years as I mentioned earlier there will be continued growing opportunity for commercial activities and other activities other opportunities to participate in the program there's even talk about commercializing the space station itself at least parts of it if not all of it so who knows what's coming in the future the space station I believe the legacy of the space station will be multiple these multiple aspects of what I believe the legacy will be one is just the achievement of the space station itself which is very complex the international component of the international space station is very significant I think and has provided a model will be replicated in future programs whatever we do in the future I believe will be done in an international partnership of course science and research will be a major component of the legacy of the space station in its growing as we speak it is an orbiting laboratory and it gives a great opportunity for all kinds of science and research across the spectrum of different sciences when you take just the simple force of gravity out of an experiment and be able to isolate the phenomena that you're studying without that force so that will certainly be a legacy part of the legacy and also technology development I talked about the B module there will be other technologies that are being developed and will be developed and need to be developed to support future exploration like going back to the moon to establish a semi permanent presence and eventually on to Mars as we hear about all the time so that's what the legacy I believe will be of the international space station so we have some time for we're going to go into Q&A or how are we doing this okay this is the first time we've done this together so should we say yeah okay that was really really amazing talk I think a lot of the things that we've seen on the video was I mean the first time anyone has seen it because I don't think we can really find them ready online as well so as an astronaut we're as person as humans in space so what do you think is the most needed innovation that we can get to increase our ability to explore space or to actually do more things you're talking about for future programs in particular leaving Earth orbit I would say the most critical thing that we need to do and there are many things in the list right I'll just throw out one obvious one that is the continued technology development of life support systems one of the things that a lot of people don't think about one of the critical things if we're going to send humans in the deep space wherever that may be is we need life support systems that are reliable that we can depend on that don't break and have to be resupplied or whatnot that have the performance necessary and as I said the reliability necessary the space station is very accessible right you saw three or four actually supply ships launched in that video clip that gave some highlights of my last stay on board the vehicle traffic coming and going to the space station is very intense and a lot of what that means is what that reflects is the access we have to the space station when we leave Earth orbit the access is going to go way down when we go back to the moon or the lunar system our ability to send spare parts or repair parts or the things necessary to repair something that breaks is going to go down by an order of magnitude not think about going to Mars we're going to have to preposition a lot of things on Mars to support and approve on board and they're going to have to have the reliability and the performance necessary to sustain a crew so that's one answer I mean there are many things we could talk about but that's one of the things you can tell it's important in my mind so as you've seen there's really quite a lot of things that we're seeing in life support the further we go the more things we need to make sure things don't screw up along the way so what do you think would be the biggest the biggest innovators or where would all of this innovation come from? Will mostly be still you know traditional space with NASA, Jax ISRO etc or would it be more of private entrepreneurs doing this well as you are aware there are a lot of entrepreneurs out there doing big things in space and a lot of them doing less big things the smaller things smaller scale activities so it's going to be a mix it's going to be a mix of governments the governments can afford to do the big things right as you mentioned and more and more there will be entrepreneurs that will do other things that support and compliment so I think that's only going to grow it's people in this room exactly it's people in this room it's you guys are the ones out there scratching your heads and trying to find out how to do solve problems in new ways and things like that or thinking of things that the rest of us don't think about I mean it has been if you just think about what has occurred in technology just in the last few years it's amazing and you can't it's not slowing down right it's only increasing and a lot of it is most of it is entrepreneurs trying something trying to implement a new idea and it kicks off and succeeds in a way and of course we all know and you guys know perhaps better than I do that a big success comes with many attempts and failures along the way and disappointments and things that don't work out so not every attempt is going to succeed but that's the business that's true okay so as we see more private companies getting into this space right what do you think it entails for the equality of space for example right now everything is still based on a still government page right or he has satellites launched by private companies but as technologies intended to be used to go into space because privatized how do you expect this landscape to change because more private companies are the ones are the stakeholders in space yeah so how do you think that will change your time I can try for that one so we have had large spaces agencies out there do some really critical stuff providing the base for technology to be built upon and I think that things will continue to be done by NASA, JABSA, ISRAO the big ones but we are getting more and more into an affordable realm so I see it as those are doing those statistics as a primordial population so you have got the big expensive experience and then you have got the small affordable ones of which you can do many many more because they are much less costly so I think the development will continue in parallel and the big students here will be all of us will actually be able to afford to send stuff into space to do lots of creative things that you couldn't do if you had to wait for the other dollars to be approved by your national government another question that I see so one of the few things that we talked about was the central team is trying to find problems in space for us to solve so how do we look for such problems? I mean all of us are not astronauts so I am sure there is a lot of you but there is not enough for all of us to interview every day so how do we know what sort of problems there may be if you are not an astronaut what kind of problems that we experience in executing say the space station program and also in terms of space exploration colonizing new worlds transporting across planets well the best way is to get engaged and keep up with it, keep up with the news there is a lot of information available you can follow along the development, the future plans the ongoing operations the daily activities you can follow the daily activities what the crew is doing every day you can follow along and learn what breaks, what doesn't work right and by identifying the problems, the real world problems that are out there that might spark your thinking to maybe come up with a proposal to solve that problem or come up with a way to solve the problem and say hey I got the answers so everything we do here on planet Earth will have to be done in space as soon as you see humans out there in six months is a long time you have people going and doing space related industrial work and as we move further further away and we are not just engineers and technicians, we are psychologists and sociologists, I mean I am amazed you guys believe in those 45,000 square feet for six months at a time so we need people from all kinds of disciplines to come in and basically anything that you do here out there I am on some level from space and we already have that really we even got a NASA Jackson Space Center and not everybody is an engineer we have all disciplines in the world so that covers the problem aspect the next aspect of course is setting up the business so maybe this question you can just answer it so from what we've seen from traditional space we've been working in new space we see that from the time to market to great even, space access hasn't even been yet so how do we come out with a solution to this extremely long great even point for space space tech startups that's a good question if you are doing a FIMTEP app something on your phone you can do development and get something out there in six months then space tech that's going to be four to seven years and that timetable right now is because of a lot of reasons one is we don't fully have off the shelf parts yet for everything this keeps set that we have here this is off the shelf parts but we don't yet have off the shelf radiation hardened parts that's coming so we'll need to have parts and we'll also need to have a better process for launching at this point we are launching with our very few many agencies and again there are startups out there that are doing launches on their launch we're going to cross down so I'm thinking that within the next five years your sort of lead and time will go from say five to six years down to two or three and in terms of return on investment and the space tech has made money debt but they are doing some things that down the road are going to bring in millions asteroid mining is another good example the government of Luxembourg that's a country about the size of this asteroid mine so they realize that this is where they can be a high level of return okay so at this point let's open up to the floor a little do we have any questions from the audience right this gentleman so as a non-us citizen non-citizen of any of the space agencies how do we go about working towards so as a non-us citizen of any of the countries who are space agencies like Japan, US, Russia etc how about working towards the goal that I have to be an asteroid would it be to a government agency or would it be more likely to a private agency but currently you're right it's through government agencies and you have to be a citizen of a country that participates but I think it will be in the very near future where commercial companies are launching their own in fact I don't know yet, none of us know yet whether the first flight of a Boeing commercial crew vehicle for example or SpaceX commercial vehicle will be entirely NASA or government astronauts or if it will be a mix of company and government astronauts but certainly if it's in the near future after that after they get flying there will be opportunities not only you know it's all the commercial opportunities that we anticipate in the beginning in the future that will include people flying as crew members so I would foresee the other opportunities through the company as an employee of that company being an international crew what kind of UI, UX problems do you see because I saw some silly keyboard some English keyboards what language are you looking at on the space station we use two languages English and Russian so that's why you're so Cyrillic that's how we map it incidentally I get asked all the time what's the hardest part of the training you would think all that rocket science would be hard but then it's actually pretty rewarding not too difficult for me but the Russian language is the hardest part you allowed me to add on to the question I think you were asking also about the user interface and user experience part so a lot of times what we build for space is usually more functional than aesthetic or in terms of use of use so do you see anything that could be improved in terms of usability use of use absolutely we have lots of applications I talked a little bit about the Ops Land we're starting to integrate iPads on board now and more wireless applications the commercial crew vehicles are developing glass cockpit or even beyond glass cockpit it's more like a touch screen technology to operate the spacecraft and a really good aerospace engineer that divides designs a flight control system isn't necessarily a good GUI designer right so we're always struggling with that to make the interfaces for whatever we're doing experiment or operate the vehicle or what not to be more intuitive to take advantage of all of those things so that's another great field of opportunity for augmented reality so it could be inside but it could be working on it great I've gone with him this question is about your book which you spoke about you know the creation and the hand of God now I'm just coming there are two aspects of this question the first is we see a lot of collaboration happening when it comes to international space innovation when it comes to things on earth there's so much lack of collaboration between different nations so much so that we also are for war against another country now in future do you think that ease of space travel will make this leader I mean take a trip outside the earth and realize what precious thing they're damaging to their policies that is part one and two commercialization of space technology space mining and all these things we have seen what matters we have created all of the earth to our greed and so space mining is there a possibility going on that we might do the same space and we just have one of them those are huge questions the first one I'll address it's obvious to all of us right there are tensions in the world and in the context of what I just talked about in the international partnership specifically the tensions that you read about every day even the last couple days between the US and Russia for example I can tell you in my experience and I don't understand exactly why none of us do but the last few years in particular the partnership in the entire international partnership but specifically between the US, NASA and Russia the Russian space agency has never been better and I've been to Russia many many times I've accumulated years over there since the 90s and I was just there a month ago it was my last visit there the working relationship has never been better and it's a mystery to me especially when you consider the context of the tensions going on right now the geopolitics in the context of Ukraine, Crimea, Peninsula, Syria and all of that I trust and we all hope that work on the program and that includes my Russian husband and friends we all hope that we can serve as a stabilizing force to counterbalance the political tensions between countries specifically those two countries and be an example to the world to that effect I can only believe that both countries intentionally have protected us and left us alone in spite of what goes on you know there's a whole lot more to it than what meets the eye than what we read in the newspaper the public aspect and then there's the behind the scenes aspect I don't know what's going on behind the scenes but I trust that we are a stabilizing force and maybe intentionally so my answer was a little long so I'm trying to remember your second question I think it had to do with responsible utilization of space in my words and not trashing wherever we go out there like we've had a history of trash in the earth I think is what you're at I think awareness is much higher nowadays to that effect to keep those kinds of goals in mind so hopefully we will exploit space whether it be the lunar system, Mars or whatever in a responsible way in the future and I'm also just to add to that there's been an international agreement that was a clean place last year to have anything that's launched de-ordered within 25 years after it's ordered to start functioning so you can do that however you want but people now have an international agreement to just not leave these things out there flying around if that's written down or if you're a gentleman in the solar system the space advocates they talk a lot about we have limited resources and the country wherever sends their ambition is mining isn't it a bit of unbalance like whoever goes first gets in terms of mining and all these kind of activities but most of the money it is it gets the lion's share and then those who are coming next or the future generation they lose out I don't know if you look at it in a global contest the Spaniards went to Mexico to level gold but here we are after a while the economy sort of leveled out and I don't know how to answer that whoever gets there first will get it that's just the way humans have been that's part of what can help us to explore but I might actually see that as an asset not as a reason to hold ourselves back I don't have a question we're all sort of adult entrepreneurs right so I want to give a chance to the future of entrepreneurs which are below 16 years old anybody below 16 years old wants to ask a question anybody? you can ask any question though tix come on we give you one chance only then the rest add up so take over look at him how about you hi I think that was a bit of an old joke you talked about the emotional aspect of space walking and firstly I just want to know what it's like and how perhaps you overcome just the emotional aspect of space walking or only being to get through the space station how you get to feel and how you overcome it and what are the emotional challenges of being a cosmonaut etc yeah it's a great question some people ask me I describe getting into capsules in a womb and people always ask me do you get claustrophobic and my answer is if you're claustrophobic you're in the wrong business if you have a fear of heights you'd be in the wrong business so a lot of those fears and a lot of people experience cause folks to go do something else so most of us that get into this business don't have those kinds of fears we have a lot of respect for the business we're in there are risks there are obvious risks we're all aware of them we have a high level of confidence in the team's ability to identify and manage those risks but still the experience comes with a lot of emotions you know that's obvious most of us put on our poker face and we get into the space suit and we're doing the business but still it's an emotional experience you're under pressure you want to do the job there is a lot of pressure to get the job done to get it right but there's a lot of emotion wrapped around the obvious experience you're going through you mentioned the space walk it's one thing to be in orbit playing weightlessness and you know and view the earth and take all that in it's quite another thing to get outside the security of the space station and get in that suit and climb out and you're tethered with a little steel cable a line that runs to a hook that's hooked onto a handrail on the outside and then crawl along the outside of that thing and then occasionally get a break and turn away and view the entire globe it is intensely emotional it's beyond description but it's not fear again if it's fear is your emotion you're in the wrong business before that so what would you have to say to aspiring entrepreneurs what motivates you would it help to let them know about how you get motivated? everybody's different we're all different and I get related kinds of questions especially from young folks or parents of young folks that are trying to motivate them are you interested in space and technology what gets you motivated? what gets me motivated in terms of space I think it's obvious what motivated me as a young person was science and math trying to understand why things worked the way they worked how things worked so I had that instinct of exploration and discovery I guess you could say curiosity and then I got exposed to aviation and I thought wow I want to be a pilot and then I read a book in 1978 called The Right Stuff by the authors Tom Wolf and he chronicled the early test pilots after World War II and getting into the Gen Age and breaking the sound barrier and also the early astronauts and that further inspired me and then I got opportunities to get education in those fields I got opportunity to go to flight school and military and become a pilot later to become a test pilot and eventually NASA so was that the seeds of inspiration that developed that passion sometimes I don't know if you hear much but in the states over the last 15 or 20 years I would hear people say to young people you can do anything you want to do you can be anything you want to be right? but we all know that's not true none of us can be anything we want to be I tell young people you know we want to figure out what they're going to do in life when young people when they're trying to figure out what they want to do in life is to pay attention to yourself and find out what your interests are where your interests lie and then pursue those interests and feed them through education through experience through other activities feed those interests those interests will develop into passions and then most of us will be looking toward something but those passions then will develop and continue to pursue those passions continue to work hard to educate yourself to prepare yourself to train yourself to get the experiences so that you're ready when the doors of opportunity open up and that's the thing that's completely out of our control we may have the interests we may have the expertise but if we don't get the opportunity we can't do it but we want to be prepared for when those doors of opportunity open up and then if we're prepared we can enter unfortunately I think you'll have one last question believe you or not yes I'll say believe me to all so I have two questions one for you to answer I've heard about it that the space station has been divided into different modules which are considered to be one which I refer to one specific country like for example you're having a research happening in one module then it has to be updated on the some country way because it is an international module so how does the research happen does it happen country wise or does it happen mutually or together well the space station was built with the contributions from each of the partners so I think what you're talking about is for example we have a US segment we call and a Russian segment the Russian segment obviously was supplied by the Russian partners what we call the US segment also includes a module that was developed and built and launched by the Japanese the Japanese experimental module the European experimental module also Columbus so those were just contributions by the partners it's not that we divided up the space station and assigned it to different countries or different partners it's that the partners made contributions to the space station and of course each of the partners have assets contained in their modules it might be experimental facilities or like access or like assets but the entire partnership has the potential to use the entire any part of the space station for utilization one example we might think about is let's look at some biotech researchers at US for collaborators at Caltech so you've got a team working together to develop new technology so how will that individual property be patented who's going to own it so the same methodology we use here on earth in terms of developing resources and use the principal investigator use that space and rather than thinking of a laboratory here over in Clementi or in Southern California you just need to do that as we work there and the question we're bringing is that now that your government was based on the commercial and how you know that I look now the industry is more populated with government and very few private companies so there are again legal agreements and aspects related to it and then the responsibility and the ability to add it to it so when we are going when I don't know obviously the collaboration is the government and the government out there and we work together but when you want to become a self entity of a private company how will the liability be looked after and who will be responsible okay so first of all there are a thousand startups that are right now in this space and they know this brand very quickly and there's insurance if you want to launch a payload on a rocket you get insurance and you'll get your money back but when you work at your time then so there are companies out there there are space lawyers, there are people who use health space insurance for all different parts of the mission but in terms of the legal structure one thing people look at is Antarctica so Antarctica is owned by everybody and we have community research facilities there so there again the model that you might use is what we use down there just here are resources and I'm just going to apply that to space since I'm bad at it okay I think we've run out of time so one very last question from your audience alright is that so when you're starting a new startup one of the things that you do is you look for how many of us and you want to come up with a solution so what happens after you have the solution what sort of channels you have that allows you to receive the support that you need to start a company in space okay so this is where I get really excited you ask me about space or about my kids I'll just run it on forever the thing that you can do is you can put yourself into a computer and what people do typically is like a 12 week, a 6 month program so you learn how to do your business model you learn how to do your fundraising and you learn how to do some kind of product development the issue with that is space takes a lot longer we've just talked about it for 7 years so what's actually required is sort of a tailored program where yes you learn about the business aspect but then you also learn about space systems and today everybody's reinventing the wheel there's no reason that every startup has to go out there and figure out how to get a license to launch there should be some kind of central information repository there should be people out there who can help you get through that process faster so we talked about off the shelf technology speeding things up and we talked about launch vehicle speeding things up the other thing that can actually speed things up is a space technology incubator and it happens to me that we are actually starting a space technology incubator here in Singapore it's going to be the first one in this part of the world and the first active one that's going to take people literally from laptop to launch pad we're going to accompany the startups all the way through till they get a flight qualified vehicle onto a launch manifest thank you very much thank you for coming if you can stay after this we'll be here to sign autographs too so thank you very much alright everyone thank you for coming